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Passage1

Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas“Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea,,.Before

thenineteenthcenturyscientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.

CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofi(inhiswritings,bu(hewasreluctantto

gotoseatofurtherhiswork.

Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersor

otherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutitJet

alonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion“whatisatthebottomof

theoceans?”hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofa

telegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepth

profileoftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcable(hathadtobemanufactured.

ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,for

informationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsiblefbrencouragingvoyages

duringwhichsoundingsweretakentoinvestigatethedep:hsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacific

Oceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysical

GeographyoftheSea.

Thecablewaslaid,butnoiuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Atthe

carlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredin

livinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthe

deeperpartsofthesea.

Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition,

whichlastedfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassification

andanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeing

publishedin1895.

1、TheproposaltolayatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericamadeoceanographicstudies

takeon.

A)anacademicaspectB)amilitaryaspect

C)abusinessaspectD)aninternationalaspect

2、ItwasthataskedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies.

A)theAmericanNavyB)someearlyintercontinentaltravelers

C)thosewhoearnedalivingfromthesea

D)thecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseacable

3、TheaimofthevoyagesMaurywasresponsiblefbrinthe1840was

A)tomakesomesoundingexperimentsintheoceans

B)tocollectsampleofseaplantsandanimals

C)toestimatethelengthofcablethatwasneeded

D)tomeasurethedepthsofthetwooceans

4、“Defied“inthe5thparagraphprobablymeans""

A)doubtedB)gaveprooftoC)challengedD)agreedto

5、Thispassageismainlyabout

A)thebeginningsofoceanographyB)thelayingofthefirstunderseacable

B)theinvestigationofoceandepthsD)theearlyintercontinentalcommunications

Passage1(Theoriginaltexttranslating)

海洋學(xué)的定義是“慶用所有的科學(xué)來研究海洋”

19世紀(jì)以前,極少有科學(xué)家對(duì)研究海洋感興趣,當(dāng)然,牛頓在他的作品中對(duì)海洋做了一些

理論方面的探討,但他并不情愿自己去海邊作進(jìn)一步的研究。

對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說,海洋是遙遠(yuǎn)的,除了早期穿越洲際的旅行家們以及依靠海洋維持生計(jì)的人,

幾乎找不出理由要提出關(guān)于海洋的問題,更不會(huì)問海洋表面下還有些什么東西。人們第一次

必須回答“海洋底部是什么?"(1)這個(gè)問題是有商業(yè)上的后果的,當(dāng)時(shí)有人提議要鋪設(shè)

一條從歐洲到美洲的電報(bào)纜線。工程師們必須了解路線的縱深起伏形狀,才可以估計(jì)需要制

造多長(zhǎng)的電纜。

(2)由于美國海軍的莫里(Maury),大西洋電報(bào)公司才在1853年得到了這方面的信

息。19世紀(jì)4。年代,13)莫里負(fù)責(zé)推動(dòng)進(jìn)行測(cè)探工作的海上航行,以此來調(diào)查北大西

洋與太平洋的深度。此后,他出了一本叫做《海洋的自然地貌》的書,在這本書里他提到的

一些發(fā)現(xiàn)激起了人們很大的興趣。

人們鋪設(shè)了電纜,但直到1866年,才有了固定而且可靠的連接。在早期的努力中,電纜

壞了,而當(dāng)它被拉出來維修時(shí),人們發(fā)現(xiàn)其表面覆蓋著(4)活的生物。這一事實(shí)挑戰(zhàn)了當(dāng)

時(shí)的一種科學(xué)觀點(diǎn),即海洋較深層是不存在生命的。

海洋學(xué)在此后幾年內(nèi)發(fā)展起來。1872年,湯姆森(Thomson),帶頭進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)科學(xué)考

察,歷時(shí)4年,從海洋帶回了數(shù)以千計(jì)的標(biāo)本??茖W(xué)家們花了數(shù)年時(shí)間將它們分類并進(jìn)行分

析,寫出了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)五卷的報(bào)告,其中最后一卷于1895年出版。

1、從歐洲到關(guān)洲鋪設(shè)電報(bào)纜線的提議使得海洋學(xué)研究是從_______出發(fā)的

A)學(xué)術(shù)角度B)軍事角度C)商業(yè)角度D)國際角度

2、向莫里要求得到海洋學(xué)研究方面幫助的是____________

A)美國海軍B)一些早期的穿越大洲的旅行家

C)依靠海洋維持生計(jì)的人D)提議鋪設(shè)一條海底電纜的公司

3、19世紀(jì)40年代,莫里負(fù)責(zé)的海上航行的目的是要

A)在海上進(jìn)行測(cè)探實(shí)驗(yàn)B)收集海洋動(dòng)植物的標(biāo)本

C)估測(cè)所需電纜的長(zhǎng)度D)測(cè)量?jī)蓚€(gè)海洋的深度

4、第五段的“field”一詞可能的意思是

A)置疑B)證明C)挑戰(zhàn)D)同意

5、這一段文章主要是關(guān)于

A)海洋學(xué)的起步B)第一條海底電纜的鋪設(shè)

C)對(duì)海洋深度的研究D)早期的洲際交流

Passage2

Normallyastudentmustattendacertainnumberofcoursesinordertograduate,andeachcourse

whichheattendsgiveshimacreditwhichhemaycounttowardsadegree,InmanyAmerican

universitiesthetotalworkforadegreeconsistsofthirty-sixcourseseachlastingforonesemester.

Atypicalcourseconsistsofthreeclassesperweekforfifteenweeks;whileattendingauniversitya

studentwillprobablyattendfourorfivecoursesduringeachsemester.Normallyastudent.Would

expecttotakefouryearsattendingtwosemesterseachyear.Itispossibletospreadtheperiodof

workforthedegreeoveralongerperiod.Itisalsopossibleforastudenttomovebetweenone

universityandanotherduringhisdegreecourse,(houghthisisnotinfactdoneasaregular

practice.

Forverycoursethatthefollowsastudentisgivenagrade,whichisrecorded,andtherecordis

availableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemployers.Allthisimposesaconstantpressure

andstrainofwork,butinspiteofthissomestudentsstillfindtimeforgreatactivityinstudent

affairs.Electionstopositionsinstudentorganizationsarcusemuchenthusiasm.Theeffective

workofmaintainingdisciplineisusuallyperformedbystudentswhoadvisetheacademic

authorities.Anystudentwhoisthoughttohavebrokentherules,forexample,bycheatinghisto

appearbeforeastudentcourt.Withtheenormousnumbersofstudents,theoperationofthesystem

doesinvolveacertainamountofactivity.Astudentwhohasheldoneofthesepositionsof

authorityismuchrespectedanditwillbeofbenefittohimlaterinhiscareer.

6、Normallyastudentwouldatleastattendclasseseachweek.

A)36B)12020D)15

7、AccordingtothefirstparagraphanAmericanstudentisallowed

A)toliveinadifferentuniversity

B)totakeaparticularcourseinadifferentuniversity

C)toliveahomeanddrivetoclasses

D)togettwodegreesfromtwodifferentuniversities

8、Americauniversitystudentsareusuallyunderpressureofworkbecause

A)theiracademicperformancewillaffecttheirfuturecareers

B)theyareheavilyinvolvedinstudentaffairs

C)theyhavetoobserveuniversitydiscipline

D)theywanttorunforpositionsofauthority

9、Somestudentsareenthusiasticforpositionsinstudentorganizationsprobablybecause

A)theyhatetheconstantpressureandstrainoftheirstudy

B)theywillthenbeabletostaylongerintheuniversity

C)suchpositionshelpthemgetbetterjobs

D)suchpositionsareusuallywellpaid

10、Thestudentorganizationsseemtobeeffectivein

A)dealingwiththeacademicaffairsoftheuniversity

B)ensuringthatthestudentsobserveuniversityregulations

C)evaluatingstudents'performancebybringingthembeforeacourt

D)keepingupthestudents'enthusiasmforsocialactivities

Passage2

通常,一名學(xué)生必須參加一定數(shù)量的課程學(xué)習(xí)才可以畢業(yè),他上的每一門課都會(huì)得到學(xué)分,

這些學(xué)分累加起來,才能拿到學(xué)位。在許多美國大學(xué)里,要拿到學(xué)位就得上36門課,每門

課要上一個(gè)學(xué)期。(6)一門典型的課程是每個(gè)星期上3節(jié)課,共上15個(gè)星期;而一名大

學(xué)生可能(6)每學(xué)期要學(xué)習(xí)4到5門課程。通常每個(gè)學(xué)生都應(yīng)該上4年學(xué),每年兩個(gè)學(xué)期。

afternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconccntraiionforyoursharperhours.

1l.Ifapersonfindsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobably

A)heisalazypersonB)herefusestofollowhisownenergycycle

C)heisnotsurewhenhisenergyislowD)heisathispeakintheafternoonorevening

12.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccordingtothepassage?

A)Unawarenessofenergycycles.B)Familiarmonologues

C)Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle

D)Attemptstocontroltheenergycycleofotherfamilymembers

13.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathishowpointinthemorning,heshould

A)changehisenergycycleB)overcomehislaziness

C)getupearlierthanusualD)gotobedearlier

14.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill

A)helptokeepyourenergyfbrtheday'swork

B)helpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyintheday

C)enableyoutoconcentrateonyourroutinework

D)keepyourenergycycleundercontrolallday

15.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?

A)Gettingofftoworkwithaminimumefforthelpssaveone'senergy

B)Dr.Kleimanexplainswhypeoplereach(heirpeaksatdifferenthoursofday.

C)Habithelpsapersonadapttohisownenergycycle

D)Childrenhaveenergycycles,too.

Passage3

你是否發(fā)現(xiàn)早上起床很困難以至于是一種痛苦?這也許可以被稱作懶情,但克萊特曼博士有

一種新的解釋。他已證明每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)日能量周期。

在你工作的時(shí)候,你可能會(huì)說你很“熱二沒錯(cuò)!一天當(dāng)中你覺得精力最為充沛的時(shí)候就是

你的體溫周期達(dá)到頂峰的時(shí)候。對(duì)一此人來說,這一頂峰會(huì)在午前到來。而對(duì)另一此人來說,

則到下午或是晚上才來到,(15)還沒有人能夠提示為什么會(huì)這樣,但這導(dǎo)致了大家都很

熟悉的那種自言自語,例如(11)“該起床了,約翰!又要上班遲到了!”對(duì)這種煩惱可能

性的解釋就是他的體溫與能量頂峰在晚上到來。(12)當(dāng)夫婦們了解到能量周期的意義,

并得知每個(gè)家庭成員的能量周期是哪一種類型的時(shí)候,很多家庭爭(zhēng)端便結(jié)束了。

你無法改變你的能量周期,但你了解到自己的周期之后可以使你的生活更加適合它??巳R特

曼博士認(rèn)為習(xí)慣是有幫助的。也許你很想睡覺,但覺得你無論如何都得熬夜。習(xí)慣性地延遲

睡覺時(shí)間可以在一定程度上對(duì)抗你的周期。(13)如柒你早上能量低,但在一大清早有件

很重要的工作要做,就比平時(shí)早些起床。這樣做不會(huì)改變你的周期,但你可以在能顯低的時(shí)

候鼓起干勁,更好地工作,

(14)慢慢地開始一天的工作有助于節(jié)約能量。起床時(shí)放松地打個(gè)哈欠,伸伸懶腰,在床

上坐一會(huì)兒再下地。前一天晚上把干凈衣服放好,這樣就不用手忙腳亂地到處亂翻。盡可能

在下午做常規(guī)工作,把需要更多能量與注意力的任務(wù)留到最佳狀態(tài)的時(shí)候來處理。

11、如果一個(gè)人覺得早起很難,很有可能

A)他是個(gè)懶情的家伙B)他不愿遵循自己的能量周期

C)他不清楚自己什么時(shí)候能量低D)他的高峰在下午或晚上

12、根據(jù)本文,下面哪種情形會(huì)導(dǎo)致家庭爭(zhēng)端?

A)沒有意識(shí)到存在能量周期B)熟悉的自言自語

C)一名家庭成員改變了他的能量周期D)企圖控制其他家庭成員的能量周期

13、如果一個(gè)人想在他的能量低點(diǎn)一一早晨工作得更有效率,他應(yīng)該

A)改變他的能量周期B)克服他的懶惰

C)比平時(shí)起得早些D)早些睡覺

14、建議你起床時(shí)打個(gè)哈欠,伸伸懶腰,因?yàn)檫@樣會(huì)_______

A)幫助你保持一天工作的能量B)幫助你在一天的開始就控制脾氣

C)使你專注于常規(guī)工作D)使你全天的能量都得到控制

15、下面哪個(gè)說法不正確?

A)花最小的力氣開始工作有助于節(jié)約能量

B)克萊特曼博士解釋了為什么人們?cè)谝惶飚?dāng)中不同的時(shí)間達(dá)到能量頂峰

C)習(xí)慣幫助人適應(yīng)自己的能量周期

D)孩子也有能量周期

Passage4

Wcfindthatbrightchildrenarcrarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,both

theirknowledgeandexperiencearcenriched.Wcfeelthattherearcmanydisadvantagesin

streamingpupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.It

canhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brighlchild.Afterall,itcanbequite

discouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

Besides,itisratherunrealiogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonly

oneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilsto

thefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wcalsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwc

findthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.

Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemthe

opportunitytolearntoco-operaie,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskills.Theyalsolearnhow

tocopewithpersonalproblemaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyseand

evaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromthe

teacher.

Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,

andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisis

appropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedin

ordertodo(hisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork:itdoesnotmatterwhatage

thechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest,nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveiy

encouragementtoattainthisgoal.

16.Inthepassagetheauthor'sattitudetowards“mixed-abilityteaching,is

A)criticalB)questioningC)approvingD)objective

17.By“heldback”(Line1)theauthormeans“"

A)madetoremaininthesameclassesB)forcedtostudyinthelowerclasses

C)drawntotheirstudiesD)preventedfromadvancing

18.Theauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcernshouldbethedevelopmentofthestudents__

A)personalqualitiesandsocialskillsB)totalpersonality

C)learningabilityandcommunicativeskillsD)intellectualability

19.WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthethirdparagraph?

A)Groupworkgivespupilstheopportunitytolearntoworktogetherwithothers

B)Pupilsalsolearntodeveloptheirreasoningabilities

C)Groupworkprovidespupilswiththeopportunitytolearntobecapableorganizers.

D)Pupilsalsolearnhowtoparticipateinteachingactivities.

20.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageisto

A)arguefbrteachingbrightandnot-soObrightpupilsinthesameclass

B)recommendpairworkandgroupworkfbrclassroomactivities

C)offeradviceontheproperuseofthelibrary

D)emphasizetheimportanceofappropriateformalclassroomteaching

Passage4

(16)(17)我們發(fā)現(xiàn),聰明的孩子如果接受不按能力分班的教學(xué),很少會(huì)因此被拖后了。

相反,他們?cè)谥R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面都有長(zhǎng)進(jìn)。我們認(rèn)為把學(xué)生按照能力分班有很多弊端。這種做

法沒有考慮到孩子們發(fā)展情形各不相同這?事實(shí)。對(duì)聰明的孩子和不太聰明的孩子都有不良

影響。畢竟,在最好的那一檔里做最差的學(xué)生也夠令人氣餒了!

此外,只根據(jù)人的智力水平來對(duì)人進(jìn)行分類也是頗不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。這僅僅是全部人品特征的一個(gè)

方面罷了。(18)我們關(guān)心的是讓所有的學(xué)生都能充分發(fā)展各方面的能力,而不僅僅是學(xué)術(shù)

能力。我們也很看重個(gè)人品質(zhì)與社交技能,而我們發(fā)現(xiàn)不按能力分班的教學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)所有這曲

方面都很有益。

在教室里,我們以不同的方式工作。(19)(A)學(xué)生們通常會(huì)以小組為單位進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí);這樣

他們便有機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)相互合作、分享,以及(19)(C)培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能。他們還能學(xué)到怎樣處

理個(gè)人問題,以及CI9)(B)怎樣思考,怎樣作決定,怎樣分析和評(píng)價(jià),與怎樣進(jìn)行有效

的交流。學(xué)生們不僅向老師學(xué)習(xí),也可以互相學(xué)習(xí)。

有時(shí),學(xué)生們也會(huì)以結(jié)對(duì)的方式學(xué)習(xí);還有時(shí),他們自己完成個(gè)人的任務(wù),他們可以按照自

己的速度來做。在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候,他們也要接受正規(guī)的課堂教學(xué)。我們鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生們使用圖書館,

所以我們要教他們所需的技巧,才能有效地利用好圖書館。一個(gè)先進(jìn)的學(xué)生可以做先進(jìn)的工

作,而他的年齡多大并不重要。我們期望學(xué)生們可以最大限度而不是最小限度地發(fā)揮他們的

能力,我們也會(huì)盡量鼓勵(lì)他們達(dá)到定目標(biāo)。

16、在文中,作者對(duì)“不按能力分班的教學(xué)”持態(tài)度。

A)批判的B)懷疑的C)贊同的D)客觀的

17、第一行的“heldback”的意思是

A)可以待在同樣的班級(jí)里B)被迫在較差的班里學(xué)習(xí)

C)吸引學(xué)習(xí)D)阻礙發(fā)展

18、作者的觀點(diǎn)是:教師主要應(yīng)關(guān)心學(xué)生發(fā)展

A)個(gè)人品質(zhì)與社交技能B)整個(gè)人品特征

C)學(xué)習(xí)能力與交流能力D)智力水平

19、下面哪個(gè)說法沒有在第三段提到?

A)以小組為單位進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)給學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)相互合作的機(jī)會(huì)

B)學(xué)生們也要學(xué)習(xí)培養(yǎng)他們的推理能力

C)以小組為單位的學(xué)習(xí)讓孩子們有機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)怎么做一個(gè)有能力的組織者

D)學(xué)生們還學(xué)習(xí)怎樣參與到教學(xué)活動(dòng)中去。

20、作者寫本文的用意是

A)提出要讓聰明的孩子與不太聰明的孩子在同樣的班里接受教育

B)推薦在教室活動(dòng)中采用結(jié)對(duì)或分組學(xué)習(xí)的方式

C)提出正確利用圖書館的建議

D)強(qiáng)調(diào)合理進(jìn)行正規(guī)的課堂教學(xué)的重要性

Passage5

NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethe

nursingshortage,hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBeth

IsraePsexample.

AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientand

constructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohis

emotionalstate.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepatient^illnessbutwhichalso

includeseverythingelsethatisnecessary.

Theprimarynursestayswiththepatientthroughhishospitalization,keepingtrackwithhis

progressandseekingfurtheradvicefromhisdoctor.IfapatientatBethIsraelisnotrespondingto

irealment,i(isnotuncommonforhisnursetoproposeanotherapproachtohisdoctor.Whatthe

doctoratBethIsraelhasintheprimarynurseisatruecolleague.

NursingatBethIsraelalsoinvolvesadecentralized(分散的)nursingadministration;everyfloor,

everyunitisaself-containedorganization.Therearcnurse-managersinsteadofheadnurses;in

additionto(heirmedicalduties(heydoalltheirownhiringanddismissing,employeeadvising,

andtheymakesalaryrecommendations.Eachunit'snursescecideamongthemselveswhowill

workwhatshiftsandwhen.

BethIsrael'snursc-in-chicfranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.Shealsois

amemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommittee,whichinmosthospitalsincludesonlydoctors.

21.WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizedthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsrael

Hospital?

A)Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse

B)Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight

C)Theprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatient

D)Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient'shealthconditionseveryday.

22.Itcaninferredfromthepassagethat

A)comparedwithotherhospitalsnursesatBethIsraelHospitalaremorepatient

B)inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofview

C)inmosthospitalsnursesgetlowsalaries.

D)comparedwithotherhospitalsnurseshavetoworklongerhoursatBethIsraelHospital

23.Aprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen

A)thepresentoneisrefusedbythepatient

B)thepatientcomplainsaboutthepresentone

C)thepresentoneprovestobeineffective

D)thepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperate

24.Themaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer

A)isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospital

B)hastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit'snurses

C)canmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatient

D)hasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit'snurses.

25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthenursingsystematBethIsraelHospitalis

A)negativeB)neutralC)criticalD)positive

Passage5

BethIsrael醫(yī)院為患者提供有可能得到的最好的護(hù)理。如果我們打算改善護(hù)理中的不足,

(25)各地醫(yī)院的行政管理與醫(yī)生只要努力以BelhIsrael醫(yī)院為梢模就可以了。

在BethIsrael醫(yī)院,每個(gè)病人都會(huì)被分配一名主要護(hù)士,她與病人進(jìn)行詳盡的交談,并會(huì)

擬出?份全面的健康報(bào)告,涵蓋所有病人的病史到其精神狀況。然后她會(huì)寫出?份護(hù)理計(jì)劃,

以患者的病癥為中心,并包括所有必需的內(nèi)容O

(21)(22)病人的主要護(hù)士在其住院期間會(huì)與他在一起,對(duì)他的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行記錄,并從

醫(yī)生那里得到進(jìn)一步的建議。(23)如果一位在BethIsrael醫(yī)院的病人對(duì)其治療手段沒

有回應(yīng)的話,他的護(hù)士通常會(huì)寫出另一份提案交給醫(yī)生,在Bethlsrael醫(yī)院的主要護(hù)士是

醫(yī)生真正意義上的同事。

在BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)理工作還有一個(gè)分散的行政管理;每一層樓、每一個(gè)單元都是獨(dú)立

的機(jī)構(gòu)。(24)有護(hù)士經(jīng)理而沒有護(hù)士長(zhǎng);他們除了有醫(yī)務(wù)工作之外還負(fù)責(zé)自己?jiǎn)卧墓?/p>

用與開除,處理雇員建議,并提出建議薪水。每個(gè)單元的護(hù)士一起決定其中誰在何時(shí)輪哪一

班。

BethIsrael醫(yī)院的首席護(hù)士與醫(yī)院副院長(zhǎng)職位相當(dāng)。她還是執(zhí)行醫(yī)療委員會(huì)的成員之一,

而在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院只有醫(yī)生才能加入這一委員會(huì)。

21、下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最好地描述了Bethlsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)理體制的主要特點(diǎn)?

A)醫(yī)生從主要護(hù)士那里得到更加枳極的專業(yè)支持

B)每個(gè)病人都由一名主要護(hù)士日夜照顧

C)主要護(hù)士為每一名病人寫護(hù)理計(jì)劃

D)主要護(hù)土每天都記錄病人的健康狀況

22、由本文可以推出

A)與其它醫(yī)院相比,BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)士更有耐心

B)在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院里,對(duì)患者的護(hù)理從專業(yè)角度來看還不夠

C)在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院里,護(hù)士的薪水很低

D)與其它醫(yī)院的護(hù)士相比,BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)士工作時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。

23、在時(shí)候,主要護(hù)士可以提出一份不同的治療方案。

A)患者拒絕采用目前療法B)患者對(duì)目前療法有怨言

C)目前的治療無效D)在發(fā)現(xiàn)患者不愿進(jìn)行合作

24、在護(hù)土經(jīng)理與護(hù)士長(zhǎng)之間的主要的區(qū)別是前者

A)是醫(yī)院執(zhí)行醫(yī)療委員會(huì)的成員B)必須安排該單元護(hù)士的輪班

C)可以就對(duì)病人的冶療做出決定D)全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)該單元護(hù)士的行政管理工作

25、作者對(duì)Be【hIsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)理體制的態(tài)度是

A)否定的B)批判的C)中立的D)積極的

Passage6

Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabics-andothercrcaturcs-lcarntodothings

becausecertainactsleadto“rewards";andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitused

alsotobewidelybelieved(hateHectiverewards,alleastiniheearlystages,hadtobedirectly

relatedtosuchbasicphysiological(生理的)“drives“asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababy

wouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.

Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsinthe

worldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.

Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteach

themtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Then

henoticedthatababy.Whchadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoon

makingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren's

responsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas

fourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement''switchedon”a

displayoflights-andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringabout

thisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasthree(urnstooneside.

Papousek'slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinteresting

observationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughthey

would“smileandbubble“v/henthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatiswasnot

primarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievingin

solvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgeto

makesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.

26.Accordingtotheauthor.babieslearntodothingswhich

A)aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureB)willmeettheirphysicalneeds

C)willbringthemafeelingofsuccessD)willsatisfytheircuriosity

27.papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy

A)wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilk

B)wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrink

C)wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswhenithadenoughtodrink

D)wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwheni(hadenoughtodrink

28.Inpapousek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto

A)havethelightsturnedonB)pleasetheirparents

C)berewardedwithmilkD)bepraised

29.Thebabieswouldusmileandbubble^^atthelightsbecause-

A)thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic“drives”

B)thesightofthelightswasinteresting

C)theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelights

D)theysucceededin“switchingon“thelights

30.AccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflectionof

A)abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworld

B)thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneeds

C)theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblems

D)afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskills

Passage6

在過去的一?段時(shí)間里,這樣一種理論為人們廣泛接受,嬰兒——還有其他生物——學(xué)習(xí)去做

事情是因?yàn)槟承┨囟ǖ男袨橛小盎貓?bào)”:而且亳無疑問這是事實(shí)。但人們還曾普遍認(rèn)為,有效

的回報(bào),至少在早期,必定是與基本生理"驅(qū)動(dòng)力''直接相關(guān),比如口渴或饑餓。換句話說,

嬰兒會(huì)為食物、料或某種身體上的舒適而學(xué)習(xí),不會(huì)是為其它。

現(xiàn)在人們已經(jīng)清楚,并非如此。(26)嬰兒會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)以某種方式行事,除了為成功的結(jié)果以

外,還會(huì)為沒有回報(bào)的后果而行事。

Papousek是這樣開始進(jìn)行研究的:他用牛奶以及通常的方式“回報(bào)”嬰兒,想以此教會(huì)他們做

一些簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作,比如把頭轉(zhuǎn)到一側(cè)或另一側(cè)。后來他發(fā)現(xiàn)有一個(gè)已經(jīng)吃飽了奶的嬰兒,不

愿再要牛奶,卻顯然很樂意繼續(xù)做出學(xué)會(huì)的反應(yīng)。(27)于是他開始研究在沒有牛妃的情

況下嬰兒的瓜。他很快發(fā)現(xiàn)甚至只有4個(gè)月大的嬰兒也能學(xué)會(huì)將頭左右轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),(28)只要

這動(dòng)作能“打開開關(guān)”。用燈光指示一事實(shí)上他們還可以學(xué)會(huì)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的轉(zhuǎn)頭來得到這種效

果,比如說,兩下左兩下右?;蛘呱踔潦窍蛞粋?cè)連轉(zhuǎn)三下。

Papousek在嬰兒的正前方放置燈,他發(fā)現(xiàn)了有趣的事情,有時(shí)嬰兒并不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)回去近看這些

燈,雖然當(dāng)燈打開的時(shí)候,他們會(huì)“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作響Papousek得出結(jié)論,(29)

他們并不是主要因?yàn)榭吹綗艄舛吲d,而是為他們?cè)诮鉀Q問題時(shí)的成功,對(duì)技巧的熟練掌握,

以及(30)一種人類基本的渴望,要弄清這世界的意義并使之在有意識(shí)的控制之下。

26、根據(jù)本文作者所說,嬰兒會(huì)學(xué)做的事。

A)與歡樂直接相關(guān)B)會(huì)滿足他們身體需要

C)帶給他們成功感D)滿足他們好奇心

27、Papousek在其研究中注意到,嬰兒-

A)在看到牛奶時(shí)會(huì)做出學(xué)會(huì)的反應(yīng)B)在有足夠飲料時(shí)會(huì)做出學(xué)會(huì)的動(dòng)作

O沒有牛奶也可以繼續(xù)簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作D)在有足夠飲料時(shí)會(huì)把頭左右轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)

28、在Papousek的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,嬰兒做出學(xué)會(huì)的頭部動(dòng)作是為了

A)讓燈打開B)得到牛奶回報(bào)

C)讓其父母高興D)被表揚(yáng)

29、嬰兒會(huì)對(duì)燈光“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作響”是因?yàn)?

A)燈光與某些基本“驅(qū)動(dòng)力”直接相關(guān)

B)看到燈光很有趣C)他們不需要轉(zhuǎn)回去開燈

D)他們成功地“打開了”燈光的“開關(guān)”

30、根據(jù)P叩。usek,嬰兒做成某件事的喜悅反映了

A)一種人類基本的渴望,要了解并控制世界

B)對(duì)某種生理需求的滿足

C)他們解決復(fù)雜問題的強(qiáng)烈愿望

D)顯示所學(xué)到技巧的人類基本愿望

Passage6

Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabics-andothercrcaturcs-lcarntodothings

becausecertainactsleadto“rewards";andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitused

alsotobewidelybelievedthateHectiverewards,alleastiniheearlystages,hadtobedirectly

relatedtosuchbasicphysiological(生理的)“drives“asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababy

wouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.

Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsinthe

worldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.

Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteach

themtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Then

henoticedthatababy.Whchadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoon

makingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren's

responsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas

fourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement''switchedon”a

displayoflights-andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringabout

thisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasthree(urnstooneside.

Papousek'slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinteresting

observationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughthey

would“smileandbubble“v/henthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatiswasnot

primarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievingin

solvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgeto

makesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.

26.Accordingtotheauthor.babieslearntodothingswhich

A)aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureB)willmeettheirphysicalneeds

C)willbringthemafeelingofsuccessD)willsatisfytheircuriosity

27.papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy

A)wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilk

B)wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrink

C)wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswhenithadenoughtodrink

D)wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwheni(hadenoughtodrink

28.Inpapousek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto

A)havethelightsturnedonB)pleasetheirparents

C)berewardedwithmilkD)bepraised

29.Thebabieswouldusmileandbubble^^atthelightsbecause-

A)thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic“drives”

B)thesightofthelightswasinteresting

C)theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelights

D)theysucceededin“switchingon“thelights

30.AccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflectionof

A)abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworld

B)thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneeds

C)theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblems

D)afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskills

Passage6

在過去的一?段時(shí)間里,這樣一種理論為人們廣泛接受,嬰兒——還有其他生物——學(xué)習(xí)去做

事情是因?yàn)槟承┨囟ǖ男袨橛小盎貓?bào)”:而且亳無疑問這是事實(shí)。但人們還曾普遍認(rèn)為,有效

的回報(bào),至少在早期,必定是與基本生理"驅(qū)動(dòng)力''直接相關(guān),比如口渴或饑餓。換句話說,

嬰兒會(huì)為食物、料或某種身體上的舒適而學(xué)習(xí),不會(huì)是為其它。

現(xiàn)在人們已經(jīng)清楚,并非如此。(26)嬰兒會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)以某種方式行事,除了為成功的結(jié)果以

外,還會(huì)為沒有回報(bào)的后果而行事。

Papousek是這樣開始進(jìn)行研究的:他用牛奶以及通常的方式“回報(bào)”嬰兒,想以此教會(huì)他們做

一些簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)作,比如把頭轉(zhuǎn)到一側(cè)或另一側(cè)。后來他發(fā)現(xiàn)有一個(gè)已經(jīng)吃飽了奶的嬰兒,不

愿再

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