TPO38-1

Microscopes

Beforemicroscopeswerefirstusedintheseventeenthcentury,noone

knewthatlivingorganismswerecomposedofcells.Thefirst

microscopeswerelightmicroscopes,whichworkbypassingvisible

lightthroughaspecimen.Glasslensesinthemicroscopebendthelight

tomagnifytheimageofthespecimenandprojecttheimageintothe

viewer'seyeorontophotographicfilm.Lightmicroscopescan

magnifyobjectsupto1,000timeswithoutcausingblurriness.

Magnification,theincreaseintheapparentsizeofanobject,isone

importantfactorinmicroscopy.Alsoimportantisresolvingpower,a

measureoftheclarityofanimage.Resolvingpoweristheabilityofan

opticalinstrumenttoshowtwoobjectsasseparate.Forexample,what

lookstotheunaidedeyelikeasinglestarintheskymayberesolved

astwostarswiththehelpofatelescope.Anyopticaldeviceislimited

byitsresolvingpower.Thelightmicroscopecannotresolvedetailfiner

than0.2micrometers,aboutthesizeofthesmallestbacterium;

consequently,nomatterhowmanytimesitsimageofsuchabacterium

ismagnified,thelightmicroscopecannotshowthedetailsofthecell's

internalstructure.

Fromtheyear1665,whenEnglishmicroscopistRobertHooke

discoveredcells,untilthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,biologists

hadonlylightmicroscopesforviewingcells.Buttheydiscovereda

greatdeal,includingthecellscomposinganimalandplanttissues,

microscopicorganisms,andsomeofthestructureswithincells.Bythe

mid-1800s,thesediscoveriesledtothecelltheory,whichstatesthatall

livingthingsarecomposedofcellsandthatallcellscomefromother

cells.

Ourknowledgeofcellstructuretookagiantleapforwardasbiologists

beganusingtheelectronmicroscopeinthe1950s.Insteadoflight,the

electronmicroscopeusesabeamofelectronsandhasamuchhigher

resolvingpowerthanthelightmicroscope.Infact,themostpowerful

modernelectronmicroscopescandistinguishobjectsassmallas0.2

nanometers,athousandfoldimprovementoverthelightmicroscope.

Theperiodattheendofthissentenceisaboutamilliontimesbigger

thananobject0.2nanometersindiameter,whichisthesizeofalarge

atom.Onlyunderspecialconditionscanelectronmicroscopesdetect

individualatoms.However,cells,cellularorganelles,andeven

moleculeslikeDNAandproteinaremuchlargerthansingleatoms.

Biologistsusethescanningelectronmicroscopetostudythedetailed

architectureofcellsurfaces.Itusesanelectronbeamtoscanthe

surfaceofacellorgroupofcellsthathavebeencoatedwithmetal.The

metalstopsthebeamfromgoingthroughthecells.Whenthemetalis

hitbythebeam,itemitselectrons.Theelectronsarefocusedtoforman

imageoftheoutsideofthecells.Thescanningelectronmicroscope

producesimagesthatlookthree-dimensional.

Thetransmissionelectronmicroscope,ontheotherhands,isusedto

studythedetailsofinternalcellstructure.Specimensarecutinto

extremelythinsections,andthetransmissionelectronmicroscopeaims

anelectronbeamthroughasection,justasalightmicroscopeaimsa

beamoflightthroughaspecimen.However,insteadoflensesmadeof

glass,thetransmissionelectronmicroscopeuseselectromagnetsas

lenses,asdoallelectronmicroscopes.Theelectromagnetsbendthe

electronbeamtomagnifyandfocusanimageontoaviewingscreenor

photographicfilm.

Electronmicroscopeshavetrulyrevolutionizedthestudyofcellsand

cellorganelles.Nonetheless,theyhavenotreplacedthelight

microscope.■Oneproblemwithelectronmicroscopesisthatthey

cannotbeusedtostudylivingspecimensbecausethespecimenmustbe

heldinavacuumchamber;thatis,alltheairandliquidmustbe

removed.■Forabiologiststudyingalivingprocess,suchasthe

whirlingmovementofabacterium,alightmicroscopeequippedwitha

videocameramightbebetterthaneitherascanningelectron

microscopeoratransmissionelectronmicroscope.■Thus,thelight

microscoperemainsausefultool,especiallyforstudyingliving

cells.BThesizeofacelloftendeterminesthetypeofmicroscopea

biologistusestostudyit.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whathappenstothelightwhena

specimenisbeingviewedwithalightmicroscope?

A.Thelightcontinuesunchangeddirectlyintotheviewer'seyeoronto

film.

B.Aglasslensbendsthelighttoformamagnifiedimageofthe

specimen.

C.Thelightisprojectedontophotographicfilmtoproduceablurred

image.

D.Theintensityofthelightincreasesathousandtimes.

答案：B選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題根據(jù)thelight,specimen和alightmicroscope定位到第

一段這幾句：Thefirstmicroscopeswerelightmicroscopes,which

workbypassingvisiblelightthroughaspecimen.Glasslensesinthe

microscopebendthelighttomagnifytheimageofthespecimenand

projecttheimageintotheviewer'seyeorontophotographicfilm.第二

句講了光學(xué)顯微鏡的原理，就是折射光以放大標(biāo)本的圖像，并且把

圖像投射到觀察者的眼睛里或者投射到膠卷上。選項(xiàng)B符合這句話

的前半句，正確。選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)光不需要折射直接進(jìn)入人的眼睛，錯(cuò)誤;

選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)投射到膠卷上的光形成模糊的影像，從后文我們知道不一

定是模糊的，錯(cuò)誤;選項(xiàng)D說(shuō)光的強(qiáng)度增加了一千倍，無(wú)中生有，

錯(cuò)誤。選擇Bo

2.Whydoestheauthormention"atelescope"aspartofthediscussion

ofmicroscopes?

A.Toshowhowmicroscopesandtelescopesaredifferent.

B.Toemphasizetheimportanceofmagnificationinallopticaldevices.

C.Toexplainhowthedevelopmentofthemicroscopedependedonthe

inventionofthetelescope.

D.Toillustratetheconceptofresolvingpower.

答案：D選項(xiàng)正確

解析：木題根據(jù)atelescope定位到第二段這兩句：Resolvingpower

istheabilityofanopticalinstrumenttoshowtwoobjectsasseparate.

Forexample,whatlookstotheunaidedeyelikeasinglestarinthesky

mayberesolvedastwostarswiththehelpofatelescope.第一句講

resolvingpower是什么，第二句用望遠(yuǎn)鏡類比，幫助讀者理解這個(gè)

概念。選項(xiàng)D正確。選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)展示顯微鏡和望遠(yuǎn)鏡的不同，選項(xiàng)

B說(shuō)說(shuō)明光學(xué)設(shè)施中放大的重要性，選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)解釋為什么顯微鏡的

發(fā)展依賴于望遠(yuǎn)鏡，都不對(duì)。選擇D。

3.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessential

informationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrect

choiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessential

information.

A.Alightmicroscopehasthepowertogreatlymagnifyabacterium

thatissmallerthan0.2micrometers.

B.Alightmicroscopecanonlyresolveobjects0.2micrometersor

larger,soitcannotshowtheinteriorformofacell.

C.Thesmallestbacteriumhasacomplexinternalstructurethatcanbe

seenwithalightmicroscope.

D.Thegreaterthemagnifyingpowerofalightmicroscope,thegreater

itsabilitytoresolvetheinternalstructureofacell.

答案：C選項(xiàng)正確

解析：木題先找到高亮出來(lái)的句子：Thelightmicroscopecannot

resolvedetailfinerthan0.2micrometers,aboutthesizeofthesmallest

bacterium;consequently,nomatterhowmanytimesitsimageofsuch

abacteriumismagnified,thelightmicroscopecannotshowthedetails

ofthecell'sinternalstructure.這句話主干的意思大致是：光學(xué)顯微

鏡的放大倍數(shù)有限，到了0.2毫米以后就不能放大細(xì)節(jié)了，以至于

不論它能放大多少倍，我們都看不到細(xì)胞內(nèi)部的細(xì)節(jié)。選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)光

學(xué)顯微鏡只能看清楚0.2毫米更大的東西，不能展示細(xì)胞內(nèi)部，是

本句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，正確。選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)光學(xué)顯微鏡可以看清楚比0.2

毫米小的東西，選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)最小的細(xì)菌的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)可以被光學(xué)顯微鏡

看清，選項(xiàng)D說(shuō)光學(xué)顯微鏡的放大能力越強(qiáng)，看清楚細(xì)胞內(nèi)部結(jié)

構(gòu)的能力也越強(qiáng)，都不對(duì)。選擇C。

4.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutthescientific

contributionofRobertHooke?

A.Hisdiscoveryofcellsresultedfromtheexaminationofanimal

tissueratherthanplanttissue.

B.Hewasthefirstpersontodevelopandexplaincelltheory.

C.Hediscoveredcellsusingalightmicroscope.

D.Thefullsignificanceofhisworkwasfirstunderstoodinthe

mid-nineteenthcentury.

答案：C選項(xiàng)正確

解析：木題題干關(guān)鍵詞是RobertHooke,定位回第三段這一句：From

theyear1665,whenEnglishmicroscopistRobertHookediscovered

cells,untilthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury,biologistshadonlylight

microscopesforviewingcells.本句大意是從1665到20世紀(jì)中期，

只有光學(xué)顯微鏡。所以在這個(gè)時(shí)期里的RobertHooke用的也是光學(xué)

顯微鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)了細(xì)胞。選項(xiàng)C正確。選項(xiàng)A和D原文中都沒(méi)有提到

過(guò)，選項(xiàng)B說(shuō)的develop和explain原文中也沒(méi)有提，只是發(fā)現(xiàn)。

這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不對(duì)。選擇C。

5.Theword“giant“inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

A.Huge

B.expected

C.complex

D.Sudden

答案：A選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題根據(jù)所考察的詞匯定位到原文中這一句：Ourknowledge

ofcellstructuretookagiantleapforwardasbiologistsbeganusingthe

electronmicroscopeinthe1950s.本句的大意是：我們對(duì)于細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)

認(rèn)識(shí)的跨越在生物學(xué)家在1950年左右開始用電子顯微鏡后實(shí)現(xiàn)了

大的跨越。此處giant的含義是巨大的。選項(xiàng)A是巨大的，選項(xiàng)B

是期待的，選項(xiàng)C是復(fù)雜的，選項(xiàng)D是突然的。選項(xiàng)A最符合giant

的意思，選擇A。

6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofelectron

microscopes?

A.Theydonotuselighttomagnifyandresolveobjects.

B.Theycanmagnifytheinternalstructureofasingleatom.

C.Theirearliestversionswerenotsignificantlymorepowerfulthan

lightmicroscopes.

D.Theyhadtobemodifiedextensivelyfortheiruseinbiology

research.

答案：A選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題需要根據(jù)electronmicroscope定位到第四段這一句：

Insteadoflight,theelectronmicroscopeusesabeamofelectronsand

hasamuchhigherresolvingpowerthanthelightmicroscope.本句的

大致意思是電子顯微鏡使用一束電子而不是光束，它具有比光學(xué)顯

微鏡更高的分辨能力。選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)電子顯微鏡不用光束，正確。其

余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都沒(méi)有提到。選擇A。

7.Theword"detect"inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

A.change

B.reveal

C.combine

D.Enlarge

答案：B選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題根據(jù)所考察單詞定位到本文中這一句：Onlyunderspecial

conditionscanelectronmicroscopesdetectindividualatoms.本句大

意是：只有在特定情況下，電子顯微鏡才可以探測(cè)出單個(gè)的原子。

detect在本句里的意思是探測(cè)。選項(xiàng)A是改變，選項(xiàng)B是揭露，選

項(xiàng)C是結(jié)合，選項(xiàng)D是變大。選項(xiàng)B最貼合detect的意思。選擇

Bo

8.Accordingtoparagraph5,whatistheroleofmetalinthescanning

electronmicroscope?

A.Itmagnifiesthelightthatpassesthroughthecells.

B.Itcoatsthesurfaceofcellswithprotectivecover.

C.Itenablestheproductionofimagesshowingthesurfacestructureof

cells.

DItrevealsdetailshiddenunderneaththesurfacesofcells.

答案：C選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題題干給出的關(guān)鍵詞是theroleofmetal和scanningelectron

microscope,根據(jù)這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)定位到第五段中間的兩句話：Itusesan

electronbeamtoscanthesurfaceofacellorgroupofcellsthathave

beencoatedwithmetal.Themetalstopsthebeamfromgoingthrough

thecells.Whenthemetalishitbythebeam,itemitselectrons.The

electronsarefocusedtoformanimageoftheoutsideofthecells.The

scanningelectronmicroscopeproducesimagesthatlook

three-dimensional.這幾句的大意是：電子顯微鏡用一束電子來(lái)掃描

細(xì)胞表面，細(xì)胞表面是被一層金屬包裹的。這層金屬表面阻止了電

子束穿過(guò)細(xì)胞。這層金屬層可以反射電子，形成細(xì)胞外層的三維圖

像。所以這層金屬的作用是幫助電子顯微鏡成像。選擇Co選項(xiàng)A

說(shuō)可以放大像，選項(xiàng)B說(shuō)可以作為保護(hù)層，選項(xiàng)D說(shuō)可以揭示細(xì)胞

內(nèi)部細(xì)節(jié)，都不對(duì)。選擇C。

9.Theword"emits"inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

A.transfers

B.excites

C.sendsout

D.speedsup

答案：C選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題根據(jù)所考察單詞定位到本文中這一句：Whenthemetalis

hitbythebeam,itemitselectrons.本句大意是：當(dāng)電子束被金屬擊

中時(shí)，會(huì)放射出電子。emit在這句話中的意思是放射，發(fā)出。選項(xiàng)

A的意思是轉(zhuǎn)化，選項(xiàng)B的意思是使激動(dòng)，選項(xiàng)C的意思是發(fā)射，

放出，選項(xiàng)D的意思是加速。選項(xiàng)C最貼合emit的意思，選擇Co

10.Accordingtoparagraphs5and6,thetransmissionelectron

microscopediffersfromthescanningelectronmicroscopeinallofthe

followingwaysEXCEPT:

A.Specimensviewedbytransmissionelectronmicroscopesaredivided

intocrosssections.

B.Thetransmissionelectronmicroscopeuseselectromagnetsas

lenses.

C.Thetransmissionelectronmicroscopepassesanelectronbeam

throughaspecimen.

D.Thetransmissionelectronmicroscopefocusesontheinnerstructure

ofacell.

答案：B選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題題干給的關(guān)鍵詞是differfrom和兩種顯微鏡transmission

electronmicroscope,scanningelectronmicroscopeo本題各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的

依據(jù)分布在第六段。選項(xiàng)A的依據(jù)是Specimensarecutinto

extremelythinsections,正確;選項(xiàng)B的依據(jù)是thetransmission

electronmicroscopeuseselectromagnetsaslenses,asdoallelectron

microscopes,選項(xiàng)B錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)椴皇莇ifferfrom的點(diǎn)，而是相同的

點(diǎn);選項(xiàng)C的依據(jù)是alightmicroscopeaimsabeamoflightthrougha

specimen,正確;選項(xiàng)D的依據(jù)是isusedtostudythedetailsofinternal

cellstructure,正確。選擇B。

11.Theword"Nonetheless"inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

A.Basically

B.Inaway

C.Inaddition

D.However

答案：D選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題根據(jù)所考察單詞定位到這兩句：Electronmicroscopes

havetrulyrevolutionizedthestudyofcellsandcellorganelles.

Nonetheless,theyhavenotreplacedthelightmicroscope.這兩句話的

大致意思是：電子顯微鏡的確改革了細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞器的研究。然而，

它們并不能代替光學(xué)顯微鏡。Nonetheless的意思是然而，表轉(zhuǎn)折。

選項(xiàng)A是基本上，選項(xiàng)B是在某種程度上，選項(xiàng)C是還有，選項(xiàng)

D是然而。選項(xiàng)D最貼合nonetheless的意思，選擇D。

12.Lookatthefoursquares[■|thatindicatewherethefollowing

sentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Liveorganisms,therefore,wouldnotsurvivewhilebeingobserved

withanelectronmicroscope.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare[■]toinsertthe

sentenceinthepassage.

答案：B選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題需要先分析下需要插入的句子：Liveorganisms,therefore,

wouldnotsurvivewhilebeingobservedwithanelectronmicroscope.

這句里有therefore,意為著前一句是原因，這一句是結(jié)果。本句的

大意是活著的有機(jī)體是不能活著被電子顯微鏡觀察的。依次嘗試四

個(gè)可以插入的位置，發(fā)現(xiàn)第二個(gè)位置比較好，前面也是在講電子顯

微鏡不能觀察活著的有機(jī)物，與需要插入的句子構(gòu)成邏輯關(guān)系。后

文針對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題提出解決方案即用光學(xué)顯微鏡，這三句話之間的邏

輯鏈合理完整。選擇B。

13.Directions:Selectfromthesevenphrasesbelowthe2phrasesthat

correctlycharacterizeElectronMicroscopesandthe3phrasesthat

correctlycharacterizeLightMicroscopes.Drageachphraseyouselect

intotheappropriatecolumnofthetable.TwoofthephraseswillNOT

beused.Thisquestionisworth3points.Dragyouranswerchoicesto

thespaceswheretheybelong.Toremoveananswerchoice,clickonit.

Toreviewthepassage,clickonViewText.

AnswersChoices

A.Theirlensesaremadeofglass.

B.Theyusemagnetismtobringimagesintofocus.

C.Theywereinventedinthemid-1800s.

D.Theyareusedtostudylivingspecimens.

E.Theycanproduceimagesthatappearthree-dimensional.

F.Theycannotresolvetheinternalstructureofsmallcells.

G.Theycanusuallyresolvedetailssmallerthanthesizeofanatom.

LightMicroscopesElectronMicroscopes

答案：ADFBE選項(xiàng)正確

解析：本題需要我們依次找到每個(gè)選項(xiàng)在原文中出現(xiàn)的地方。選項(xiàng)

A是在第一段第三句，講光學(xué)顯微鏡;選項(xiàng)B是在第六段最后一句，

講電子顯微鏡;選項(xiàng)C是在第三段最后一句，但是mid-1800s并不

是這兩種顯微鏡的發(fā)明時(shí)間，不選;選項(xiàng)D是在第七段第三句，講

光學(xué)顯微鏡;選項(xiàng)E是在第五段最后一句，講電子顯微鏡;選項(xiàng)F是

在第二段最后一句，講光學(xué)顯微鏡;選項(xiàng)G是在第四段倒數(shù)第三句,

但是smallerthan是不對(duì)的，應(yīng)該是biggerthan,錯(cuò)誤不選。綜上,

lightmicroscope是A,D,F;electronmicroscope是B和E。

TPO38-2

TheRaccoons*Success

Raccoonshaveavasttranscontinentaldistribution,occurring

throughoutmostofNorthAmericaandCentralAmerica.-Theyarc

foundfromsouthernCanadaallthewaytoPanama,aswellason

islandsnearcoastalareas.■Theyoccurineachofthe49statesofthe

continentalUnitedStates.BAlthoughraccoonsarenativeonlytothe

WesternHemisphere,theyhavebeensuccessfullytransplantedtoother

partsoftheglobe.■

Followingadeclinetoarelativelylowpopulationlevelinthe1930s,

raccoonsbegantoprosperfollowingtheir1943breedingseason.A

rapidpopulationsurgecontinuedthroughoutthe1940s,andhigh

numbershavebeensustainedeversince.Bythelate1980s,thenumber

ofraccoonsinNorthAmericawasestimatedtobeatleast15to20

timesthenumberthatexistedduringthe1930s.Bnsow,their

numbershaveundoubtedlygrownevenmore,astheyhave

continuedtoexpandintonewhabitatswheretheywereonceeither

rareorabsent,suchassandyprairies,deserts,coastalmarshes,and

mountains.TheirspreadthroughouttheRockyMountainWestis

indicativeofthefastpaceatwhichtheycanexploitnewenvironments.

Despitesignificantnumbersbeingharvestedandhavingsuffered

occasionaldeclines,typicallybecauseofdisease,theraccoonhas

consistentlymaintainedhighpopulationlevels.

Severalfactorsexplaintheraccoon'sdramaticincreasein

abundanceanddistribution.First,theirsuccesshasbeenpartially

attributedtothegrowthofcities,astheyoftenthriveinsuburbanand

evenurbansettings.Furthermore,theyhavebeendeliberately

introducedthroughoutthecontinent.WithintheUnitedStates,theyare

commonlytakenfromoneareatoanother,bothlegallyandillegally,to

restockhuntingareasand,presumably,becausepeoplesimplywant

themtobepartoftheirlocalfauna.Theirappearanceandsubsequent

flourishinginUtah'sGreatSaltLakevalleywithinthelast40years

appearstobefromsuchanintroduction.Asanexampleoftheease

withwhichtransplantedindividualscansucceed,raccoonsfrom

Indiana(MidwesternUnitedStates)havereportedlybeenableto

flourishonislandsoffthecoastofAlaska.

Theraccoon'sexpansioninvariousareasmayalsobeduetothespread

ofagriculture.Raccoonshavebeenabletoexploitcrops,especially

cornbutalsocerealgrains,whichhavebecomedependablefood

sourcesforthem.Theexpansionofagriculture,however,doesnot

necessarilyleadtorapidincreasesintheirabundance.Farmingin

KansasandeasternColorado(centralandwesternUnitedStates)

proceededrapidlyinthe1870sand1880s,butthiswasabout50years

beforeraccoonsstartedtospreadoutfromtheirmajorhabitat,the

woodedriverbottomlands.Theyhavealsoexpandedintomanyareas

lackinganyagricultureotherthangrazingandintoplaceswithout

forestsorpermanentstreams.

PriortoEuropeanssettlingandfarmingtheGreatPlainsRegion,

raccoonsprobablywerejustfoundalongitsriversandstreamsandin

thewoodedareasofitssoutheasternsection.Withthepossible

exceptionofthesouthernpartoftheprovinceofManitoba,their

absencewasnotablethroughoutCanada.Theyfirstbecamemore

widelydistributedinthesouthernpartofManitoba,andbythe1940s

wereabundantthroughoutitssoutheasternportion.Inthe1950stheir

populationswelledinCanada.Thecontrolofcoyotesintheprairie

regioninthe1950smayhavebeenafactorinraccoonexpansion.If

theirnumbersaresufficient,coyotesmightbeabletosuppressraccoon

populations(thoughlittledirectevidencesupportsthisnotion).Bythe

1960stheraccoonhadbecomeamajorpredatorofthecanvasback

ducksnestinginsouthwesternManitoba.

TheexterminationofthewolffrommostofthecontiguousUnited

Statesmayhavebeenacriticalfactorintheraccoon'sexpansionand

numericalincrease.Intheeighteenthcentury,whenthewolfsrange

includedalmostallofNorthAmerica,raccoonsapparentlywere

abundantonlyinthedeciduousforestsoftheEast,GulfCoast,and

GreatLakesregions,thoughtheyalsoextendedintothewooded

bottomlandsoftheMidwest'smajorrivers.Insuchareas,their

arborealhabitsandthepresenceofhollowdentreesshouldhave

offeredsomeprotectionfromwolvesandotherlargepredators.Even

thoughraccoonsmaynothavebeenasignificantpartoftheirdiet,

wolvessurelywouldhavetriedtopreyonthoseexposedinrelatively

treelessareas.

1.Accordingtoparagraph2,whathappenedtoraccoonsinthe1930s?

A.Theyhadaseriesofunusuallygoodbreadingseasons.

B.TheyexpandedintotheRockyMountainWest.

C.Theirpopulationlevelsfell.

D.Theywereharvestinsignificantnumbersforthefirsttime.

正確答案：C

題目解析：本題根據(jù)題干給的關(guān)鍵詞raccoon和1930s定位到原文中

這里Followingadeclinetoarelativelylowpopulationlevelinthe

1930s,這半句的大致意思是在1930年左右數(shù)量降低到一個(gè)相對(duì)較

低的水平之后。所以我們可以知道在20世紀(jì)30年代的時(shí)候,raccoon

的數(shù)量是下降的。選項(xiàng)C正確。其余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都沒(méi)有提及。

2.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpresstheessentialinformation

inthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethe

meaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A.Raccoonsaregrowingmorenumerouseventhoughtheymust

continuetofindnewhabitats.

B.Raccoonsarenowundoubtedlypresentinareaswheretheyoncerare

orabsent.

C.Raccoonshavefoundparties,deserts,coastalmarshes,and

mountainstobeexcellenthabitatstoexpandinto.

D.Thenumberofraccoonsmustbeevengreatertodaybecause

raccoonshavecontinuedtoexpandintonewhabitats.

正確答案：D

題目解析：本題先定位到高亮的句子：Bynow,theirnumbershave

undoubtedlygrownevenmore,astheyhavecontinuedtoexpandinto

newhabitatswheretheywereonceeitherrareorabsent,suchassandy

prairies,deserts,coastalmarshes,andmountains.本句大意是：現(xiàn)在

raccoon的數(shù)量毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)地增長(zhǎng)了，它們繼續(xù)擴(kuò)張到以前很少或者

根本沒(méi)有去過(guò)的地區(qū)，比如說(shuō)沙漠大草原、沙漠等等地方。選項(xiàng)D

是這個(gè)句子的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)raccoon必須去找新的棲息地，

不對(duì)，后文我們可以得知是人為地放養(yǎng)，不是它們自己必須擴(kuò)張;

選項(xiàng)B說(shuō)的太絕對(duì)，raccoon正在擴(kuò)張而不是已經(jīng)擴(kuò)張完了，而且

也不是擴(kuò)張到了所有它們沒(méi)出現(xiàn)過(guò)的地方;選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò)誤的地方與選

項(xiàng)A一樣，raccoon不是自己去擴(kuò)張的，是被人放生過(guò)去的。選擇

Do

3.Theword"consistentlyninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.typically

B.predictably

C.increasingly

D.reliably

正確答案：D

題目解析：本題根據(jù)所考察的單詞定位到原文中這一句：Despite

significantnumbersbeingharvestedandhavingsufferedoccasional

declines,typicallybecauseofdisease,theraccoonhasconsistently

maintainedhighpopulationlevels.本句話的大意是:盡管很多

raccoons被捕獲，遭受到偶然性的數(shù)量降低（一般是因?yàn)榧膊。?/p>

們的數(shù)量還是居高不下。consistently的意思是持續(xù)的，不斷的，不

變的。選項(xiàng)A是典型的，選項(xiàng)B是可以預(yù)測(cè)的，選項(xiàng)C是增加的，

選項(xiàng)D是可信賴的。比較一下選項(xiàng)D最貼合consistently的意思，

選擇D。

4.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichistrueaboutraccoonsinUtah's

GreatSaltLakeValley?

A.TheywerenoteasilytransplantedtherefromIndiana.

B.Theywerenotfoundtherepriorto40yearsago.

C.Theywereoftenrestockedbecauseofillegalhunting.

D.Theyexpandedintothatareafromnearbysuburbanandurban

settings.

正確答案：B

題目解析：本題根據(jù)題干給出的關(guān)鍵詞raccoon,Utah'sGreatSalt

和LakeValley定位到原文中這兩句：WithintheUnitedStates,theyare

commonlytakenfromoneareatoanother和Theirappearanceand

subsequentflourishinginUtah'sGreatSaltLakevalleywithinthelast

40yearsappearstobefromsuchanintroduction.通過(guò)這兩句我們可以

知道，raccoon在美國(guó)被人為地帶到很多地方，在引進(jìn)后它們40年

間在猶他鹽湖山谷里大量繁殖。所以40年以前還沒(méi)有把raccoon引

進(jìn)猶他鹽湖，選項(xiàng)B正確。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不合原文的意思。

5.Accordingtoparagraph3,theintroductionofraccoonsintoUtah's

GreatSaltLakeValleyappearstohavebeenanexampleofan

introductionthatwas

A.motivatedbyadesiretohaveraccoonsamongthelocalwildlife.

B.illegal

C.carriedoutbyhunterswhowantedmoreraccoonstohunt.

D.unsuccessful

正確答案：A

題目解析：本題根據(jù)題干的關(guān)鍵詞Utah'sGreatSaltLakevalley定

位到原文中這一句：WithintheUnitedStates,theyarecommonly

takenfromoneareatoanother,bothlegallyandillegally,torestock

huntingareasand,presumably,becausepeoplesimplywantthemtobe

partoftheirlocalfauna.這一句的最后半句是出題點(diǎn)，說(shuō)明人們就是

單純地想要raccoon來(lái)到他們居住的地方。選項(xiàng)A正確。其余三個(gè)

選項(xiàng)都沒(méi)有被提到。

6.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3ashelpingto

explaintheraccoon'sdramaticincreaseinabundanceanddistribution

EXCEPT

A.Raccoonsthriveinsuburbanareas.

B.Huntingraccoonshasbecomeillegalinmostareas.

C.Peopleenjoyhavingraccoonsaspartoftheirenvironment.

D.Atransplantedraccoonwillgenerallybeabletosucceedinitsnew

environment.

正確答案：B

題目解析:本題用題干中的dramaticincrease和abundanceand

distribution定位，找到第三段。選項(xiàng)A的依據(jù)是astheyoftenthrive

insuburban,說(shuō)明raccoon在郊區(qū)很容易繁殖;選項(xiàng)C的依據(jù)是

becausepeoplesimplywantthemtobepartoftheirlocalfauna,說(shuō)明人

們?cè)敢庾宺accoon成為自己身邊環(huán)境里的動(dòng)物;選項(xiàng)D的依據(jù)是As

anexampleoftheeasewithwhichtransplantedindividualscansucceed,

說(shuō)明raccoon的遷移后成功率非常高。只有選項(xiàng)B在原文中并沒(méi)有

提及。選擇B。

7.Theword"presumably"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.ithasbeenestablished.

B.ithasbeenincorrectlystated.

C.itcanbeassumed.

D.itcanbedemonstrated.

正確答案：C

題目解析：本題根據(jù)所考察的單詞定位到原文中這一句：W汕inthe

UnitedStates,theyarecommonlytakenfromoneareatoanother,both

legallyandillegally,torestockhuntingareasand,presumably,because

peoplesimplywantthemtobepartoftheirlocalfauna.本句的大意是:

在美國(guó)，raccoon通常被從一個(gè)地方引入另一個(gè)地方，合法的引入

也有非法的也有，目的是補(bǔ)充生物進(jìn)入捕獵區(qū)，并且可以推測(cè)的是，

人們也想要raccoon進(jìn)入他們生活的地區(qū)。presumably在這里的意

思是推測(cè)的，可以假設(shè)的。選項(xiàng)A是被建立的，選項(xiàng)B是被錯(cuò)誤陳

述的，選項(xiàng)C是可以被假設(shè)的，選項(xiàng)D是可以被闡述的。選項(xiàng)C

最貼合presumably的意思，選擇C。

8.Accordingtoparagraph4,howhasthespreadofagricultureaffected

raccoonpopulations?

A.Thespreadofagriculturedestroyedsomeoftheraccoon'snatural

habitatsandreducedtheirpopulationsinKansasandeasternColorado.

B.Becauseoftheavailabilityofcornandothercerealgrainsasaresult

ofthespreadofagriculture.

C.Thespreadofagriculturemayhavecontributedtosomeraccoon

expansionbuthasnotalwayscausedraccoonpopulationstoexpand.

D.ThespreadofagriculturetoKansasandeasternColoradobrought

increasedraccoonpopulationsinthe1870sand1880s.

正確答案：C

題目解析：本題根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞thespreadofagriculture定位到

這兩句：Theraccoon'sexpansioninvariousareasmayalsobedueto

thespreadofagriculture.和Theexpansionofagriculture,however,

doesnotnecessarilyleadtorapidincreasesintheirabundance.這兩句

話的大致意思是：農(nóng)業(yè)的擴(kuò)張也可能是raccoon擴(kuò)張的原因之一，

但是農(nóng)業(yè)的擴(kuò)張并不一定會(huì)導(dǎo)致raccoon數(shù)量的迅速增長(zhǎng)。選項(xiàng)C

正是這個(gè)意思。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是這兩句原文的曲解。

9.Accordingtoparagraph5,whatwastrueaboutraccoonsbeforethe

arrivalofEuropeansettlers?

A.Theywerewidelydistributethroughouttheregion.

B.Therewerefoundmostlyinareasofopenprairie.

C.TheywerenotfoundinmostofCanada.

D.Theyhadnotyetreachedthewoodedareasofthesoutheastern

portionoftheregion.

正確答案：C

題目解析:本題根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞beforethearrivalofEuropeansettlers,

定位到原文中這一句：PriortoEuropeanssettlingandfarmingthe

GreatPlainsRegion,raccoonsprobablywerejustfoundalongitsrivers

andstreamsandinthewoodedareasofitssoutheasternsection.本句

大意是：在歐洲殖民者到來(lái)并在大平原上耕作之前，raccoons可能

只能在大平原的東南部分的河流或者森林里生存。選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)

raccoons在加拿大大部分地區(qū)都沒(méi)有分布，正確;選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)它們?cè)诖?/p>

平原分布廣泛，錯(cuò)誤;選項(xiàng)B說(shuō)它們最常見(jiàn)的地方是開放的大草原，

錯(cuò)誤;選項(xiàng)D說(shuō)它們沒(méi)有到達(dá)大平原的東南部，錯(cuò)誤，它們本來(lái)就

是分布在東南部的。選擇C。

10.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthediscussioninparagraph5about

coyotesandraccoonsinManitoba?

A.Inthe1950sbothcoyotesandraccoonsincreasedtheirpopulations.

B.Coyotesaremoredifficulttocontrolthanraccoonsare.

C.Coyotesandraccoonsbothtendtopreferregionsthathaverivers,

streams,andwoodedareas.

D.Moreevidenceisneededtodetermineifcontrollingcoyotes

contributedtoraccoonexpansioninthe1950s.

正確答案：D

題目解析：本題題干給出的關(guān)鍵詞是Manitobao帶著這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞定

位到第五段中部。出題點(diǎn)在這一句：Iftheirnumbersaresufficient

coyotesmightbeabletosuppressraccoonpopulations(thoughlittle

directevidencesupportsthisnotion).括號(hào)里的文字說(shuō)明，缺少證據(jù)證

明coyates的數(shù)量增多會(huì)對(duì)raccoon的數(shù)量造成損害。選項(xiàng)D是這句

話的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)兩者的數(shù)量都有所增長(zhǎng)，選項(xiàng)B說(shuō)coyotes

比起raccoon更難挖制，選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)coyotes和raccoon都喜歡有河流

或者樹木的地方，三者都不符合原文。選擇D。

11.Theword"critical"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.predictable

B.crucial

C.negative

D.contributing

正確答案：B

題目解析：本題根據(jù)所考察的詞匯定位到原文中這一句：The

exterminationofthewolffrommostofthecontiguousUnitedStates

mayhavebeenacriticalfactorintheraccoon'sexpansionand

numericalincrease.本句大意是：狼群的滅絕可能是raccoon擴(kuò)張和

數(shù)量增多的關(guān)鍵因素。critical的意思是關(guān)鍵的。選項(xiàng)A是可以預(yù)測(cè)

的，選