Unit4NaturalDisastersUnit4話題自然災(zāi)難詞匯disaster，slide，flood，rescue，damage，destroy，shelter，ruin，percent，trap，bury，effort，context，supply，tap，pipe，calm，aid，crash，sweep，wave，strike短語volcaniceruption，asif，inruins，inshock，intheopenair，firstaidkit，onhand，sweepaway句型1．too...to太……而不能……2．a(chǎn)sif引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣3．地點(diǎn)狀語從句1．bedoingsthwhen...“正在做某事這時(shí)……”2．make＋it＋adj.＋不定式語法限制性定語從句(1)寫作概要寫作考點(diǎn)1.rescuen．&vt.營救；救援[教材原句]Whataretherescueworkersandsoldiersdoingintheflood－h(huán)itarea?救援人員和士兵正在洪水災(zāi)害地區(qū)做什么？【拓展】cometosb’srescue＝rescuesb救援某人rescue...from...把……從……營救出來【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①Thefiremenrescuedababytheflood.②Whenweweretrappedintheruins,thesoldiers(rescue)us.【寫作佳句】IgotarescuecallfromawomaninLondon.我接到了來自倫敦的一位女士的求救電話?？键c(diǎn)2.damagevt.損害；破壞n．損壞；損失[教材原句]WhichbuildingsweredamagedinSeoul?首爾哪些建筑被毀了？【拓展】(1)eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(causedamageto...,dodamageto...))對……造成損害(2)damageone’shealth損害某人的健康【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①Thedroughthasdonegreatdamagethecrops.②Theyarerepairingthehouseswhich(damage)intheflood.考點(diǎn)3.affectvt.影響；(疾病)侵襲；深深打動(dòng)[教材原句]82killed,500，000affected82人喪生，50萬人受影響【拓展】(1)affectsb/sth影響某人/某事bedeeplyaffectedby被……深深打動(dòng)了(2)effectn.作用；影響haveaneffecton對……產(chǎn)生影響【經(jīng)典練】語境辨義①Thiscanaffectyourwork.(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)②Theaudienceweredeeplyaffectedbythemovingstory.③Diseasesaffectalmosteveryoneatsometimeduringtheirlives.【教考銜接】1.AsfarasI’mconcerned,followingothers’advicewithoutthinkingwillaffectourowndecision.(2018·江蘇卷書面表達(dá))在我看來，不假思索地接受他人的意見將影響我們自己的決定。2.Athletesandscientistshavelongknownthatmealtimingaffectsperformance.(2020·江蘇卷)【寫作佳句】Theoldfarmerwasveryupsetbecausethestrongwindscausedgreatdamagetohiscrops.老農(nóng)非常沮喪，因?yàn)閺?qiáng)風(fēng)給他的莊稼造成了巨大的損失?？键c(diǎn)4.sheltern．避難處；居所；庇護(hù)vt.保護(hù)；掩蔽vi.躲避(風(fēng)雨或危險(xiǎn))[教材原句]Shelterssetupbythegovernment政府建立的庇護(hù)所【拓展】(1)takeshelterfrom...躲避……(2)shelter...from...保護(hù)/遮蔽……不/免受……shelterfrom...躲避……【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①It’ssohot，andwe’dbetterfindatreetotakeshelterthesun.②Wesatintheshade，shelteringthesun.【寫作佳句】Aftertheterribleearthquake,thehomelessneednotonlyfoodandwaterbutalsopropershelter.可怕的地震過后，無家可歸的人不僅需要食物和水，還需要合適的住所。考點(diǎn)5.ruinn．&vt.破壞；毀壞[教材原句]Inlessthanoneminute,alargecitylayinruins.在不到一分鐘的時(shí)間里，一座大城市淪為廢墟。【拓展】(1)be/lieinruins成為廢墟；毀滅fallintoruin成為廢墟；破敗不堪(2)ruinone’shope/chance使某人的希望破滅/機(jī)會(huì)失去ruinoneself自我毀滅【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①Theoldfamouscastlefellruinafterthebigflood.②Heavysmokingmayruin(you)，soyoushouldgiveitupassoonaspossible.【寫作佳句】Whenwereachedthedestination，wesawanoldtempleinruins.我們到達(dá)目的地后，看到一座成為廢墟的古廟?？键c(diǎn)6.shockn．震驚；令人震驚的事；休克vt.(使)震驚[教材原句]Peoplewereinshock—andthen,laterthatafternoon,anotherbigquakeshookTangshanagain.人們驚恐萬狀——然而鄰近傍晚時(shí)分，又一次強(qiáng)烈的地震撼動(dòng)唐山。【拓展】(1)agreatshocktosb對某人來說是極大的震驚inshock震驚；吃驚(2)shockedadj.震驚的；驚訝的beshockedat/by對……感到吃驚beshockedtodosth做某事很吃驚(3)shockingadj.令人震驚的【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①Hissituationwasgreatshocktousall.②Thesurvivorslayonthebeach,exhaustedand(shock)．③Thenewsthathewasinjuredintheaccident(shock)．【寫作佳句】Ilookedathiminshock,waitingforhimtotellmethatIhadmisunderstoodeverything.我震驚地望著他，等待他告訴我，這一切都是我的誤解?？键c(diǎn)7.trapvt.使落入險(xiǎn)境；使陷入圈套n．險(xiǎn)境；陷阱[教材原句]Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150，000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.地震發(fā)生后不久，部隊(duì)派出15萬名士兵奔赴唐山，將受困群眾從廢墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。【拓展】fallintoatrap落入圈套betrappedin困在……中；陷在……中【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①Ifyouwalkintotheforest，you’relikelytofallatrap.②Theyoungmanwastrappedthebuilding，andhefeltveryhelpless.【寫作佳句】Thesoldiersweresenttotheearthquake－h(huán)itareaimmediatelytorescuethepeoplewhoweretrappedintheruins.戰(zhàn)士們立即被派往地震災(zāi)區(qū)營救被困在廢墟中的人們?？键c(diǎn)8.buryvt.埋葬；安葬；掩埋；使沉浸；使專心【拓展】(1)bury...in...把……埋到……里(2)eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(buryoneselfin,beburiedin))埋頭于/專心于……【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①He(bury)inhislessonsandknewnothingabouttheoutsideworld.②Inthepastthreeweeks,wehavebeenburying(we)instudybecausetheexamisdrawingnear.【寫作佳句】Sheburiedherfaceinherhandsandweptwhensheheardthebadnews.當(dāng)她聽到那個(gè)壞消息時(shí)，她掩面而泣?？键c(diǎn)9.effortn．努力；艱難的嘗試；盡力[教材原句]Withstrongsupportfromthegovernmentandthetirelesseffortsofthecity’speople,anewTangshanwasbuiltupontheearthquakeruins.有了來自政府的大力支持以及唐山人民的不懈努力，一座新的唐山在地震廢墟中被建立起來。【拓展】eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(sparenoefforttodosth,makeeveryefforttodosth))不遺余力做某事makeaneffort/effortstodosth努力做某事【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①IfIamluckyenoughtobegivensuchagoodchance，Iwillsparenoeffort(finish)thetask.②AsfarasI’mconcerned,youshouldmakeagreatereffort(study)hard.【教考銜接】WhileQueenslandRailmakeseveryefforttoensuretrainsrunasscheduled...(2020·全國卷Ⅰ)【寫作佳句】Idobelievethatallyoureffortswillpayoffsoonerorlater.我的確相信你的努力遲早會(huì)得到回報(bào)?？键c(diǎn)10.suffervt.遭受；蒙受vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲傷等)受苦[教材原句]Whatkindofhelpdoyouthinkpeoplewhohavesufferedanearthquakeneed?你認(rèn)為地震災(zāi)民需要什么樣的幫助？【拓展】(1)sufferlosses/pains遭受損失/痛苦sufferfrom患……??；因……而受苦(2)sufferingn.苦難，痛苦sufferern.受難者【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①AsfarasIknow,hehaseversufferedaseriousillness.②Theeditornevertalkedabouthis(suffer)inthedisaster.【寫作佳句】Obviously，ourearthissufferingseriousdamage.顯然，我們的地球正在遭受嚴(yán)重的破壞?？键c(diǎn)11.supplyn．[pl.]補(bǔ)給品；供應(yīng)(量)；補(bǔ)給vt.供應(yīng)；供給[教材原句]Thesupplieswhichwereprovidedtothedisasterareawerecollectedfromaroundthecountry.向?yàn)?zāi)區(qū)提供的物資是從全國各地收集來的。【拓展】(1)inshortsupply短缺haveagoodsupplyof...備有許多……(2)supplysthtosb為某人提供某物supplysbwithsth為某人提供某物【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①I’dliketoknowthereasonwhythemilkisshortsupplyinthisareanow.②Idon’tknowwhethertheyaresuppliedenoughfoodinthearea.【寫作佳句】Thegovernmenthassuppliedplentyoffoodandclothestothelocalpeoplesincetheearthquakeoccurred.政府在地震發(fā)生后已經(jīng)向當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裉峁┝舜罅康氖澄锖鸵路?。考點(diǎn)12.survivevi.生存；存活；繼續(xù)存在vt.幸存；艱難度過；比……活得長[教材原句]She’sfeedingthebabywhosurvivedtheearthquake.她正在喂地震中幸存的嬰兒。【拓展】(1)surviveon依靠……生存下來survivefrom從……存活下來，流傳下來(2)survivorn.幸存者survivaln.[U]幸存；[C]殘存物【經(jīng)典練】語境辨義①Hewasveryluckythathedidn’tstarvetodeath,butsurvivedthecoldwinter.②Thetravelertrappedinthelonelyislandsurvivedonthefishcaughtinthesea.③Theoldladyhassurvivedallherelderbrothersbytenyears.【教考銜接】BaptisteDubanchetisbikingacrossEurope，survivingentirelyondiscarded(丟棄的)food.(2019·浙江)【寫作佳句】Ofthesixpeopleinjuredintheterribleaccident,onlytwosurvived.在這場可怕的事故中受傷的6人中，只有2人幸存。考點(diǎn)13.powern．電力供應(yīng)；能量；力量；控制力；權(quán)力[教材原句]Gotoanopenspaceawayfrombuildings,trees,orpowerlines.去一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)離建筑物、樹木或電線的開放空間?！就卣埂?1)havethepowertodosth具有做某事的能力beyondone’spower力所不能及的；超出某人的能力(2)powerfuladj.強(qiáng)有力的【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①Therewasatimewhenthegirlhadnopower(speak)．②Idobelievethatencouragementisso(power)thatitcanchangeaperson.【寫作佳句】Asisknowntous，knowledgeispower.眾所周知，知識(shí)就是力量?？键c(diǎn)14.calmadj.鎮(zhèn)靜的；沉著的vt.使平靜；使鎮(zhèn)靜[教材原句]Staycalm.保持鎮(zhèn)靜。(1)calmdown平靜下來calmsbdown使某人平靜下來；使某人鎮(zhèn)定下來(2)keep/staycalm保持鎮(zhèn)靜【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①Assoonastheirparentscamein，thetwinsisterscalmed．②Whenhegetsanxious，heoftenbreathesdeeplytocalm(he)down.【寫作佳句】Theexcitedfootballfanscalmeddownatlast.激動(dòng)的足球迷們最終平靜了下來?？键c(diǎn)15.aidn．援助；幫助；救援物資vi.&vt.(formal)幫助；援助[教材原句]firstaidkit急救箱【拓展】(1)givefirstaidtosb對某人急救withtheaidof在……的幫助下cometoone’said來幫助某人inaidof用以援助；幫助(2)aidsbin(doing)sth幫助某人(做)某事aidsbwithsth以某事/物幫助某人aidsbtodosth幫助某人做某事【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①I’dbeverygratefulifyoucanaidmemyEnglish.②Heissoconsiderateaboythatheoftenaidshismother(clean)thehouse.【寫作佳句】Thesevolunteersarecollectingmoneyinaidofthepoorchildren.這些志愿者正在募捐以幫助那些貧困的孩子?？键c(diǎn)16.waven．海浪；波浪，波濤；揮手vi.&vt.揮手；招手[教材原句]Fishermen,tourists,hotels,homes,andcarsweresweptawaybyhugewavescausedbythestrongearthquakethatreachedamagnitudeof9.0.漁民、游客、酒店、住房和汽車都被9級(jí)強(qiáng)震所引起的巨浪卷走?！就卣埂縲avegoodbyetosb向某人揮手告別eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(waveto/atsb,givesbawave))向某人揮手【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①Hewavedusasthebusdroveoff.②Iwavedgoodbyehim,butheignoredme.【寫作佳句】Sherefusedmysuggestionwithawaveofherhand.她擺擺手拒絕了我的建議。考點(diǎn)17.strikevi.&vt.(struck,struck/stricken)侵襲；突擊；擊打；突然想到；(鐘)敲；打動(dòng)，迷住n．罷工；罷課；襲擊[教材原句]Theunderseaquakestruckaround7：00a．m.,SundayoffthewestcoastofIndonesia’sSumatraIsland.海底地震于星期日上午7時(shí)許襲擊了印度尼西亞蘇門答臘島西岸附近海域?！就卣埂縝estruckby...被……打動(dòng)eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(sthstrike（s）sb,Itstrikessbthat/wh－...))某人突然想起……【經(jīng)典練】語境辨義①TheclockstrucktwelvewhenIgothomelastnight.②AterribleearthquakedidstrikethecityonMarch11.③AgoodideastruckmewhenIwasreadingthenewspaper.④Thevisitorswerestruckbythebeautyofthecountry.【寫作佳句】Thefailureoftheirteamstrucksadnessintothecaptain’sheart.他們隊(duì)的失利讓隊(duì)長很傷心?？键c(diǎn)18.effectn．影響；結(jié)果；效果【拓展】(1)haveaneffecton/upon對……產(chǎn)生影響ineffect事實(shí)上(2)effectiveadj.有效的；有影響的【經(jīng)典練】單句語法填空①effect，hedidn’tmakeanyerrorsthistime.②Gooutdoorsandplayteamgameswithyourfriends，whichisan(effect)waytogetridofanger.【教考銜接】John突然想起，他們可以幫助Bernard為他的爆米花做廣告。(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ，讀后續(xù)寫)ItstruckJohnthattheycouldhelpBernardadvertisehispopcorn.(strike)【寫作佳句】Thereisnodoubtthatreadingbookscanhaveagoodeffectonthechildren.毫無疑問，讀書會(huì)對兒童有良好的影響?？键c(diǎn)19.Chickensandevenpigsweretoonervoustoeat,anddogsrefusedtogoinsidebuildings.雞甚至豬都焦躁不安，不愿進(jìn)食；狗不肯進(jìn)入屋內(nèi)?！就卣埂縖句型公式]too＋adj.＋to...“太……不能……”(1)too＋adj./adv.(forsb)todosth...意為“太……而不能……”，表示否定意義；(2)too＋(glad/pleased/willing/delighted/anxious)todosth表示肯定意義。【經(jīng)典練】①Ihateitwhenshecallsmeatwork—I’malwaysonaconversationwithher.我討厭她在上班時(shí)給我打電話——我一直很忙不能和她交談。②Theproblemistoodifficultforme(settle)．這個(gè)問題太難了，我解決不了。③Iamyouwithyourhomework.我很樂意幫你做作業(yè)?！窘炭笺暯印吭诤诎抵?，她太累太餓而睡不著覺。(too...to...)(2020·10月浙江，讀后續(xù)寫)Inthedark，shewastootiredandhungrytofallasleep.考點(diǎn)20.Itseemedasiftheworldwerecomingtoanend！仿佛世界末日即將來臨！【拓展】[句型公式]asif＝asthough“仿佛；好像”，在句中引導(dǎo)表語從句。Itseemed(tosb)that/asif...“(對某人來說)似乎……”。(1)asif從句用陳述語氣：從句表示的情況是真實(shí)的或極有可能發(fā)生的。(2)asif從句用虛擬語氣：·從句用一般過去時(shí)(表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反)；·從句用過去完成時(shí)(表示與過去的事實(shí)相反)；·從句用would/could/mightdo形式(表示與將來的事實(shí)相反)【經(jīng)典練】①Lookatthecloudsinthesky!itisgoingtorain.Let’shurryup.看看天上的烏云！看起來要下雨，咱們快一點(diǎn)。②Hetalkstothemasifthey(be)children.(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)他同他們說話，就當(dāng)他們是孩子一樣。③HetalksaboutRomeasifhe(be)therebefore.(與過去事實(shí)相反)他說起羅馬來好像他以前去過那里似的。④Heopenedhismouthasifhe(say)something.(與將來事實(shí)相反)他張開嘴好像要說什么?？键c(diǎn)21.Iwashavingbreakfastwithmythreechildrenwhenwaterstartedfillingmyhome.當(dāng)時(shí)我和三個(gè)孩子正在吃早飯，海水開始灌入屋內(nèi)。【拓展】[句型公式]bedoingsthwhen...“正在做某事這時(shí)……”when在此處是并列連詞，表示“正在那時(shí)，這時(shí)”，常用句型有：bedoing...when...正在做……，這時(shí)……beabouttodo...when...正要做……，這時(shí)……h(huán)adjustdone...when...剛做過……這時(shí)……【經(jīng)典練】①Themandownstairstheearthquakehappened.這個(gè)男子正在樓下睡覺，這時(shí)地震發(fā)生了。②We(have)ameetingwhensomeonebrokein.當(dāng)時(shí)我們正在開會(huì)，突然有人闖了進(jìn)來。③Ihadjustcomeoutofthekitchensomeoneknockedatthedoor.我剛從廚房出來，就有人敲門。④heheardsomeonecryingforhelp.那個(gè)少年正要去上學(xué)，這時(shí)他聽到有人呼救。一．語法精講——限制性定語從句(1)思維導(dǎo)圖1．Elevenkilometresdirectlybelowthecity,oneofthemostdeadlyearthquakesofthe20thcenturyhadbegun,aquakethat/whichevencauseddamagemorethan150kilometresawayinBeijing.2．Thenumberofpeoplewho/thatwerekilledorbadlyinjuredinthequakewasmorethan400，000.3．Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150，000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.4．Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.5．Theman(whom/who/that)IhavetophonelivesinCanada.一、定語從句的概述定語從句定義在主從復(fù)合句中，對某一名詞或代詞起修飾限制作用的從句關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose，which,that,as關(guān)系副詞when,where,why種類分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句ThisisthemuseumthatIvisitedtwoyearsago.這就是我兩年前參觀過的那個(gè)博物館。(thatIvisitedtwoyearsago是定語從句，修飾museum)Theladywholivesnextdoorisafamousdancer.住在隔壁的那位女士是個(gè)著名的舞蹈家。(wholivesnextdoor是定語從句，修飾lady)。二、關(guān)系代詞的基本用法1．who指人，在定語從句中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。Thechildrenwhowereinjuredinacaraccidentarebeingtreatedinthehospitalnow.(作主語，指人)在車禍中受傷的孩子們現(xiàn)在正在醫(yī)院接受治療。I’dreallyliketofindafriendwhoIcantrustcompletely.(作賓語，指人)我真的很想找一個(gè)可以完全信任的朋友。2.whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可省略，也可用who代替。Roseistheperson(who/whom)youshouldcareabout.(作賓語，指人)羅絲是你應(yīng)該關(guān)心的人。3．whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所屬”關(guān)系，whose在定語從句中作定語。Iknowthepersonwhosehousewasdestroyedintheearthquake.(作定語，指人)我認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)人，他的房子在地震中被摧毀了。Helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacesnorth.他住在一個(gè)窗子朝北的房間里。(作定語，指物)【經(jīng)典練】用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞填空①Doyouknowthemanistalkingwithyourmother?②Thosewanttoseethefilmsetdownyournames,please.③Thisisthepersonyoushouldthankforhelpingyourson.④ThegirlgraduatedfromCambridgeUniversityiscalledAmanda.⑤Ilikethosebookstopicsareabouthistory.⑥Anystudentfamilyistoopoortogotoschoolcangethelpfromthegovernment.4．which指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)可省略。Theyoungmanwasveryhappytogetbackthegoldring(which)hehadlostonthetrain.(作賓語，指物)那個(gè)年輕人領(lǐng)回了在火車上丟失的金戒指，非常高興。Thelittlegirlishavinganapplewhichisbigandred.(作主語，指物)那個(gè)小女孩正在吃一個(gè)又大又紅的蘋果。5．that既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，作賓語時(shí)可以省略。習(xí)慣上指人時(shí)多用who/whom，指物時(shí)多用which。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.(作主語，指人)每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達(dá)100萬。Thesuitcasethat/whichliesonthegroundishers.地上放的那個(gè)手提箱是她的。(作主語指物)[名師點(diǎn)津](1)關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或定語，因此定語從句中不能再出現(xiàn)關(guān)系代詞所替代的名詞或代詞。[譯]昨天晚上我們看的那部電影非常嚇人。[誤]Thefilm(that/which)wesawitlastnightisveryfrightening.[正]Thefilm(that/which)wesawlastnightisveryfrightening.(2)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)不能省略，作賓語時(shí)可以省略。Isthatthegirl(whom/who/that)youspokeoftheotherday?那就是你前幾天所提到的女孩嗎？【經(jīng)典練】用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞填空①Istillkeepthelettershewrotetome.②ManywesternerscometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.③TheyoungmanIworkwithisfriendly.④Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarmwevisitedthreemonthsago?⑤ThisisthemanfromIlearnedalotinmylife.三、關(guān)系詞只能用that而不用which的情況1．當(dāng)先行詞為all,everything,nothing,anything,much等不定代詞時(shí)。HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？2．先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。ThisisthemostdeliciousfoodthatIhaveeverhad.這是我吃過的最美味的食物。3．先行詞被all,every,no,theonly,thevery,thelast等修飾時(shí)。I’vereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.我已經(jīng)讀了所有那些不屬于我的書。Theonlythingthatshecoulddowastoturntothepoliceforhelp.她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。IhavefoundtheverypenthatIlostyesterday.我已找到昨天丟的鋼筆。4．當(dāng)先行詞既指人，又指物時(shí)。Weoftentalkaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremember.我們常常談起我們記得的那些人和事?！窘?jīng)典練】補(bǔ)全句子①Thisisthemostbeautifulpark．這是我參觀過的最漂亮的公園。②Shetookphotographsofthethingsandpeople．她把她感興趣的物和人都拍攝了下來。③Writingwasinterestedher.寫作是她唯一感興趣的事。二．寫作精講——概要寫作一、題型特點(diǎn)概要寫作是一種閱讀和寫作要求并重的英語高考新題型，有準(zhǔn)確性、完整性、概括性、客觀性、個(gè)體性等特點(diǎn)。概要寫作提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求考生在對原文閱讀后根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。概要所用語句既要用詞準(zhǔn)確、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、語意連貫、不得抄寫原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。二、注意事項(xiàng)1．詞數(shù)要限制在60詞左右，上下限不得超過10個(gè)單詞。2．要根據(jù)文章的體裁特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概要寫作。3．人稱和時(shí)態(tài)要與所給文章中的人稱和時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，但必要時(shí)也可變換成第三人稱。4．寫作時(shí)盡可能地使用復(fù)合句，必要時(shí)可轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，不得完全照搬、照抄原文。三、寫作四部曲1．確定體裁，明確主題及結(jié)構(gòu)體裁結(jié)構(gòu)記敘文人物＋時(shí)間＋地點(diǎn)＋事件(起因＋發(fā)展＋結(jié)果)說明文事物的性質(zhì)功能：對象＋性質(zhì)功能＋利好問題的解決方法或措施：問題＋解決方法現(xiàn)象類：現(xiàn)象＋原因＋結(jié)果議論文主題＋補(bǔ)充論據(jù)(＋結(jié)論)2.確定主題句，找關(guān)鍵信息劃出每一段的主題句，抓住關(guān)鍵信息，忽略次要信息。3．改寫關(guān)鍵信息，得出要點(diǎn)使用意義相同或相近的單詞、短語或句式，或使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)同一意思，如改變語態(tài)、肯定變否定等，避免抄襲原文句子。4．添加連接詞，使行文連貫要牢記各段落要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系和自然銜接，用恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞去連貫全文。常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：however，besides，inaddition，therefore，instead等。閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。It’sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校園)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms，classroomsandathleticequipmentand，ofcourse，thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses，anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife，anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact，alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus，andobviously，ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon’tbeasmuchofapossibility，butifyoulivenearby，gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply，attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon’tlikeaboutcertaincampuses，thingsthatyouwouldn’tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now，iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible，thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It’sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers，students，andcollegecounselors(顧問)，anditwon’tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan’ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit，itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou’dliketoattend.第一步：審題謀篇體裁議論文主題探訪申請大學(xué)框架主題＋補(bǔ)充論據(jù)1、2、3第二步：畫主題句，找關(guān)鍵信息Para.1①主題句：It’sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.②關(guān)鍵信息：areallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplyPara.2①主題句：There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.②關(guān)鍵信息：visittheschoolsinyourlocalareaPara.3①主題句：Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.②關(guān)鍵信息：attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.Para.4①主題句：Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollege－WeekLive.②關(guān)鍵信息：checkouttheonlinecollegefairs第三步：詞句升級(jí)Para.11．寫出下列詞語的同義表達(dá)①goodidea→worthwhile②visit→payavisitto2．改寫關(guān)鍵信息It’sreallyworthwhiletopayavisittoyourdesiredcollegespersonallybeforeapplying.Para.21．將后置定語改為前置定語theschoolsinyourlocalarea→yourlocalcolleges2．改寫關(guān)鍵信息Undoubtedly,youshouldvisityourlocalcolleges.Para.31．寫出下列詞語的同義表達(dá)①attheveryleast→atleast②wouldliketoattend→wanttogoto2．改寫關(guān)鍵信息Atleast,youshouldvisittheschoolyouwanttogoto.Para.41．同義句轉(zhuǎn)換①iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible...→ifyouareshortoftimeandmoney...②checkouttheonlinecollegefairs→visittheonlinecollegefairs2．改寫關(guān)鍵信息Ifyouareshortoftimeandmoney,visitingtheonlinecollegefairsisagoodalternativetohelpyoubetterunderstandschools.第四步：連句成篇landsliden.(山地或懸崖的)崩塌；滑坡【聯(lián)想】slidevi.&vt.(使)滑行；滑動(dòng)floodn．洪水；大量vi.淹沒；大量涌入vt.使灌滿水；淹沒【搭配】inflood泛濫的；被水淹的rescuen．&vt.營救；救援【搭配】rescuesb/sthfrom...從……救出某人/某物cometosb’srescue援救某人da