PAGE1專(zhuān)題04名詞，代詞，冠詞和數(shù)詞內(nèi)容導(dǎo)航考點(diǎn)聚焦：核心考點(diǎn)+高考考點(diǎn)，有的放矢重點(diǎn)速記：知識(shí)點(diǎn)和關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)梳理，查漏補(bǔ)缺難點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化：難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容標(biāo)注與講解，能力提升復(fù)習(xí)提升：真題感知+提升專(zhuān)練，全面突破核心考點(diǎn)聚焦考點(diǎn)一名詞考點(diǎn)一名詞一、可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)1.直接在詞尾加-s。如：book→booksmap→maps2.以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾的名詞，通常在詞尾直接加-es。如：glass→glasseswatch→watchesbox→boxesbrush→brushes3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，變-y為-i再加-es。以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞或以-y結(jié)尾的專(zhuān)有名詞，直接加-s。如：factory→factoriesfamily→familiesboy→boysHenry→Henrys4.以“元音字母+o”結(jié)尾的名詞，直接加-s。以“輔音字母+o”結(jié)尾的名詞，一般加-es。如:bamboo→bambooszoo→zooshero→heroestomato→tomatoes注意：一些以“輔音字母+o”結(jié)尾的外來(lái)詞和縮寫(xiě)詞等，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)加-s。如:piano→pianos。5.以-f或-e結(jié)尾的名詞，多數(shù)變-f或-fe為-v再加-es。如：thief→thieveswife→wivesknife→kniveswolf→wolveshalf→halveslife→livesleaf→leavesshelf→shelves巧記：小偷的妻子吃完一片面包后，用刀將狼砍成兩半，結(jié)束了其生命，然后一半放在樹(shù)葉上，一半放在架子上。注意:①有些以+結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)直接加-s。如:roof→roofs。②少數(shù)既可以直接加-s，也可以變-f或-fe為v再加+es。如：handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves。6.不規(guī)則變化child→childrenmouse→miceman→menfoot→feet二、單復(fù)數(shù)同形的可數(shù)名詞1.三種動(dòng)物：fish(魚(yú))，sheep(綿羊)，deer(鹿)2.某國(guó)人：Chinese(中國(guó)人)，Japanese(日本人)，Swiss(瑞士人)3.其他：means(方式，方法)，works(工廠(chǎng))三、集體名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)1.有些集體名詞,如:people(人，人民)，police(警察)，cattle(牛)，rest(其余的人)等，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Thepoliceliketohelppeople.警察樂(lè)于助人。Weretheremanypeopleattheparty?參加晚會(huì)的人很多嗎?注意：people作“民族，種族”講時(shí)，為可數(shù)名詞。2.有些集體名詞，如：army(軍隊(duì))，pubic(公眾)，crowd(人群)，class(班級(jí))，family(家庭)，team(隊(duì))，audience(觀(guān)眾)，government(政府)，party(政黨)，enemy(敵人)，couple(一對(duì))等，既可作單數(shù)又可作復(fù)數(shù)。當(dāng)指某一集體總稱(chēng)時(shí)看作單數(shù)；當(dāng)指該集體中的每一個(gè)成員時(shí)，看作復(fù)數(shù)。Ourclassismadeupof45students.我們班由45名學(xué)生組成。Ourclassareallinhighspirits.我們班個(gè)個(gè)都斗志昂揚(yáng)。四、名詞所有格1.表示有生命的名詞在詞尾加“'s”。如：Jim'sT-shirt。2.以-s或-es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，只在詞尾加“'”。如:theboys'names。3.表示兩人或多人共有時(shí)，只在后一個(gè)名詞詞尾加“'s”；表示兩人或多人分別所有時(shí)，則在每個(gè)名詞詞尾加“'s”。如：JimGreenisLucyandLily'steacher.(兩個(gè)人共同的老師)TheseareLucy'sandMichael'sbags.(兩個(gè)人各自的書(shū)包)4.雙重所有格雙重所有格即“of十名詞所有格”，表示整體中的一個(gè)或者部分。如：afriendofmyfather's=oneofmyfather'sfriends我父親的一位朋友五、名詞作定語(yǔ)1.名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般用單數(shù)形式。如：:twoappletrees(兩棵蘋(píng)果樹(shù))。2.man,woman在名詞前作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式與所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。如:threewomenteachers(三位女教師)，tenmendoctors(十個(gè)男醫(yī)生)。3.“數(shù)詞十名詞”作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其中的名詞也要用單數(shù)形式。如：an11-year-oldgirl(一個(gè)11歲的女孩)。1.Theeditorreviewedmanycsentbystudentsfortheschoolmagazine’snextissue.2.Afterreachingyourd,youwillhaveadaytoexploreandbeamazedbythisancientcity.3.教練很快認(rèn)出了這位年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員的潛力，并開(kāi)始對(duì)他進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練。Thecoachquicklytheyoungpotentialandbegantraininghimstrictly.4.Goingfromhighschooltohighschoolisareallybig.考點(diǎn)二代詞考點(diǎn)二代詞一、人稱(chēng)代詞人稱(chēng)代詞不僅指人，也可指物，有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和格的變化。數(shù)格人稱(chēng)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格賓格主格賓格第一人稱(chēng)Imeweus第二人稱(chēng)youyouyouyou第三人稱(chēng)he/she/ithim/her/ittheythem--Whoisknockingatthedoor?誰(shuí)在敲門(mén)？--It'sme.是我。Sheismyclosestfriend.她是我最要好的朋友.二、物主代詞物主代詞是表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。數(shù)人稱(chēng)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱(chēng)第二人稱(chēng)第三人稱(chēng)第一人稱(chēng)第二人稱(chēng)第三人稱(chēng)形容詞性物主代詞myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir名詞性物主代詞mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirsMayIuseyourpen?Yoursworksbetter.我可以用你的鋼筆嗎？你的更好用。Ilovemymotherlandasmuchasyouloveyours.我深?lèi)?ài)我的祖國(guó)就像你深?lèi)?ài)你的祖國(guó)一樣。三、反身代詞反身代詞是一種表示反身或強(qiáng)調(diào)的代詞，如mysef,yourself,himself,herself,itself以及它們的復(fù)數(shù)形式。Youshouldbeproudofyourself.你應(yīng)該為自己感到驕傲。Weenjoyedourselvesverymuchlastnight.我們昨晚玩得很開(kāi)心。易混辨析1.it,one和thatit特指上文出現(xiàn)過(guò)的同一事物，與前面的名詞是同一個(gè)。one泛指同名異物可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，指“同一類(lèi)中的一個(gè)”。that特指同名異物不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，只指物。Helostmywallet.hehaslookedforiteverywhere,buthecan'tfindit.Sohe'llhavetobuyanewone.他的錢(qián)包丟了。他已經(jīng)到處找過(guò)了，但沒(méi)找到。因此他將不得不買(mǎi)一塊新的,Thisbookismoreinterestingthanthatonthedesk.這本書(shū)比桌子上的那本更有趣。2.neither與eitherneither表示完全否定意義，意為“兩者都不”either表示肯定意義，為“(兩者中的)任何一個(gè)”。兩者都可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以與介詞of連用。--Whichofthesongsdoyoulike?你喜歡哪首歌曲？--Neither(ofthem)!都不喜歡！Thethiefwasputinthepolicecarwithapolicemanoneithersideofhim.竊賊被送到警車(chē)上，身體兩側(cè)各坐著一個(gè)警察。1.Dangerousconditionsandbrokenroadsmadedifficultforsoldierstodeliversupplies.2.Thoughitisoftenregardedasasportbyoldpeople,IamsureIwillcontinuetopractisetaichiandenjoythebenefitshasbroughtme.3.isestimatedthat5Gtechnologywillbelikelytobeusedinmorefields.考點(diǎn)三冠詞4.“Althoughitwasdifficultatfirst,Igraduallygotusedtoeatingandgettingdressedby考點(diǎn)三冠詞一、a(n)與the的區(qū)別a(n)常用于表示泛指的單數(shù)名詞之前the多用于表示特指的單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞之前。Eg.Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?加拿大和澳大利亞，哪一個(gè)國(guó)家更大？--Ifyoudon'tliketheredcoat,taketheblueone.--如果你不喜歡這件紅色的外套，拿那件藍(lán)色的吧。--OK,butdoyouhaveabiggersize?Theoneisabittightforme.--好的，但是你們有大一點(diǎn)的尺寸嗎？這一件我穿有點(diǎn)緊了。二、a(n)的特殊用法1.不可數(shù)抽象名詞，如danger,beauty,success,honour,help,joy,pity,disappointment,surprise,pleasure,comfort等在強(qiáng)調(diào)具體的人或事時(shí)，常將其具體化，前面應(yīng)加不定冠詞。Asadoctor,sheisasuccess.作為一名醫(yī)生,她很成功。2.不可數(shù)名詞，如education,history,knowledge,population,time,world等在表示其某一部分或某一方面的內(nèi)容概念時(shí)，前面常加不定冠詞。Nigeriahasapopulationofmorethan200million.尼日利亞有2億多人口。3.序數(shù)詞second,third等詞前面用不定冠詞，表示“再一，又一”。We'lllearnasecondlanguageinthesecondgrade.二年級(jí)時(shí)我們將再學(xué)一門(mén)外語(yǔ)。1.Whentheprojectendedin1980,itwasconsideredgreatsuccess.(用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)2.ZhangSanfeng,13th-centuryTaoist,wassaidtohaveinventedtaichiafterdrawinginspirationfromafightbetweenasnakeandabird.(用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)3.Asindividual,everystudenthastheirownuniquelearningstyles.(用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空)考點(diǎn)四數(shù)詞4.Takingaphotoofanessayisuniquerequest,butIamupforthechallenge.(考點(diǎn)四數(shù)詞1.數(shù)詞常見(jiàn)的變形有one--once,two--twice,hundred--hundreds,thousand--thousands。2.序數(shù)詞變化規(guī)則：除了first,second,third特殊外，其他基本是在基數(shù)詞詞尾加-th構(gòu)成。3.表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞。分子大于1時(shí)，分母用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如1/3--a/onethird,2/3--twothirds,3/4--threequarters/fourths,2/5--twofifths。1.Therearenineteenpeoplewaitingforthedentistinfrontofme.I’mthe(twenty).1.ItiswellknownthatGermany’scarindustryisitsbeer.A.asasymbolmuchas B.asmuchasymbolasC.somuchthesymbolas D.sothesymbolmuchas2.Afterthecivilwar,thedamageandsufferingcausedextendedfarbeyondtheimmediatefatalities,leadingtolong-termsocioeconomicinstabilityandsenseofcollectivetrauma.A.which B.as C.what D.it3.strikesmethatthemanwasnottellingthetruth.A.It B.Its C.What D.That4.OneofthemostwonderfulmigrationsinnatureisoftheNorthAmericanmonarchbutterfly.A.it B.this C.that D.one5.teenagersaddictedtoonlinegamesissaidtobeincreasingyearbyyear.A.Thenumberof B.Anumberof C.Alotof D.Avarietyof6.WithBillinlead,theexplorersenteredtheforestwhichishometomanywildanimals.A.the;a B.不填;a C.a;the D.the;不填提升專(zhuān)練I.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Thethemeshouldbein________(relate)withtraditionalChineseculture,asisrequired.2.Bigchallengescansometimesleadtogreat________(solve).3.Afterlunchtheydroveouttotheirsummervilla,inordertomake________(arrange)thereforthewinter.4.Insomecountries,therearetwoormoreofficial________(language).5.The________(preserve)ofculturalheritageisanimportanttaskforus.6.However,thehighspeedtrainhasmade________muchmoreconvenientforthemtogobackhome.7.Tohelpyourmusclesrecoverandrepair________(they)afterexercise,youneedtoeatfoodsrichinprotein.8.Finally,________shouldbepointedoutthatenjoyingthecompanyofacrowdisnotthesameasbeingwithfriends.9.“Althoughitwasdifficultatfirst,Igraduallygotusedtoeatingandgettingdressedby________(I),”theone-armedboysaid.10.________isestimatedthat5Gtechnologywillbelikelytobeusedinmorefields.11.Ican'tbelievethefirstweekiscomingto________end.12.Itcanbe________bigheadachefortheworkingparentstofindreliablechildcareduringthebusyholidayseason.13.Learningballetisveryhard,butyoushouldaccept________challenge.14.Fishprefershallowwatertodeepwaterbecause________formeriswarmer.15.I’veheardthatitis________amazingsight,andIcan’twaittogo.16.Intimeyouwillfindyourselfgrowinginto________well-roundedindividual17.Takingaphotoofanessayis________uniquerequest,butIamupforthechallenge.18.As________individual,everystudenthastheirownuniquelearningstyles.19.ZhangSanfeng,________13th-centuryTaoist,wassaidtohaveinventedtaichiafterdrawinginspirationfromafightbetweenasnakeandabird.20.Whentheprojectendedin1980,itwasconsidered________greatsuccess.II.閱讀理解(24-25高一下·浙江·開(kāi)學(xué)考試)TheUSgovernmentisbeginningtohandoutbillionsofdollarsintoinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)spendingtobettertheUSwatersystem,muchofwhichwillgotoimprovingstormwatersystems.Butsomescientistsandcityplannersarepushingtofundprojectsthatarebetteradaptedtothechangingclimate.Insteadofjustgrayinfrastructure,supporterssaytheanswerisgreen.Greeninfrastructure,whetherlargeraingardensorplantsalongstreets,hasthesamepurposeasbigstormpipes:tomanagelargeamountsofwaterthatcanbuildupduringheavyrains.Thatis,whenrainstormshit,thewatersoaksintotheraingardens,whichpreventsthatwaterfromrushingtothestreetsandsidewalks,thusgreatlyreducingthepressureonthestormwatersystem.Greeninfrastructurecanalsohelpwhenit’snotraining.Summerheatwavesareoftenmoredangerousincities,becauseconcrete(水泥)takesinheatinlinewithwhat’sknownasthe“urbanheatisland”effect.Plantsandparkscanprovidemuchneededcooling.Thenwhyisn’ttheremoregreeninfrastructure?Whilebothgrayandgreeninfrastructurerequireupfrontfunding,greeninfrastructurealsorequiresongoingcoststorepairingitregularly,whichcanturnouttobeabigblocktodoingit.Inaddition,themostcost-effectivetimetobuildgreeninfrastructureprojectsiswhencitiesarealreadydoingroadwork.Butbecausetheprojectsareoftenmanagedbydifferentdepartments,workingtogethereffectivelysometimesseemsimpossible.Also,somestategovernmentsputtheneedtorepairandupgradegrayinfrastructurefirstratherthanstartinggreenprojectsinmanycommunities.AccordingtoMarccusHendricks,assistantprofessorofcitystudiesandplanningattheUniversityofMaryland,althoughhighlightingthesignificanceofgreeninfrastructureisofgreatimportance,ithasbeenastepchildofthetypesofsystemspeoplepayattentionto.1.Whydoestheauthormentiongrayinfrastructureinparagraph1?A.Topresentafact. B.Toattractthereaders.C.Toexplainanissue. D.Tointroducethetopic.2.Whatisgreeninfrastructureaimedat?A.Raisingfundsforinfrastructure. B.Beautifyingthecityappearances.C.Replacingthefunctionofstormpipes. D.Easingthestressofthestormwatersystem.3.WhatisthecurrentsituationofgreeninfrastructureaccordingtoHendricks?A.Itistheprimaryfocusofcityplanning.B.Ithasreceivedmuchfundingtogetitupgraded.C.Ithasn’treceivedenoughattentionfromtheofficials.D.Itisconsideredlesscost-effectivethangrayinfrastructure.4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.GreenInfrastructure:ALongWaytoGo. B.GrayInfrastructure:TimetoKnockOut.C.GreenInfrastructure:PreparedtoSetOff. D.GrayInfrastructure:ANecessityinCities.III.完形填空(24-25高一下·山東聊城·開(kāi)學(xué)考試)WhenIwaslittle,Ispentmuchtimeatmygrandfather’shouse,watchinghimpaintalldaylong.WhatIremembermostwashowhe5paintingoldships.AsIgrewup,wehardly6.Inoticedhedidn’treally7muchanymore.Aboutayearago,hehadaheartattack.Inandoutofthe8forawhile,herecoveredbutwasstill9,movingaroundhishouseinawheelchair.Then,Istarted10hishouseandwebegantotalkmore.Wediscussedlifeandourinterests.EverytimeI11,hewantedtotalkalot.Ifiguredhewaslonelyandenjoyedthe12.Wonderingwhyhedidn’tstartpaintingagain,Imadeitapointtocasually(不經(jīng)意地)13itwhenIcameover,tellinghimoftenthatheshouldpaintagain.It14!Hestartedsendingmetobuypaintandposterboards.Heaskedmeaboutcolorsand15mehispaintings.Ilovedthewayhepaintedthe16ships.Helookedhappier.Paintingseemedtohavebroughtbacksome17partofhim.Cleaningformygrandpahasbroughtuscloser.Despitehisseventy-fiveyearsofage,I18todiscouragehimfrompainting.Daysliketheseare19,andIenjoythelittlemoments.5.A.missed B.started C.loved D.avoided6.A.fought B.explored C.spoke D.traveled7.A.paint B.laugh C.exercise D.care8.A.office B.hospital C.ship D.city9.A.positive B.busy C.calm D.weak10.A.searching B.repairing C.sharing D.cleaning11.A.setoff B.cameover C.lookedaround D.calledback12.A.company B.freedom C.challenge D.rest13.A.drop B.answer C.request D.mention14.A.happened B.continued C.appeared D.worked15.A.showed B.lent C.promised D.delivered16.A.broken B.ancient C.empty D.foreign17.A.youthful B.smart C.fun D.secret18.A.manage B.decide C.refuse D.fail19.A.IV.語(yǔ)法填空閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。(24-25高一下·湖北孝感·開(kāi)學(xué)考試)InEastChina’sAnhuiprovince,202-meter-widealley(巷)separatesapairofgraywalls.Atfirstglanceitmayseeminsignificant,buttothose21knowitshistory,LiuchiAlleyinTongchengsymbolizesmuchmorethanitsprevious22(appear)wouldsuggest.Thealley’sname23(come)fromtheChinesewordsfor“six”and“chi”,aunitoflength,duetoitswidth.IntheearlyQingDynasty,