活頁式教材微課版電子信息專業(yè)英語行業(yè)PPT模板/hangye/Chapter7ComputerTechnology計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)

教學(xué)目標(biāo)7.1★計(jì)算機(jī)硬件：掌握計(jì)算機(jī)硬件組成、主板、CPU、內(nèi)存、硬盤、顯示器、鼠標(biāo)、鍵盤?！锿ㄟ^計(jì)算機(jī)硬件、操作系統(tǒng)、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)三篇文章學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)。7.2★操作系統(tǒng)：掌握操作系統(tǒng)功能、圖型界面操作系統(tǒng)和命令行操作系統(tǒng)、計(jì)算機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)和手機(jī)操作系統(tǒng)、嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)。7.3★計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)：掌握計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能、局域網(wǎng)、廣域網(wǎng)、以太網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議、Internet網(wǎng)。7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

計(jì)算機(jī)硬件NewWordsTechnicalTerms技術(shù)詞匯hardwaren.計(jì)算機(jī)硬件；五金器具softwaren.軟件stuffn.材料；填充物；vt.塞滿monitorn.監(jiān)視器；班長；vt.監(jiān)控motherboardn.母板；主板peripheraln.外圍設(shè)備；adj.外圍的expansionslot擴(kuò)展槽，擴(kuò)充插槽TechnicalTerms技術(shù)詞匯alternativelyadv.二者擇一地；作為一種選擇carryoutvt.執(zhí)行，實(shí)行；貫徹；實(shí)現(xiàn)instructionn.指令，命令；指示；用法說明arithmeticaladj.算術(shù)的；算術(shù)上的volatileadj.揮發(fā)性的；n.揮發(fā)物tensofbillions數(shù)百億byten.字節(jié)7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

計(jì)算機(jī)硬件Computerisasystem,consistingofmanycomponents.Someofthosecomponents,likeWindowsXP,andallotherprograms,aresoftware.Thestuffyoucanactuallyseeandtouchishardware.Computerhardwarecomprisesallofthephysicalpartsofthecomputersuchassystemunit,monitor,keyboard,mouse,speaker,andothers,asshowninFig.7-1.Thesystemunithasmotherboard,CPU,harddisk,RAM,CD-ROM,asshowninFig.7-2.Thesystemunitistheactualcomputer;everythingelseiscalledaperipheraldevice.Motherboard

–

ThemotherboardisthemaincircuitboardinsidethePC（Fig.7-3）.ItholdstheCPUandmemory,providesexpansionslotsforperipherals,andwhetherdirectlyorindirectlyconnectstoeverypartofthePC.Themotherboardissometimesalternativelyknownasthemainboard,systemboard.CPU

–

CPUorCentralProcessingUnitisthebrainofthecomputer.CPUcarriesouttheinstructionsofacomputerprogram,toperformthebasicarithmetical,logical,andinput/outputoperationsofthesystem[4].TheperformanceofthecomputerisdeterminedbytheCPUchip.Currently,theIntelprocessorchipisthemostpopulareventhoughthereareotherchipsavailableinthemarkettodaysuchasAMDandothers.Text7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

計(jì)算機(jī)硬件RAM

–

RAMorRandomAccessMemoryisamemorythatisbeingusedbythecomputertostoretheinformationtemporarily.ForexamplewhensomeworkisperformedonsomeapplicationsthatworkistemporarilystoredintheRAM.TheadvantageusingRAMtostoredataisthatRAMisveryfast.HardDisk

–

Alloftheinformationisstoredonthecomputer’sharddisk.UnlikeRAM,whichisvolatile,theharddiskcanholdinformationforever-withorwithoutelectricity.Mostmodernharddiskshavetensofbillionsofbytesofstoragespaceonthem.Monitors

–

Themonitorisanoutputdevicethatisusedtodisplaytheinformationonthescreen.Thesystemconvertssignalsintotextandpicturesanddisplaysthemonthescreen.TodaymostcomputersuseLCDscreens.Keyboard

–

Thekeyboardisusedtotypetextorinputinformationtothecomputer.Mouse

–

Everymoderncomputerrequiresamouseforfasteroperations.Generallyamousehastwobuttonsleftandrighttoperformdifferentfunctionsandasmallwheelbetweenthetwomousebuttons.Text7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

計(jì)算機(jī)硬件Figures

Figure7-3CPUandmotherboardFigure7-1DesktopsystemFigure7-2Systemunit7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

計(jì)算機(jī)硬件Ⅰ．Choosethebesttechnicaltermtocompletethefollowingstatements.Exercises()and()arecomputersoftwares;()and()arecomputerhardwares.A.WindowsOperatingSystem B.CPUchipC.ComputerGames D.mainboard()and()belongtocomputersystemunit;()and()arecomputerperipheraldevices.A.RAM B.monitor C.keyboard D.harddisk()isthecentralprintedcircuitboard(

PCB

)inacomputerandholdsmanyofthecrucialcomponentsofthesystem,providingconnectorsforotherperipherals.A.desktop B.notebook C.motherboard D.videocardNomatterwhattypeofcomputeryouhave,yourCPUworksbyexecutingaseriesofstored()knownasaprogram.A.process B.logic C.bits D.instructions7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

計(jì)算機(jī)硬件Ⅰ．Choosethebesttechnicaltermtocompletethefollowingstatements.Exercises()ismuchfastertoreadfromandwritetothantheotherkindsofstorageinacomputer,suchasharddisk.However,thedatainstaysthereonlyaslongasyourcomputerisrunning.A.flashROM

B.RAM

C.floppydisk D.CD-ROMComputerinputperipheraldevicesinclude();andoutputperipheraldevicesinclude().A.monitor

B.keyboard

C.mouse

D.touchscreen7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

計(jì)算機(jī)硬件Ⅱ．TranslatethefollowingtypicaldesktopcomputerspecificationintoChinese.ExercisesTypicaldesktopcomputerspecificationManufacturer

Dell,HP,Lenovoorothergoodbrands Operatingsystem

WindowsXP,Windows7 Processor

IntelorAMDProcessor Type

IntelCoreDuoProcessor Speed

2.0GHz BusSpeed

1000MHz Motherboard

ATX,Micro-ATX Chipset

Intel945GExpress No.ofPCISlots

4 PeripheralConnectors(

Front

) USB2.0(2),

headphone/speakerout PeripheralConnectors(

Back

)

USB2.0(5),VGAout,Ethernet(

Rj-45

),StereoLine-in,

Microphone,Speaker/Lineout,SerialandParallelports 7.1

Lesson19ComputerHardware

計(jì)算機(jī)硬件Ⅱ．TranslatethefollowingtypicaldesktopcomputerspecificationintoChinese.ExercisesTypicaldesktopcomputerspecificationHardDriveCapacity 200GB HardDriveInterface SATA,7200RPM MemoryType

DDR2SDRAM InstalledMemory

1GB,Upgradableto4GB CD/DVDDrives

DVD-RW Monitor

LCDorCRTScreen Diagonalsize

17inchormore VideoCard

IntelGraphicsMediaAccelerator Videocardmemory 256MB SoundCard

IntegratedDigitalAudio Keyboard

USB104-keykeyboard Mouse

USBOptical2-ButtonScrollmouse 7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系統(tǒng)NewWordsTechnicalTerms技術(shù)詞匯operatingsystem操作系統(tǒng)resourcen.資源，財(cái)力keypadn.小型鍵盤addressbook通訊簿；住址名冊dialern.撥號器；拔號盤stableadj.穩(wěn)定的；牢固的GraphicalUserInterface圖形用戶界面iconn.圖標(biāo)menun.菜單graphicn.圖形；adj.圖表的textn.文本；課文v.發(fā)短信command-line命令行TechnicalTerms技術(shù)詞匯preloadvt.預(yù)加載opensource開放源碼；開放資源distributevt.分配；散布；發(fā)行proprietaryn.所有權(quán)；adj.所有的servern.服務(wù)器laptopn.膝上型輕便電腦tabletcomputer平板電腦mp3playerMP3播放器fully-featured功能齊全calendarn.日歷；日程表v.排入日程Embeddedoperatingsystem嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系統(tǒng)Anoperatingsystem,orOS,isasoftwareprogramthatenablesthecomputerhardwaretocommunicateandoperatewiththecomputersoftware.Withoutacomputeroperatingsystem,acomputerwouldbeuseless.Atthesimplestlevel,anoperatingsystemdoestwothings:1．Itmanagesthehardwareandsoftwareresourcesofthesystem.Inadesktopcomputer,theseresourcesincludesuchthingsastheprocessor,memory,diskspaceandmore.Onacellphone,theyincludethekeypad,thescreen,theaddressbook,thephonedialer,thebatteryandthenetworkconnection（Fig.7-4）.2．Itprovidesastable,consistentwayforapplicationstodealwiththehardwarewithouthavingtoknowallthedetailsofthehardware（Fig.7-5）.ModernoperatingsystemsuseaGraphicalUserInterface,orGUI(

pronounced‘gooey’

).AGUIletsyouuseyourmousetoclickonicons,buttons,andmenus,andeverythingisclearlydisplayedonthescreen.BeforeGUIs,computershadacommand-lineinterface,whichmeanttheuserhadtotypeeverysinglecommandtothecomputer,andthecomputerwouldonlydisplaytext.Text7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系統(tǒng)

Eachoperatingsystem’sGUIhasadifferentlookandfeel,soifyouswitchtoadifferentoperatingsystemitmayseemunfamiliaratfirst.However,modernoperatingsystemsaredesignedtobeeasytouse,andmostofthebasicprinciplesarethesame.ThethreemostcommonoperatingsystemsforpersonalcomputersareMicrosoftWindows（Fig.7-6）,AppleMacOS（Fig.7-7）,andLinux（Fig.7-8）.MicrosoftcreatedtheWindowsoperatingsysteminthemid-1980s.

Overtheyears,therehavebeenmanydifferentversionsofWindows,butthemostpopularonesare

Windows10(

releasedin2015

),WindowsVista

(

2007

),and

WindowsXP

(

2001

).Windowscomespreloaded

onmostnewPCs,whichhelpstomakeitthemostpopularoperatingsystemintheworld.Linux

isafamilyof

opensourceoperatingsystems,whichmeansthattheycanbemodifiedanddistributedbyanyonearoundtheworld.Thisisverydifferentfromproprietarysoftware

likeWindows,whichcanonlybemodifiedbythecompanythatownsit(

Microsoft

).TheadvantagesofLinuxarethatitisfree,andtherearemanydifferentversionsthatyoucanchoosefrom.Eachdistributionhasadifferentlookandfeel,andthemostpopularonesincludeUbuntuandredhat.Mostservers

runLinuxbecauseit’srelativelyeasytocustomize.Text7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系統(tǒng)Theoperatingsystemsthatwe’vebeentalkingaboutweredesignedtorunondesktoporlaptopcomputers.Mobiledevicessuchastabletcomputersandsmartphonesareverydifferentfromdesktopandlaptopcomputers,sotheyrunoperatingsystemsthataredesignedspecificallyformobiledevices.ExamplesofmobileoperatingsystemsincludeAndroid,AppleiOS(

Fig.7-9

),andWindowsPhone.OperatingSystemsformobiledevicesgenerallyaren’tasfully-featuredasthosemadefordesktoporlaptopcomputers,andtheyaren’tabletorunallofthesamesoftware.However,youcanstilldoalotofthingswiththem,suchaswatchingmovies,browsingtheinternet,managingyourcalendar,playinggames,andmore.Embeddedoperatingsystemsaredesignedtobeusedinembeddedcomputersystems.Theyareabletooperatewithalimitednumberofresources.Theyareverycompactandextremelyefficientbydesign.WindowsCEanduCLinuxaresomeexamplesofembeddedoperatingsystems.Text7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系統(tǒng)Figures

Figure7-4Managessystemresources

Figure7-5Consistentapplicationinterface

7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系統(tǒng)FiguresFigure7-8UbuntuLinuxFigure7-9AppleiOSrunningonaniPad7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系統(tǒng)Ⅰ．Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementistrueorfalse,andexplainyouranswers.Exercises1．Withoutanoperatingsystem,ausercannotrunanapplicationprogramontheircomputer.2．Anoperatingsystemofcellphoneincludesthekeypad,thescreen,theaddressbook,thephonedialer,thebatteryandthenetworkconnection.3．Anoperatingsystemactsasaninterfacebetweenthehardwareofthecomputerandtheapplicationsoftwarethatusersneedtorunonthecomputer.4．ThroughGraphicalUserInterfaceorcommand-lineinterface,usercanrunapplicationprogramonthecomputer.5．MicrosoftWindows,AppleMacOS,andLinuxoperatingsystemsareeasytouse.Mostofthebasicprinciplesinthemarethesame.6．AppleMacOSisdesignedspecificallyfortabletcomputersorcellphonesbyAppleInc.Itisabletorunallofthesoftwaremadeforlaptopcomputer.7.2 Lesson20Operatingsystem

操作系統(tǒng)Ⅱ．TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.Exercises1．UNIXisanoperatingsystemwhichwasfirstdevelopedinthe1960s,andhasbeenunderconstantdevelopmenteversince.Itisastable,multi-user,multi-taskingsystemforservers,desktopsandlaptops.2．Becauseacommandlineinterfacerequiresuniquecommands,thisinterfaceisoftenmoredifficulttolearnbecauseoftheneedtomemorizedozensofdifferentcommands.3．Computersoftwarecanbedividedintotwomaincategories:applicationsoftwareandsystemsoftware.4．Softwareapplicationsforpersonalcomputersinclude,butarenotlimitedto,wordprocessing,spreadsheets,databases,webbrowsersande-mails,digitalmediaplayback,games,andspecial-purposesoftwareapplications.7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)NewWordsTechnicalTerms技術(shù)詞匯computernetwork計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)conductvi.帶領(lǐng)；導(dǎo)電；實(shí)施videoconference視頻會議scopen.范圍；視野LocalAreaNetworkn.局域網(wǎng)WideAreaNetworkn.廣域網(wǎng)confinen.界限，邊界；vt.限制spann.跨度，跨距；vt.跨越；Ethernetn.以太網(wǎng)geographicallyadv.在地理上；地理學(xué)上routern.路由器collectiveadj.共同的；n.集團(tuán)ATMabbr.異步傳輸模式;framerelay幀中繼packetn.數(shù)據(jù)包vt.打包SONET/SDH同步光纖網(wǎng)絡(luò)InternetServiceProvider計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)TechnicalTerms技術(shù)詞匯broadbandn.寬頻；寬波段adj.寬頻的IPabbr.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議gatewayn.網(wǎng)關(guān)repeatern.中繼器；轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器protocoln.協(xié)議optimaladj.最理想的；最佳的topologyn.拓?fù)鋵W(xué)datalinklayer數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層CSMA/CDabbr.帶有沖突檢測的載波偵聽多路訪問CarrierSenseMultipleAccess載波偵聽多路訪問CollisionDetection碰撞檢測collisionn.沖突；碰撞randomadj.隨機(jī)的；n.隨意TCP/IPabbr.傳輸控制協(xié)議/互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議routen.路線vt.按路線發(fā)送7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Acomputernetworkisacollectionoftwoormoreconnectedcomputers.Whenthesecomputersarejoinedinanetwork,peoplecansharefilesandperipheralssuchasmodems,orCD-ROMdrives.Whennetworksatmultiplelocationsareconnectedusingservicesavailablefromtelecommunicationcompanies,peoplecansende-mail,sharelinkstotheglobalInternet,orconductvideoconferencesinrealtimewithotherremoteusers.Onewaytocategorizethedifferenttypesofcomputernetworkisbytheirscopeorscale.Twocommonareanetworktypesare:LocalAreaNetwork(

LAN

)andWideAreaNetwork(

WAN

).ALocalAreaNetwork(

LAN

)isanetworkthatisconfinedtoarelativelysmallarea.Anetworkedofficebuilding,school,orhomeusuallycontainsasingleLAN,thoughsometimesonebuildingwillcontainafewsmallLANs,andoccasionallyaLANwillspanagroupofnearbybuildings.Inadditiontooperatinginalimitedspace,LANsarealsotypicallyowned,controlled,andmanagedbyasinglepersonororganization.Theytendtousecertainconnectivitytechnologies,primarilyEthernet.WideAreaNetworks(

WANs

)combinemultipleLANsthataregeographicallyseparate.AnetworkdevicecalledarouterconnectsLANstoaWAN(

Fig.7-10

).Text7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)MostWANs(

liketheInternet

)arenotownedbyanyoneorganizationbutratherexistundercollectiveordistributedownershipandmanagement.WANstendtousetechnologylikeATM,FrameRelayandPacketoverSONET/SDHforconnectivityoverthelongerdistances.ResidencestypicallyemployoneLANandconnecttotheInternetWANviaanInternetServiceProvider(

ISP

)usingabroadbandmodem.Thephysicallayerofthenetworkfocusesonhardwareelements,suchascables,repeaters,andnetworkinterfacecards.ByfarthemostcommonprotocolusedatthephysicallayerisEthernet.Forexample,anEthernetnetworkspecifiesthetypeofcablesthatcanbeused,theoptimaltopology(starvs.bus,etc.),themaximumlengthofcables,etc.Thedatalinklayerofthenetworkaddressesthewaythatdatapacketsaresentfromonenodetoanother.EthernetusesanaccessmethodcalledCSMA/CD(

CarrierSenseMultipleAccess/CollisionDetection

).Thisisasystemwhereeachcomputerlistenstothecablebeforesendinganythingthroughthenetwork.Ifthenetworkisclear,thecomputerwilltransmit.Ifsomeothernodeisalreadytransmittingonthecable,thecomputerwillwaitandtryagainwhenthelineisclear.Text7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)TheInternetisaglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputernetworksthatusetheTCP/IPInternetprotocoltoservebillionsofusersworldwide.AnycomputerontheInternethasauniqueIPaddressthatcanbeusedbyothercomputerstorouteinformationtoit.FortheInternet,thephysicalmediumanddatalinkprotocolcanvaryseveraltimesaspacketstraversetheglobe.ThisisbecausetheInternetplacesnoconstraintsonwhatphysicalmediumordatalinkprotocolisused.Thisleadstotheadoptionofmediaandprotocolsthatbestsuitthelocalnetworksituation.Text7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Figures

Figure7-10LANandWAN7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Ⅰ．Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementistrueorfalse,andexplainyouranswers.Exercises1．Incomputernetwork,peoplecansharefilesanddocuments,printersandscanners,stereosandgamesystems,CDburnersandinternetconnection.2．LocalAreaNetwork(

LAN

)isusedtodescribelargescalenetworksthatextendacrossareas,citiesandevencountriesaroundtheglobe.3．Physicallayerprotocolspecifiesthetypeofcablesthatcanbeusedandthemaximumlengthofcables.4．InCSMA/CDmethod,twocomputersinonenetworkcannottransmitsimultaneously.5．BillionsofcomputersworldwideontheInternethavetheirownIPaddress.6．Thecomputernetworkthatsupportsvideoconferencesinrealtimemustemploythesamephysicallayeranddatalinkprotocol.7.3 Lesson21ComputerNetwork

計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Ⅱ．TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.Exercises1．Computernetworktopology:Thegeometricarrangementofacomputersystem.Commontopologiesincludeabus,star,andring.2．Computernetworkprotocol:Theprotocoldefinesacommonsetofrulesa