第1講名詞和冠詞[特別說(shuō)明]本講主要涉及名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)和所有格，有關(guān)名詞的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換將在“第6講構(gòu)詞法”中具體講解。eq\a\vs4\al(——如何確定填名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)還是所有格)判定方法應(yīng)用體驗(yàn)提示詞為名詞時(shí)，分析句子成分后若發(fā)現(xiàn)詞性不需要改變，則一般考查所給名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果作定語(yǔ)表示“……的”，則一般考查名詞的所有格。①(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Shehasturneddownseveralinvitations(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.②(2017·湖南師大附中模擬)ThiscouldbeMary’s(Mary)motto—theexpressionthatbestcapturesherspirit.當(dāng)確定所填詞是可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，需要考慮其單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題。除了根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境之外，還可以通過(guò)以下信息判斷。1.不定冠詞a,an后用名詞單數(shù)形式。2.有these,those,several,many,all,both等詞修飾時(shí)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.名詞前有oneof時(shí)用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.如果空格處作主語(yǔ)，且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是單數(shù)形式，則空格處應(yīng)填名詞單數(shù)形式；若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，則空格處應(yīng)填名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。③(2017·桂林市聯(lián)考)Tothem,lifeisapetition(pete)—theyhavetodobetterthantheirpeerstobehappy.④(2017·山師大附中模擬)Shehadseveralillnesses(illness)whenshewasveryyoung,includingpneumoniaandheadache.⑤(2017·綿陽(yáng)市模擬)Itisoneoftheworld’smost-visitedcities(city)intermsofinternationalarrivalsandhastheworld’slargestcityairportsystem.⑥(2017·成都市模擬)Thedependence(depend)onmobiledevicesisevenhavingphysicalandmentaleffects.⑦(2017·漳州市八校聯(lián)考)Chances(chance)arethatyouwillreceivethreedifferentanswers.eq\a\vs4\al(——名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的?？键c(diǎn))(一)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化自主練悟謹(jǐn)記規(guī)律①(2017·浙江高考)LastOctober,whiletendinghergardeninMora,Sweden,LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmallcarrots(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.一般在名詞詞尾直接加s。例如：friend(朋友)→friendsnation(國(guó)家)→nationsinterest(興趣)→interestschange(變化)→changesmember(成員)→memberswing(翅膀)→wings②(2017·湖南師大附中模擬)Thenewpilotsaysit’snevertoolatetospreadyourwings(wing)andtrysomethingnew.③(2017·河南省天一大聯(lián)考)Ilearnedthatspiesusuallyhidimportantlettersinanumbrella,inashoe,oreveninapairofordinaryglasses(glass)．④(2017·銀川一中二模)Butwithoutsunlightandgoodsoil,soontheleavesbegantofalldownandthebranches(branch)begantodry.詞尾是s,x,ch,sh時(shí)一般加es。例如：bus公共汽車→busesfox狐貍→foxescoach教練→coachesbranch樹枝→branchesbush灌木叢→bushes注意：stomach(胃部)的復(fù)數(shù)形式是在詞尾直接加s。⑤(2016·四川高考)Anysmellmightattractnaturalenemies(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.詞尾是輔音字母＋y時(shí)，變y為ies；詞尾是元音字母＋y時(shí)，直接加s。例如：enemy敵人→enemieshobby業(yè)余愛好→hobbiesdifficulty困難→difficultiestoy玩具→toyskey鑰匙→keys⑥(2017·唐山市一模)The220-poundQizaihasbeeasuperstar,andmanytoys(toy)inhiscolorhavebeenmade.⑦(2017·石家莊市一模)Ontheotherhand,ifthewaterisnothotenough,thetealeaves(leaf)won’topenupandyouwillmissthepleasantlyfreshflavor.詞尾是f或fe時(shí)，多將f或fe變?yōu)関es。例如：shelf架子→shelvesknife刀子→knivesleaf葉子→leaveshousewife家庭主婦→housewives⑧(2017·江西省重點(diǎn)中學(xué)盟校聯(lián)考)Tomatoes(tomato)andpotatoestooksometimetobeepopular.詞尾是以輔音字母＋o結(jié)尾，直接加es；以元音字母加o結(jié)尾，直接加s。例如：tomato番茄→tomatoeszoo動(dòng)物園→zoos注意：外來(lái)詞piano與縮略詞photo直接加s。⑨(2017·四川省龍泉市模擬)TheymayletyousurftheInternet,listentomusicandtakephotos(photo)whereveryouare.(二)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化自主練悟謹(jǐn)記規(guī)律①(2017·長(zhǎng)沙市聯(lián)考)Manyenjoytheopportunitytobuypresentsbecausegift-givingoffersapowerfulmeans(means)tobuildstrongerbondswithone’sclosestpersons.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞：例如：sheep綿羊deer鹿aircraft飛行器Chinese中國(guó)人Japanese日本人means手段works工廠series系列②(2017·石嘴山市模擬)Ofthefifteenchildren(child)borntothefamily,onlyeightsurvived.③(2017·濰坊市復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)關(guān))IntheUS,forexample,morethan14%ofwomen(woman)between18and34plantohavejustonechild.自身有特殊變化的名詞：例如：child孩子→childrenman男人→menwoman女人→womentooth牙→teethfoot腳；英尺→feetmouse老鼠→micecriterion標(biāo)準(zhǔn)→criteriamedium傳播媒介→mediaphenomenon現(xiàn)象→phenomena自主練悟謹(jǐn)記規(guī)律①(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.year→years名詞數(shù)與格的錯(cuò)用1.可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的錯(cuò)用：一般考查錯(cuò)把復(fù)數(shù)用作單數(shù)，偶爾也考查錯(cuò)把單數(shù)用作復(fù)數(shù)。2.不可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的錯(cuò)用：不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞混淆：有些詞既可用作可數(shù)名詞也可用作不可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)注意具體語(yǔ)境。4.誤把名詞的所有格用作普通格：表示“……的”應(yīng)用所有格形式。②(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Besides,theyoftengetsomeusefulinformationsfromtheIrmations→information③(2014·遼寧高考)We’vecalledseveraltimeaboutCleo’searlymorningbarking.time→times④(2017·陜西師大附中模擬)Itwasalongwalktotherepairershop.repairer→repairer’s⑤(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.honest→honesty⑥(2013·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Thismadeforthegrowintheporcelainindustry.grow→growth⑦(2017·寶雞中學(xué)模擬)Youngpeoplemaketheirparentsangrywiththeirchooseinclothes.choose→choices名詞與形容詞、名詞與動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)用1.該用名詞卻誤用形容詞：作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，與主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系一般用名詞，形容詞一般是對(duì)主語(yǔ)的描述。2.該用名詞卻誤用動(dòng)詞：在冠詞、所有格或介詞后一般用名詞。eq\a\vs4\al(——如何確定填冠詞)判定方法應(yīng)用體驗(yàn)如果空格后有名詞(短語(yǔ))而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含義，或者有序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)、表示特指意義的比較級(jí)等形式，那么空格處一般是填冠詞。①(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-year-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-termresting.Instead,sheisearning￡6,500adayasamodelinNewYork.②(2017·吉林大學(xué)附中模擬)Thedaythatyouenjoyallthesatisfactionofhavingallthehouseworkdonebyarobotmightstillbeafewdecadesoff.eq\a\vs4\al(——冠詞的?？键c(diǎn))(一)不定冠詞a/an的常考點(diǎn)自主練悟謹(jǐn)記規(guī)律①(2017·山西省實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)質(zhì)檢)Andtheytalkedaboutturninganembarrassingsituationintoasweetone?、?2017·馬鞍山市模擬)Butnowwehavealreadybeenstandingbythisroadforoveranhour.③(2017·湖北省七市聯(lián)考)Unfoldedbeforemewasauniqueimageofthiswatercountry—thestonebridgeandthewaterflowing,alllikefairytalestome.不定冠詞有兩種形式：(1)當(dāng)緊跟著冠詞的第一個(gè)音素為輔音音素(注意：不是輔音字母)時(shí)用a；(2)當(dāng)緊跟著冠詞的第一個(gè)音素為元音音素(注意：不是元音字母)時(shí)用an。④(2017·浙江高考)ForPahlsson,itsreturnwasawonder.不定冠詞a/an放在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，泛指一個(gè)人或一個(gè)事物。⑤(2015·四川高考改編)Brianisgiftedinwritingmusic;heisverylikelytobeaBeethoven.不定冠詞a/an意為“某一個(gè)……”，相當(dāng)于acertain。⑥(2017·皖南八校模擬)Itasksyoutoworkoutfourtimesaweekforabouttwomonths.不定冠詞表示“每……”，多用于速度、時(shí)間等表達(dá)中。⑦(2017·南昌市三校聯(lián)考)Finally,itwasagreatsuccesswhichsavedlivesthen,andisstillsavinglivestoday.⑧(2017·焦作市模擬)IacquiredagoodknowledgeofthatafterIreadthedescriptioninthemuseum.具有某些特征、狀態(tài)或情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時(shí)，可以與不定冠詞連用。如：asuccess“一個(gè)成功的人或一件成功的事”。⑨(2017·菏澤市模擬)Thefarmerwasabouttogiveupwhenalittleboywentuptohimandaskedtobegivena_secondchance.序數(shù)詞前用不定冠詞表示“另一個(gè)”或“又一個(gè)”。⑩(2017·黑吉兩省六校聯(lián)考)Thishascreateda“throw-awaysociety”whichisawasteoftheearth’sresources.?(2017·福建師大附中模擬)Thissimplewayofhelpingpeopleisnowmakingabigdifferencetosociety.不定冠詞常用在一些固定搭配中。如：awasteof浪費(fèi)……allofasudden突然地asarule通常asaresultof由于asawhole總體上makeadifference有影響(二)定冠詞the的?？键c(diǎn)自主練悟謹(jǐn)記規(guī)律①(2017·太原一模)Amouse,becauseofanunluckychance,madeclosefriendswithanevilfrog.Oneday,thefrogplayedatrickonthemousebytyingafootofthemousetohisown.定冠詞the特指某人或某物。②(2017·陜西省渭南市質(zhì)檢)SmokingisoneofthebiggestcausesofpreventabledeathsinEngland.③(2017·西安市模擬)RobertBruce,leaderoftheScotsinthe13thcentury,washidinginacavefromtheEnglish.④(2017·菏澤市模擬)Theymayhavewantedtohurtyouortheyjustdon’tseethingsinthesameway.在最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞前面或由only,very,same等修飾的名詞前面用定冠詞the。⑤(2017·佛山一中模擬)Soldierscametorescuethoseburiedundertheruins,andthegovernmentprovidedfood,clothesandsheltersforthehomeless.定冠詞the和形容詞、過(guò)去分詞連用，表示一類人或事物。⑥Intheearly1990s,thelibrarywasnamedafterthebusinessmanwhodonatedmostofthemoneywithwhichtobuyit.定冠詞用在年代或用于逢十的數(shù)詞前，也用在表示世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代前。⑦(2017·甘肅省白銀市模擬)Newfuelcanbeusedtotaketheplaceofgas.⑧(2017·沈陽(yáng)二中模擬)Onthewhole,Canadianstudentsdohavealotoffreedom.定冠詞常用在一些固定搭配中。如：taketheplaceof替代；onthewhole總的來(lái)說(shuō)；onthespot當(dāng)場(chǎng)。(一)冠詞的錯(cuò)用自主練悟謹(jǐn)記規(guī)律①(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Theylivefarfromtheschool,andittakesthemaboutahourandahalftogotoworkeveryday.第一個(gè)a→an②(2017·襄陽(yáng)市模擬)StudyingatanuniversityintheUKhasbeenagoodexperienceforme.an→a③(2017·肇慶市模擬)I’mWangHong,ainternationalstudentofBeijingUniversity.a→ana和an的錯(cuò)用元音音素前用an，輔音音素前用a。④(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Myunclesaysthatheneverdreamsofbeingrichintheshortperiodoftime.the→a⑤(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Oneday,littleTonywenttoashoppingcenterwithhisparents...Awomansawhimcryingandtoldhimtowaitoutsideashop.shop前的a→the⑥(2017·柳州市模擬)It’sthepitythatalotofpeoplestilldon’tappreciatethevalueoftime.第一個(gè)the→a不定冠詞和定冠詞的錯(cuò)用表示特指時(shí)用定冠詞the；表示泛指時(shí)用不定冠詞a(n)。注意固定搭配中冠詞的使用情況。(二)冠詞的缺失與多余自主練悟謹(jǐn)記規(guī)律