第三節(jié)詞句猜測題一一膽大心細(xì)［知命題］細(xì)研高考真題.把握命題規(guī)律［明策略］解題有的放矢,高考備考無憂近3年高考詞句猜測題題量統(tǒng)計考綱解讀年份卷別、\202120202019(1)詞句猜測題著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測詞語或句子的能力,這也是一個從“己知”得出“未知”的過程,即利用上下文的已知部分（尤其是該詞語或句子前后的內(nèi)容)進(jìn)行推理。(2）詞句猜測題主要涉及單詞意義理解、詞塊意義理解、句子意義理解和代詞指代對象確定等。新高考卷I1(單詞猜測）1(代詞指代題)1(單詞猜測）1（單詞猜測)1（單詞猜測）全國卷I(全國乙卷）（全國乙卷)（全國乙卷）1(單詞猜測）1(單詞猜測）1(單詞猜測）全國卷II(全國甲卷）（全國甲卷)（全國甲卷）1(單詞猜測）1(單詞猜測)1(詞塊猜測）1（詞塊猜測)1（詞塊猜測）1(代詞猜測)1(詞塊猜測）1（詞塊猜測)1（詞塊猜測）全國卷HI1(詞塊猜測）1(詞塊猜測）詞句猜測題考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞、詞塊或句子的本意或外延含義的能力,既可以考查生詞的意義,也可以考查熟詞的新意,還可以考查對替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。詞句猜測題是英語高考閱讀理解中的必考題型,一般每套試卷中的考查數(shù)量不超過2道,但是學(xué)生理解有一定的難度,易錯,屬于拉分題。因此要掌握好詞句猜測題技法,做到分分都要得。命題方式解題捷徑選項特征Thephraseinthesentencecouldbereplacedby.Thewordintheparagraphrefersto■考生做詞句猜測題時既要能夠大膽地根據(jù)上下文線索進(jìn)行猜測；又要心細(xì)如發(fā)、有憑有據(jù),從而猜測出正確答案。常見技巧有：1.利用構(gòu)詞法；■正確選項特征含義和其字面意思沒有任何的關(guān)系。上下文邏輯通順。與原句意思最接近?！龈蓴_選項特征Moreterribleloneliness.B?Moreidealweatherconditions.Moredeadlyzones.Moredangerousstops.答案D［細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的"Thiscreatesdangerouspauses(停頓)inthemountain'smostdeadlyzones"可知,與埃德蒙?希拉里和丹增?諾蓋相比,現(xiàn)在的珠穆朗瑪峰攀登者面臨著更多危險的停滯,故D項正確。］挑戰(zhàn)外刊閱讀WhentheworldrespondedtotheCOVID—19epidemicwithbroadlockdownorders,homedeliveryserviceslackedthemanpower(人力)tokeepupwiththeexplosionindemand.Storesandcompanieswentondoingthehiring;insomeareas,itwasveryhardtogetgoodsdelivered.Youknowwhatmighthavemadethingsabiteasier?Drones.lthastakenyearsfortheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toallowtheuseofunmannedaerialdevicesforcommercialdelivery.Overthecourseofadecade,we'vegonefromacompletebantoslow,heavilyregulated,andrestrictedinitialtesting.AttheendofAugust,202(),theFAAfinallygaveAmazonapprovalforitsPrimeAirdronedeliveryfleet.ltdidthatbyclassifyingAmazonasan"aircarrier"andmakingitsubjecttosomerelativelyrecentregulationsintendedtofacilitatedronedeliveries.TheFAA'srulesinitiallyrequiredthatprivatedronesremaininsightoftheoperatoratalltimes.Thatsimplywon'tworkfordeliveryservices.Soin2019,theagencyintroducedaspecialcertificationprocessthatwouldallowapprovedpilotstooperatedronesacrossmuchlongerdistances.AmazonwillnowbeabletojoinGoogleindronedeliveries.Thecompanyrevealedthatitsfleetcancarrypackagesweighinguptofivepoundsanddeliverthemwithina15—milerangeinlessthan30min.TheFAAalsorecentlygrantedthecompanyZiplineatemporarywaiver(豁免)allowingittodelivermedicalsuppliesinNorthCarolina.ZiplinehadbeenoperatingforsometimeinAfrica,buttheUnitedStatescontinuestolagbehindbothdevelopedanddevelopingnationsingivingdronecompaniesthefreedomtotesttheirservices.WhileAmazonstillfacesseveraltechnicalandregulatoryhurdles(障礙),it'sgreatthatthegovernmentisgivingitthisnewroomtomaneuver.ToobadittooktheFedsthislongtoallowit,especiallyasthepandemicmadedronedeliveriesnotjustafuturisticinnovationbutsomethingwecouldhaveusedyesterday.(Fw/?:Discover)【語篇解讀】本文是記敘文。在新冠肺炎疫情背景下,美國聯(lián)邦航空局(FAA)從完全禁止到允許包括亞馬遜在內(nèi)的幾家公司使用無人機(jī)派送貨物。WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?A.Dronesarethemostconvenientaerialdevices.B?Theuseofdroneswascompletelyprohibitedatfirst.Ittookashorttimetopermittheuseofdrones.FAAallowsdronestoserveforthearmy.答案B［細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第二段最后一句uOverthecourseofadecade,we'vegonefromacompletebantoslow,heavilyregulated,andrestrictedinitialtesting."可以看出,B項正確。］Theunderlinedphrase"subjectto"probablyrefersto?A.obeyB.controlC.damageD.create答案A［詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在段落可知,美國聯(lián)邦航空局批準(zhǔn)了亞馬遜的空中無人機(jī)配送服務(wù),亞馬遜還為此被歸類為“航空公司”,所以需要遵守相應(yīng)的航空規(guī)則,故選A。］What'sParagraph5mainlyabout?A.Thecompaniesallowedtousedronedeliveries.B?Amazonjoiningindronedeliveries.Dronedeliveriesusedinmedicalservice.ZiplineoperatinginAfricaandAmerica.答案A［段落大意題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容可知,Amazon,Google,和Zipline這三家公司均被允許一定程度上使用無人機(jī)進(jìn)行物品派送。故選Ao］What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardAmazon'sdronedeliveries?A.Neutral.Negative.A.Neutral.C.Favorable.D?IndifferentC.Favorable.答案C［觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段中的"itsgreatthatthegovernmentisgivingitthisnewroomtomaneuver.Toobadittookthefedsthislongtoallowit"可以判斷,作者支持使用無人機(jī)進(jìn)行物品派送。neutral中立的;negative消極的;favorable贊成的;indifferent漠不關(guān)心的。］【精深閱讀】—'詞匯積累lockdownn.活動(或行動)限制dronen.無人機(jī)?commercialadj.商業(yè)的initiallyadv.起初grantv.準(zhǔn)予;授予weighuptofivepounds重達(dá)五磅二、語境訓(xùn)練——語境猜詞/單句語法填空/長難句分析...theuseofunmannedaerialdevices...(Para.2)無人駕駛的,無人操縱的...afuturisticinnovation...(Para.6)Q/.未來的Storesandcompanieswentondoingthehiring;insomeareas,itwasveryhardtogetgoodsdelivered(deliver).?Overthecourseofadecade,we’vegonefromacompletebantoslow,heavily(heavy)regulated,andrestrictedinitialtesting.ToobadittooktheFedsthislongtoallowit,especiallyasthepandemicmadedronedeliveriesnotjustafuturisticinnovationbutsomethingwecouldhaveusedyesterday.(Para.5)［分析］本句為主從復(fù)合句。句首省略了Itis;something為先行詞,被定語從句wecouldhaveusedyesterday修飾和限定;其中定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語,故可以省略。［翻譯］很糟糕的是,聯(lián)邦政府花了很長時間才允許無人機(jī)的使用,特別是在疫情之下,無人機(jī)派送不僅僅是一種未來的發(fā)明,更是我們原本在昨天就可以使用的服務(wù)。［背景鏈接］亞馬遜公司是美國最大的一家網(wǎng)絡(luò)電子商務(wù)公司,成立于1995年,位于華盛頓州的西雅圖。它是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上最早開始經(jīng)營電子商務(wù)的公以之一,一開始只經(jīng)營網(wǎng)絡(luò)1'1勺書籍銷售業(yè)務(wù),現(xiàn)在則擴(kuò)及了范圍相當(dāng)廣的其他產(chǎn)品,已成為全球商品品種最多的網(wǎng)上零售商和全球第二大互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)。3?Whatdoesthe2.利用上下文語境;1.與所考詞匯形似。underlinedwordmeanin3.利用語法關(guān)系;2.如果考的是熟詞,含有the...paragraph?4.利用邏輯關(guān)系;常規(guī)詞義的往往是錯誤選4.Whichofthefollowing5.利用線索關(guān)系。項。istheclosestinmeaningto3.句子解釋中含有過多原thephrase句中已有的詞和短語的選5?Thewordmostnearlymeans.6.Theunderlinedsentenceinthesecondparagraphimpliesthat?項一般是錯誤選項。微技能一I詞語猜測題一一巧用線索猜詞義詞語猜測題主要考查考生猜測文章中某個單詞或詞塊的含義,或考查該詞(塊)能被哪個單詞或詞塊代替。此外,也會考查某一個熟詞在具體語境中的特殊含義。近幾年高考每套題一般考查一個小題,個別情況考查兩個小題,主要考查以下幾個方面:1.綱外陌生詞(詞塊/習(xí)語);2.陌生派生詞或合成詞;3.熟詞(詞塊)生義;4.有特殊含義的詞塊。構(gòu)詞法能夠不借助閱讀上下文便能夠大體猜出詞義,然后再結(jié)合語境猜測,這樣事半功倍,而且具有雙重保險,大大提高了解題效率和正確率。所以我們主張：可以利用構(gòu)詞法的,一定先利用構(gòu)詞法,再結(jié)合語境解題。構(gòu)詞法主要有派生、合成和轉(zhuǎn)化三種形式。例如2019年全國卷II第25題：tugattheheartstrings中的heartstrings是合成詞:heart(心）+string(弦）一heartstrings(心弦）,故本單詞可能與feeling有關(guān)?！镜淅?】（2020-新高考卷II閱讀B）Theendoftheschoolyearwasinsightandspiritswerehigh.Iwasbackteachingafteranabsenceof15years,dealingwiththevariouskindsof"forbiddenfruit"thatcomeoutofbookbags.Nowwasthespringofthewaterpistol（手槍）.Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit.MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.SometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway一sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallytheoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelonging.25.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"theoffender"inparagraph8referto?A.Thestudenfsparent.B?ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.Theauthor'sgrandchild.Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.【分析】利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義。er為后綴,當(dāng)其與動詞綴合時,表示"做某事的人或物";offend為動詞,意為"違反;冒犯",故offender有"犯規(guī)者,違反者"的含義。結(jié)合前文中出現(xiàn)的"forbiddenfruit",以及后文提至0"returnthebelonging",可推斷犯規(guī)者指的是擁有前述forbiddenfruit的人。故選D。這是最常見的方法,一定要先從畫線詞語最近的位置找起,要求理解句子的順序是：本句的意思一前后句的意思一本段和前后段的意思【典例2】(202b新高考卷I閱讀C）WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地）.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"decimate"meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.C.Destroy.D.Distribute.【分析】利用上下文猜測詞義。文章前兩句說,當(dāng)探險家們第一次踏上北美洲大陸時,天上和大地上有許多各種各樣的野生動物。美洲土著人很聰明地保護(hù)了這些寶貴的自然資源。下一句中的unfortunately表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義,由此推斷,畫線單詞所在句"Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources/5意思是"不幸的是,僅僅幾十年后,探險家和定居者就毀滅了大部分資源。"也就是說,畫線單詞decimate意思是"破壞;毀滅(destroy)。首段最后兩句"Millionsofwaterfowl...greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地)."進(jìn)一步說明了"探險家和定居者對這里資源的破壞"。故選D。利用語法關(guān)系猜測詞義利用下定義:be,mean,referto,becallcd/namcd,namely,thatis,beconsidered等詞語后面的內(nèi)容是對前面的注解性說明,相當(dāng)于對前面的詞語下定義利用同位語(從句):同位語(從句)是對其前內(nèi)容的解釋說明,也可以幫助猜測詞義利用定I吾從句:尤其注意which/who后的非限制性定語從句)利用舉例:forexample,forinstance,suchas,like,include,including等后的內(nèi)容也有助于猜測利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號:注意破折號(一)、冒號(:)、分號(;)后的內(nèi)容;注意引號("")或括號中的內(nèi)容[典例3]（2021?全國甲卷閱讀C）Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.ltmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam（橫桿）,Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup：Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting：“Safe!Safe!Safe!"Andthat'swhatmattered一landingtricks,beingagoodskater.29.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"Safe!Safe!Safe!"probablymean?B.Welldone!Becareful!B.Welldone!C.Noway!D.Don9tworry!C.Noway!【分析】利用語法關(guān)系猜測詞義。根據(jù)畫統(tǒng)詞后文的解釋說明"Andthat'swhatmattered一landingtricks,beingagoodskater."可知,作者掌握了滑板落地技巧,他的朋友大聲歡呼,因此可以推出本句的Safe是贊美的含義。故選旦。技法4技法4利用邏輯關(guān)系猜測詞義反義關(guān)系：根據(jù)畫線同的反義詞猜測詞義同義關(guān)系：根據(jù)畫線詞的相同或相近意義的同語猜測詞義反義關(guān)系：根據(jù)畫線同的反義詞猜測詞義同義關(guān)系：根據(jù)畫線詞的相同或相近意義的同語猜測詞義因果關(guān)系:根據(jù)前后因果關(guān)系猜測詞義表轉(zhuǎn)折:but,however,otherwise,though,eventhough表對比:unlike,incontrast,while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,ratherthan,insteadof表類同:similarly,like,or,namely,in

otherwords,thatistosay,justas,and,

also,aswellas,thesameas,as...as...表原因:because,since,becauseof,dueto,thanksto,for,asaresull(of)表結(jié)果:so,therefore,sothat,so/such...that...,leadto/resultin/contributeto【典例4】(2020-新高考卷I閱讀D）AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch^boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份）,it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"beanpoles"inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters.B.OverweightpersonsC.Pickyeaters.D.Tallthinpersons.［分析】利用邏輯關(guān)系猜測詞義。根據(jù)"Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.",研究表明,與現(xiàn)存的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)(應(yīng)該避免和食量大的胖人一起吃飯)相反,你真正需要避開的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根據(jù)“contraryto"可知,畫線詞與heavierpeople含義相反。故選口。微技能二I代詞猜測題一就近原則找指代代詞猜測題主要考查文章中的人稱代詞、不定代詞、指示代詞或關(guān)系代詞所指代的內(nèi)容。解答這類題目的時候一定要遵循就近原則,艮K代詞往上找,就近原則不能忘,找出離代詞最近的名詞、詞組或句子等。代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后,故代詞所指代的內(nèi)容在這一句的前面一句中,或者前兒個句中用所找的指代內(nèi)容替換畫線代詞,核實(shí)句意是否合理,前后內(nèi)容是否一致【典例5](2020-浙江7月卷閱讀B)ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9:37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast—growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:intersection（十字路口）signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.25?Whatdoestheunderlinedword"that"inparagraph2referto?A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights.B?Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.【分析】第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵信息:theunderlinedword"that"inparagraph2第二步定位到原句,并找出該詞所代替的內(nèi)容:根據(jù)代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后的原則,故代詞所指代的內(nèi)容應(yīng)在這一句的前面一句或者前面幾個句子中。所以該詞所代替的內(nèi)容為:Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.第三步綜合判斷得出答案:that指代第一段中的多變的交通信號燈時間。故選Co微技能三I句意猜測題一一意義吻合推句意句意猜測題一般出現(xiàn)在前后文有解釋的特殊含義的語句或高度概括句中,要求考生用合適的句子解釋這一語句或這一語句的某一部分。鎖定語句前后尋找,意義吻合是解題關(guān)鍵。一定位返M原文，定位畫線句一定位返M原文，定位畫線句二尋找尋找畫線句前后的信息句細(xì)讀與畫線句有意義關(guān)聯(lián)的信息句,合理推斷畫線句的句意|四比對HI兩總結(jié),仔細(xì)比對選項,確定答案【典例6]（2019-浙江6月卷閱讀B）Moneywithnostringsattached.Ifsnotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”24.Whatdoestheexpression"moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A.Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B?Moneynotlegallymade.Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.Moneynottiedtogether.【分析】第一步定位到原句,找出題干關(guān)鍵信息在原文中的位置:moneywithnostringsattached第二步尋找信息句,找出與該句相關(guān)的信息句:"GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed."第三步分析選項,細(xì)讀信息句,合理推斷畫線句的句意。綜合判斷得出畫線句的意思應(yīng)該是"無條件提供錢"o第四步仔細(xì)比對選項,"Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.符合句意。故選C。［對點(diǎn)練］即學(xué)即練鞏固,練透練全練通n精做模擬考題(2021-無錫市高三調(diào)研）Havingmetonlyweeksbefore,climbersEdmundHillaryandTenzingNorgayshookhandsbeforehuggingeachotherinamomentthatwouldputtheirnamesinhistorybooksforever.Theywereontopoftheworld一literally.AfterfivehoursofcontinuousclimbingthetwofirstclimbedtothetopofMountQomolangma,thehighestspotonearth.Astheultimateclimbinggoalforthembothandthedreamofmostclimbers,theyhadjust15minutestoabsorbtheexperienceofbeingat8,848.86metresabovesealevel.Beanylongerandtheymaynothavemadeitbacktocamptotellthetale.Withthisinmind,thepairspentsomeoftheirpreciousminutessearchingtheareaforsignsofthosewhohadbeenbeforethem.ThebodiesoftwopreviousQomolangmahopefuls一AndrewIrvineandGeorgeMalloryofthe1924attempt一wereinthethoughtsofNorgayandHillary.However,theycouldfindnosignofthemhavingreachedthetop.Qomolangmahasbeenresponsibleforclaimingover300livesandendangeringmanyothers,asitposeshugeandunpredictablechallenges,withhighaltitudes(海拔)puttingimmensepressureonhumanbiologyandwithitsicylandmakingeachsteparisk.Whentheclimbersmadeitbacktocampandthenewsspread,globaladmirationandfamepouredin.NorgayandHillaryweredeterminedtobethefirsttoconquertheworld'shighestmountain.Theyhaddoneit.Atthetimetheybelievedthattheboxhadbeentickedandnooneelsewouldputthemselvesthroughthedangertorepeattheirachievement.Theycouldn'thavebeenmorewrong.Todayhundredsofpeoplechoosetofollowintheirfootstepseveryyear.Incontrasttothetotalisolation(3K獨(dú))feltonthefirstsuccessf