英語閱篌釗《.一一%的秘?fù)?jù)主題

(TitleandMainIdea)

歸納概括中心主旨的題目是高考必考題目，若查考生通過閱讀理解，總結(jié)歸納,

找出文章中心意思的能力。要做好這類題考生必須區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息；既看

到樹木，更看到森林；要跳出一詞一句，而俯瞰全文；要通讀全文，通篇理解。

找出主題句(topicsentence)是一個有用的方法。

中心意思(mainidea)通常是一個完整的句子,它應(yīng)能全面準(zhǔn)確地概括文章的中心主旨;

最佳題目(thebesttitle)可以是一個短語詞組,它除能概括文章的中心主旨外，還有吸引讀

者,引發(fā)閱讀興趣的任務(wù)“

考察文章主題的提問方式常用的有：

①Thesubjectofthepassageis.

②Themainideais.

③Thetitleis.

@Thepassagemainlytalksabout.

⑤Whattopicistreatedinthispassage.

@Thepointofthepassageisthat.

⑦What'sthetopicofthefirstparagraph?

@Thebestheadlineforthepassagewouldbe.

⑨Whichtitlebestgivestheideaofthepassage?

⑩What'sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

1.主題句位于段首

其特點是演繹式，開門見山提出論點，再分別說明。例如：

Peoplehaveknownaboutgoldforaverylongtime(主題句).Theearlycavepeopleknewof

gold(論據(jù)).Goldcupswereusedbypeoplewholivedmorethan5,000yearsago(論據(jù)).

GoldnecklacesandotherthingsmadeofgoldhavebeenfoundinEgypt.Theyarealsomore

than5,000yearsold(論據(jù)).

0：Themainideaofthepassageis.

A.goldiswidelyused

B.manythingscanbemadeofgold.

C.goldwasknownbypeoplelongtimesago.

D.goldwasfound5,000yearsago

［分析］第一句是文章的主題句，其后分3個論據(jù)來論敘這一主題。答案C與

文章主題同義。在閱讀中要注意，所有用語證明論點的根據(jù)和理由都應(yīng)具一定的邏輯關(guān)

系-我們可以按照這種邏輯關(guān)系推斷出結(jié)論。

2.主題句位于段尾

其特點是歸納式，即細(xì)節(jié)在前，概括在后。例如：

Oneofthemostimportantusesofgoldisformoney.Goldcanbeusedtomakerings,earrings,

andotherthings.Goldisalsousedtomakegoldleaf,averyflatribbon（帶）ofgoldthatis

oftenusedonpictureframes.Cupsanddishescanalsobemadefromgold.Goldhasmany

uses.

Q:Thebesttitleofthispassageis.

A.themostimportantusesofgold

B.wideusesofgold

C.manythingsmadeofgold

D.theimportanceofgold.

［分析］這一段是從金子最主要的用途談起，然后用also,often等詞列舉出其他用

途，最后歸納出“goldhasmanyuses”這一主題，與B選項一致。

3.主題句位于段中

其特點是：引題一主題一解釋或提問一回答一解釋。例如：

Aportisaplacewhereshipsstaywhentheyarenotsailing.Shipsusuallyloadorunloadata

port.So,aspaceportisaplacewhere“spaceships"staywhentheyarenotflying.Ithasspecial

buildingswherethespaceshipsarekept.Italsohassuppliesneededforspacetravel.

Q:Thepassagemainlytellsus.

A.whataspaceportis

B.thataportisaplacewhereshipsstay

C.thataspaceportisaspecialbuilding

D.whataportandaspaceportare

［分析］本段是由“港口是船不航行時停留的地方”這一人人都明白的概念引出“宇

航港是宇宙飛船不飛行時停留的地方”這一抽象難懂的概念，進(jìn)而加以解釋。其中心就

是向人們介紹什么是宇航港，所以A選項是主題。

4.首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句

通常是指文章開頭和結(jié)尾相互對應(yīng)。了解這一點有利于根據(jù)文章開頭和結(jié)尾進(jìn)行綜合推

理。例如：

ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1,000peoplebittenbysnakes.44Itwasseeingpeoplewith

snakebitesthatledmetothiscareer."hesaid.

“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeople

bittenbysnakes."Shusaid.

Q:Whatdoyouthinkthewritertalksaboutinthemissingpartofthearticle?

A.Thesadstoryofthepeoplebittenbysnakes.

B.HowdidShuhelpthepeople?

C.WhydidShuhelpthepeople?

D.HowmuchdidShulikehiscareer?

［分析］從文章開頭“看到被蛇咬傷的人們使我選擇了這一職業(yè)”和段末“這悲慘的故事

使我如此震動，因此我決定把一生獻(xiàn)給這些人們”可以看出本文的主題是“蘇普龍如何成

為蛇醫(yī)”。那么中間一段是說明“那悲慘的故事”的，答案是A。

5.無主題句

依據(jù)文中事實，細(xì)節(jié)，觀點，綜合歸納成一般概念。例如：

Goodafternoon.Thisisyourcaptainspeaking.Wehavebeenwarnedofthedangerof

strongairturbulenceaheadforthenextfortymilesorso.Passengersarethereforestrongly

askedtoremainintheirseatswiththeirseatbeltonfortheirsafetyandnottousetherestrooms

duringthatdangerousperiodifatallpossible.Duringthetimeyoungchildrenshouldbefirmly

fastenedintotheirseats.

Pleaseobservetheseprecautionuntiltheseatbeltwarringsignhasgoneoff.Lunchwill

beservedafterwehavepassedthroughtheairturbulencezone.Thankyou.

Q:Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.

A.TheCaptainandthePassengers

B.SomethingAbouttheStrongAirTurbulence

C.ForyourOwnSafety

D.Don'tMoveAroundandKeepStill

［分析］此文是一篇廣播通知，告知旅客飛機(jī)可能遇到強(qiáng)氣流前的注意事項，完全出于安全

考慮，由此可判斷此文的中心是選項C所給內(nèi)容。此問不是知識介紹，不選B。答案D

中心不突出，不明確，旅客一聽或許以為是飛機(jī)被劫持了。

ReadingTrainingCourse

Paragraph1

Whatarethetallestplantsintheworld?Manypeoplewouldsaythatgiantredwoodtreesof

California.Actually,thetallestplantsareintheoceans.Theseareseaweedsthatgrowalmost

sevenhundredfeettall.Comparedtothisheight,thegiantredwoodsarepygmiesofonlyfour

hundredfeet.Togetsomeideaoftheseheights,considertheStatueofLiberty.Thishuge

figurerisesonlythreehundredfeet.

1.Thepassagecanbeentitled.

A.RedwoodsinCaliforniaB.TheStatueofLiberty

C.SeaweedD.TheTallestPlants

Paragraph2

here,365addedto7576is7941.

Thefinalstepisthis:Subtract615fromthenumberthatyouhave.Takeaway615fromthe

total,Inourexample,7941minus615is7326.

Theresulthere-7326-isthetrick.Thefirstpartofthenumberistheaddressandthelast

partofthenumberistheageoftheperson.Thatis,73istheaddressthatwestartedwith,and

26istheagethatweused.

5.Thebesttitleofthepassageis.

A.ThenumbertricksB.Atrickwithnumbers

C.AninterestingproblemD.Howtoworkoutadifficulttrick

Passage6

AnAustralianwildlifeparkattendantsurvivedacrocodileattackafterherfatherjumped

onthehugecrocodile'sbackanddugoutitseyesasthehorrifiedtouristslookedon.

KarlaBredl,21,wasinafairlygoodconditioningoodcareinhospitalwithabrokenbone,

abrokenlegandsomeinjuriesaftertheattack.

The4.5-metrecrocodilecaughtKarlaBredlaroundthelegandthenthewaistwhenshe

fellduringacrocodilefeedingshowfortourists.

Karla'sfatherseizedalong-handledtoolandbeatthecrocodileabouttheheadtoforceitto

letgoofher,butthetoolwasdoingnothing.Sohejumpedonitsbackandstuckhisfingersin

itseyesandthecrocodileletgoofher.

1.Thebesttitleofthepassageis.

A.TheHatefulCrocodileB.FatherSavedDaughter'sLife

C.ATerribleAccidentD.TheDangerousPlace

猜詞法(MeaningsGuess)

該題型常見的設(shè)題方式rr：

■l.Thewordcouldbestbereplacedby.

■2.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword.

■3.Bythewritermeans.

■4.1ntheparagraph,theword**"means(refersto)

■5.Theunderlinedwordisclosestinmeaningto.

方法1：定義，解釋法(Definition)

通過下定義的方法，來解釋說明某個生詞或短語的意義。

信息詞：is,was,means,thatis,thatistosay,inotherwords,referto...

□1.Abiowraph、isthestoryofaperson'slifewrittenbyanother.

□2.Toboycottastoremeanstorefusetoshopinthestore.

[No.l]（NMET1998B篇）Hewasoneof80middleschoolstudentsfromChinaattending

amonth-long"YouthSummit**...........TheYonthSummitwasaimedatincreasing

understandingandfriendshipbetweenyoungstudentsofthetwocountriesthroughvisits

anddiscussion.

55.Thewords**YouthSummitMreferto.

A.visitstotheNixon'sLibrary

B.theChinesestudents'visittotheUS

C.ameetingdiscussingrelationsbetweenChinaandtheUS

D.activitiestostrenghenthetiesbetweenChinaandtheUS.

[No.2]（2005年廣東卷B篇）

Leadershipmeanspower,commandsrespectand,mostimportant,encouragesachievement.

UnlikevitaminC,leadershipskillscan'tbeeasilyswalloweddown.Theymustbecarefully

cultivated.

6（）.Theunderlinedword“cultivated"roughlymeans.

A.developedB.comparedC.examinedD.encouraged

[No.3]（2005江西卷D篇）

Theplantisoftenprunedsothatitremainsonly60to90centimetershigh.Pruningis

importantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.Itisfromthese

shootsthatthebestteaisgot.

68.Inthefirstparagraph,theword“pruning"means.

A.Regularcuttingoftheplants

B.Frequentwatering

C.Regularuseofchemicals

D.Growingtheplantshighinthemountain

方法2：同義法(Synonym)

在詞或短語之間有并列連詞或它們所連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此

確定生詞的詞義。

■Doctorsbelievethatsmokingisdetrimentaltopeople'shealth,Theyalsoregard

drinkingasharmful.

■例2.（2001年北京春季B篇）Hecalledtousthattherewasnoonethere,sowe

randowntothebank,lookingeverywherecarefully.Wecouldnotunderstand

wherethemanhadgone.Whenitgotdark,wewentbacktoourcampfeeling

bewildered.

■57.Theword"bewilderedMinthetextprobablymeans.

A.ashamedB.nervous

C.unabletounderstandD.eagertoknowsomething

方法3：反義法(Antonym)利用反義詞說明生詞的意義。

■信息詞：however,but,while,instead,unlike,ontheotherhand...

■l.JanewastalkingwithotherswhileTomremainedreticentallthetime.

■2.Hisofficesisadrabplaces,buthernewofficeisabright,cheerfulplace.

■例3?（NMET1999B篇）Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforother

peopletobecome"comDiiter-literate''........Thecomputerexpertshaveto

learnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeabletoanswerall

questionspeopleask,peopledon'thavetolearncomputerterms（術(shù)語），butthe

expertshavetoexplaininplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecoming

npeople-literateu.

■57.Wecaninferfromthetextthat"computer-literate**means.

A.beingabletoaffordacomputer

B.beingabletowritecomputerprograms

C.workingwiththecomputerandfindingoutitsvalue

D.understandingthecomputerandknowinghowtouseit

方法4:上下文分析法（context）

生詞上下文起解釋說明作用的句子，為我們猜測生詞提供了大量的信息。

[No.l]（2004年江蘇卷D篇）

buthiswifewasalwaysmadathimforhisidleness（懶散）.Morning,noon,andnight,her

tonguewasendlesslygoing,sothathewasforcedtoescapetotheoutsideifthehouse——the

onlysidewhich,intruth,belongstoahenueckedhusband.

70.Theunderlinedwords“henpeckedhusband“probablymeansamanwho.

A.likeshuntingB.isafraidofhens

C.loveshiswifeD.isafraidofhiswife

[No.2]（2003年北京卷B篇）

Thenewplanetmovesaroundastarmuchlikeoursun,however.Scientistsdiscoveredthe

planetbyusinganewplanet-searchingmethod,called“transittechnique''.

59.The“transittcchniquc,,can.

A.helpdim（使暗淡）thelightofastar

B.helpscientistswithasearchlight

C.helpdiscoverabeeonaplanet

D.helpfindaplanetmovingbeforeitsstar

[No.3]（NMET1997A篇）The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschool

studentsundertheageof14.nManyoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupils

canfigurethemout.Itisjustunbelievable!'*saidateacherfromGuang-dongprovince.

]54.Tlieunderlinedphrase"Figureout**inthetextmeans.

A.guessB.addupC.workoutD.study

方法5：邏輯關(guān)系（Logicalmethod）（對比,轉(zhuǎn)折,因果,讓步等）

Heisgenerous,thoughheisnotrich.

方法6:根據(jù)舉例（Examples）

從所舉事例處分析:生詞的后面常常出現(xiàn)“fbrexample,forinstance,suchas”一類的詞，這

是作者通過舉例來表述詞義，表達(dá)觀點

[No.l]（2002年全國卷E篇）

Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun,accordingto

BelhAneclerio,anEvasionmotheroftwo,ages4and18months.

74、Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hassle”probablymean?

A.apartydesignedbypecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthought

C.asituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests

[No.2]（2003年全國卷C篇）

Fermat'sLastTheorem（定壬電）.FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermat

intheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds.

65.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword"baffle"asitisusedinthe

text?

A.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.

B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.

C.Toprovidepersonwithanexplanation.

D.Tolimitpeople'simagination.

[No.2JIliketoreadsomeEnglishperiodicalslikeChinaToday,EnglishSalon,Overseas,

etc.

方法7：同位重述（appositive）

在文章中變換不同的詞句表達(dá)同一種意思的習(xí)作手法叫重述。原句和重述句之間是同位

語的關(guān)系。

[No.l]（2004的遼寧卷B篇）

TakeV8forexample.Formanyyears,thebrightredcoloroftomatoesandcarrotsonthethin

bottlemakesyoufeelthatitisverygoodfbryourbody.Andtheword“green“todaycankeep

foodpricesgoingup.

63.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatV8isakindof.

A.vegetabledish

B.healthyjuice

C.iceddrink

D.redvegetable

[No.2]（2002年上海卷D卷）

Thecommonestproblemwasinformation“storagefailures''.Forexample,peopleforgotthe

namesofpeoplewhosefacetheyknew,wentintoaroomandforgotwhytheywerethere,

mislaidsomething,orsmokedacigarettewithoutrealizingit.

85.Accordingtothepassage,theinformation“storagefailures“referto.

A.thedestructionofinformationcollectingsystem

B.theelimination（除去）ofone'stotalmemory

C.thetemporary（暫時的）lossofpartofone'smemory

D.theseparationofone'sactionfromconsciousness

[No.3]（2001年全國卷A篇）

Thelargestplayer---ShanghaiBashiTourismCarRentalCenteroffersawidevarietyofchoices

-deluxesedans,minivans,stationwagons,coaches.Santanasedansarcthebigfavorite.

56.Thewords“deluxesedans"，“minivans”and"stationwagons“usedinthetextrefer

to.

A.carsinthemakingB.carrentalfirms

C.carsfbrrentD.carmakers

方法8：如標(biāo)點（Punctuation）（冒號，破折號）構(gòu)詞法（Formation）

[例1]Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

[例2]Weareonthenightshift—frommidnightto8am—thisweek.

[例3]Theyaregooddiggers,andinRanthambhorc（awildlifeparkinNorthernIndia）

arenocturnal:theyonlycomeoutatnight.

中學(xué)英語中常見的前綴和后綴

super-（超）,inter-（在...之間），-able（能....的），mini-（極少的，微型的），

micro-（極微小的），re-（再，反復(fù)），sub-（分支的,底下），co-（共同），post?（后）,

pre-（前），trans-（超越；轉(zhuǎn)換），under-（在...之下；低于....;不足）,-hood

（狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)；時期），-ish（如...的；有點兒……的）；-proof（防……的；……不

能穿透的），-scope（^）,?ship（身份；資格；權(quán)力；性質(zhì)），-some（引起/易于...

的），-wards（向），mis-（誤；惡），un-（不；非），in-（不；非），ini-（不；

非），dis-（不），non-（不；非），-less（不；無），anti-（反；防），sino-（中國）

練習(xí)：

[例1]Don、listentohisnonsense.

[例2]Jasonisalanguagespecialist.

[例3]Shewantedthehairdressertotrimherhairabitbecauseitwastoolong.

[例4]Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweakness

waspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.

[例5]Youcantakeanyoftheueriodicals:TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguage

TeachinginSchools,orEnglishLearning.

[例6]Apply（涂抹）ancuitiseutic、suchasalcohol（酒精）,ontheskin.

[例7]Ifyouareridingabikewhenasmallchildsuddenlyappearsinfrontofyou,

you'llhavetousethefrontandhind（back）brakestomakeyourbikestopatonce.

[例8]Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypickuptheirfoods,andtheneatthemwith

theirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.

[例9]Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecold.

（例10]Towrite,youneedashamtoolandaquickmind（thefirstofwhichcanbeeasily

gotfromashop）.

[No.l]（2004年北京卷D篇）

KatewasDerplexed.Shecouldn'tunderstandwhyNadiadidnotliketospeak.Thenshe

realizedthatmovingtoanewcountryprobablywasn'ttheeasiestthingtodo.

72.Theunderlinedword“perplexed“probablymeans?

A.puzzledB.angryC.shockedD.serious

[No.2]（2004年北京卷B篇）

Grown-upsalsohaveasenseofobjectDermanenae.Wcknowthatifweputaboxinaroom

andlockthedoor,theboxwillstillbetherewhenwecomeback.

69.Intheparagraph,"'objectpermanence“meansthatwhenoutofsight,anobject.

A.stillexistsB.keepsitsshape

C.stillstayssolidD.isbeyondreach

[No.3]（2004年遼寧卷A篇）

Parentswhoknowwhat'sgoingonintheirteenagers,livesareinthebestpositiontohelpthem.

Tobreakdownthewallofsilence,parentsshouldcreatechancestounderstandwhattheir

childrenwanttosay,andtryiofindwaystotalkandwritetothem.

58.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“thewallofsilence”inthelastparagraph?

A.Teenagerstalkalotwiththeirfriends.

B.Teenagersdonotwanttounderstandtheirparents.

C.Teenagersdonottalkmuchwiththeirparents.

D.Teenagerstalklittleabouttheirownlives.

閱讀小結(jié)

在英語試卷中，閱讀理解在分?jǐn)?shù)上占到了40分，所以對考試成敗有至關(guān)重要的作用。

可以毫不夸張的說，如果閱讀理解題部分沒有做好，那么就很難在考試中取得高分。既

然閱讀理解題如此重要，那么如何提高閱讀理解的解題速度和解題正確率就成為一個非

?，F(xiàn)實的話題了。采用行之有效的解題方法，對攻克閱讀解題這一堡壘具有很重要的實

用價值，下面具體從四個步驟來展開：

第一步：通讀全文，把握文章大意

拿到閱讀文章，第一步就是要求通讀全文，力爭把握文章體裁和脈絡(luò)，做到能夠回答

when,where,who和what等問題。

如下面一篇文章：

ThelotteryoftheWorldCupdrawhashandedAsiaagoldenopportunitytomakeits

wonderfulperformanceyetontheglobalfootballstage.Decemberlastyear,thedrawofthe

2002FIFAWorldCupfinalswasaskindasitcouldhavebeentothreeoutoffouroftheAsian

teamswhowilldobattleinJapanandSouthKoreainthesummer.

China,JapanandSouthKoreacartallholdrealistichopesofadvancingfromwhatare

likelytobecloselyfoughtfirstroundgroups.OnlySaudiArabiahasbeenleftwithwhatlooks

likeanimpossibletask,afterbeingpooledwithGenrany,IrelandandAfricanchampions

Cameroon.

China'sdebut(thefirstappearance)intheWorldCupfinalswillprovidethehighlightfor

theAsianteams,aftertheywerelineduptofaceBrazil,TurkeyandCostaRica."Wcknow

Brazilwillbedifficultbutthatisokay,^^saidChina'sYugoslavcoachBoraMilutinovic.Brazil

mayhavestruggledthroughtheSouthAmericanqualifyingcompetitionbutfewdoubtthey

willbeamuchmoredangerousoutfitbythetimetheactiongetsunderwayparticularlyifstar

strikerRonaldocompleteshiscomebackfrominjury."BrazilarestillBrazil,“acknowledged

Milutinovic.uYoucanneverwritethemoff.”

ForMilutinovic,thematchagainstCostaRicawillbeaspecialoccasion.Thecentral

AmericanteamisoneofthefoursideshehaspreviouslycoachedatWorldCupfinalsandthe

team'scurrentcoach,AlexanderGuimaraes,isoneofhisformerassistants.

Beingjointhosts,SouthKoreaandJapan,wereequallysmileduponbythegodsoffortune.

SouthKorea,inparticular,willbe