咖啡是全球最受歡迎的飲料之一。已有大量研究表明，適量飲用咖啡有助于降低某些慢性疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但公眾對咖啡與癌癥、成癮性、骨質(zhì)疏松等健康效應(yīng)的關(guān)系仍存在誤解與困惑。本共識在廣泛梳理全球權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)、學(xué)術(shù)組織與咖啡相關(guān)的法規(guī)、指南、建議以及相關(guān)人群研究證據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上，形成專家共識，旨在幫助公眾全面認(rèn)識咖啡與健康的關(guān)系，合理選擇和飲用咖啡?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】咖啡；咖啡因；健康DOI：10.3760/cm112150-20250227-00149Co?ee

is

one

of

the

most

popular

beverages

worldwide.

Numerous

studies

have

demonstrated

that

moderate

co?ee

consumpon

may

help

reduce

the

risk

of

certain

chronic

diseases.

However,

public

misunderstandings

and

confusion

persist

regarding

co?ee's

health

e?ects,

parcularly

its

associaons

withcancer,addiconand

osteoporosis.The

experts

consensus

is

reached

bysystemacalreviewof

regulaons,

guidelines

and

recommenda

ons

fromglobal

authoritavebodiesand

academic

organizaons,combined

with

evidence

frompopulaon-basedstudies.It

aims

toprovide

comprehensive

scien?c

insights

into

therelaonshipbetween

co?ee

and

health,

and

empowertheconsumersto

make

informedchoices.[Keywords]Co?ee;Ca?eine;

Health引用本文：科信食品與健康信息交流中心,

中國疾病預(yù)防控制中心營養(yǎng)與健康所,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部食物與營養(yǎng)發(fā)展研究所,等.咖啡與健康的相關(guān)科學(xué)共識(2024)[J].中華預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,

2025,59(7):977-981.

DOI:10.3760/cma.i.cn112150-20250227-00149.摘要oABSTRACT01咖啡與健康的相關(guān)科學(xué)共識咖啡是世界上最受歡迎的飲品之一。公開數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2023年中國年人均咖啡飲用量已從2016年的9杯上升至16.74杯且有持續(xù)上升的趨勢?？Х韧ǔ１徽J(rèn)為是健康飲品，但近年來其與癌癥、成癮性、骨質(zhì)疏松、失眠等諸多健康效應(yīng)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)頻現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，引發(fā)大量關(guān)注和討論。為幫助公眾全面認(rèn)識咖啡與健康的關(guān)系，合理選擇和飲用咖啡，科信食品與健康信息交流中心、中國疾病預(yù)防控制中心營養(yǎng)與健康所、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部食物與營養(yǎng)發(fā)展研究所、中華預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)會健康傳播分會、中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)特殊食品研究中心5家機(jī)構(gòu)在2018年《咖啡與健康的相關(guān)科學(xué)

共識》[1]

的基礎(chǔ)上，對國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究和資料進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)梳理，并形成《咖啡與健

康的相關(guān)科學(xué)共識（2024）》。Co?ee

is

one

of

the

most

popular

beverages

around

the

world.

According

to

public

data,the

annual

co?ee

consumpon

per

capita

in

China

has

increasedfrom

9

cups

in

2016

to

16.74

cups

in

2023,

and

this

trend

is

expected

to

connue.

While

co?eeis

generallyconsideredasahealthybeverage;however,

concerns

have

been

raised

about

its

potenal

health

e?ects

in

recentyears,

such

as

cancer,

addicon,

osteoporosis

and

insomnia,

and

has

sparking

widespread

a弋enon

and

discussion.

In

order

to

help

thepublicfullyunderstandtherelaonship

between

co?ee

and

health,

andto

makeinformedchoices,theChinaFood

Informaon

Center,together

withthe

Na

onalInstute

for

Nutrion

and

Health

Chinese

Center

for

Disease

Control

and

Prevenon,

theInstuteofFoodandNutrionDevelopmentMinistryofAgricultureandRuralA?airs,

the

Society

forHealthCommunicaonoftheChinesePrevenveMedicine

Associaon,and

the

SpecialFoodResearchCenterof

China

AgriculturalUniversity,conductedsystemacreviewand

publishthis

consensus

document

based

on

theformerversion[1]

.02COFFEEHEALTH&SCIENTIFICCONSENSUSON

COFFEEAND

HEALTHCo?eeisabeveragemadefromco?eebeansthroughroasng,grinding,

brewing

and

other

processes.Thebioacveingredientsfoundinco?eeincludeca?eine,chlorogenic

acid,

trigonelline,

cafestol,

and

so

on[2]

.Ca?eineandchlorogenicacidpresent

in

rela

vely

highamounts.Ca?eine,

also

known

as

theine,

is

found

in

over

60

plant

species,

including

co?ee,

tea,

yerba

mate,

cocoa,guarana,andkolanuts.Itisone

ofthe

primary

acve

ingredients

in

co?ee,

andteaisthemain

source

of

ca?eine

intakeforChinese

residents[3]

.Chlorogenicacid,alsoknownasacylquinicacidor

ca?etannicacid,iswidelyfoundinplant-basedfoods,

withparcularlyhighlevels

inco?ee,vegetables,and

fruits.Chinesedietarynutrient

reference

intake

suggests

a

speci?c

recommendaon

of

200

mg/dayforchlorogenic

acid[4]

.咖啡是咖啡豆經(jīng)烘焙、研磨、沖泡等工藝制作而成的飲品。咖啡中發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物活性成分包括咖

啡因、綠原酸、葫蘆巴堿和咖啡醇等[2]，其中咖

啡因和綠原酸的含量相對較高?？Х纫蛴置Х葔A，存在于咖啡、茶葉、馬黛茶、可可、瓜拉納、可樂果等60余種植物中，是咖啡的主要活性成分之一，中國居民攝入咖啡因的主要途徑是茶[3]。綠原酸又名酰基奎尼酸、咖啡鞣酸，廣泛存在于植物性食物中，咖啡飲品、蔬菜和水果中含量尤多。中國居民膳食營養(yǎng)素參考攝入量提出的特定建議值為200mg/d[4]?？Х鹊闹饕钚猿煞?/p>

oMAIN

ACTIVEINGREDIENTS

OF

COFFEE03咖啡與健康的相關(guān)科學(xué)共識:'

,Currently,

mostofthe

research

relatedtoco?eeand

healthis

basedon

black

co?ee,

including

instant

co?ee

andfresh

ground

co?ee.

Themainstreamviewpoint

isthat

moderateconsumponof

3-5

cups

of

co?ee

daily

(200-400

mg

of

ca?eine)

has

certain

bene?ts

forhealthyadults.Dietaryguidelinesandrecommendaons

from

countries

andregions

suchas

theUnitedStates[5],Australia[6],NewZealand[7],andSwitzerland[8]

alsomen

on

co?ee

as

a

recommendedhealthy

beverage,while

advising

moderate

intake.目前圍繞咖啡與健康的相關(guān)研究絕大多數(shù)是基于黑咖啡，包括速溶咖啡與現(xiàn)磨咖啡。主流觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為適量飲用3~5杯咖啡（每天200~400mg咖啡因）對健康成年人有一定的益處。美國[5]、澳

大利亞[6]、新西蘭[7]、瑞士[8]等國家和地區(qū)的膳食相關(guān)指南和建議中也將咖啡列入推薦的健康飲品，但同時(shí)建議控制好攝入量?？Х扰c健康的相關(guān)性

RELATIONS

OF

COFFEE

ANDHEALTHINSTANTCOFFEEFRESH

GROUND

COFFEESCIENTIFICCONSENSUSON

COFFEEAND

HEALTH04In

2018,

based

on

a

comprehensive

assessmentof

over1000studiestheInternaonalAgency

for

Research

on

Cancer(IARC)concluded

that

there

is

inadequate

evidence

in

humans

for

thecarcinogenicityofco?eedrinking[9]

.Moreover,strongevidence

from

the

World

CancerResearchFundandtheAmericanInstuteforCancerResearchshows

that

co?ee

decreases

therisk

oflivercancer

and

endometrial

cancer[10-12],IARCandtheAmerican

CancerSociety

hold

similar

standpoint[9,13]

.Addionally,

studieshaveshownthatco?eemaydecrease

the

risk

of

skin

basal

cell

carcinoma,

oral

cavity

cancer,

and

breast

cancer[14-16]

.2018年國際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)基于上千項(xiàng)研究的綜合評估結(jié)果顯示，咖啡增加人類癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的證據(jù)不充分[9]。不僅如此，來自世界癌癥研究基金會和美國癌癥研究所的強(qiáng)有力證據(jù)表明，咖啡能降低肝癌及子宮內(nèi)膜癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10-12]，國際

癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)和美國癌癥學(xué)會持類似觀點(diǎn)[9,13]

。此外，有研究表明，咖啡可能降低患皮膚基底細(xì)胞癌、口腔癌和乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[14-16]。COFFEE

咖啡與癌癥CANCER

x05咖啡與健康的相關(guān)科學(xué)共識ANDCurrent

scien?cevidencedoesnotsupportthenoonof"ca?eineaddic

on"[17-18]

.

Organiza

onssuch

asthe

World

Health

Organizaon

(WHO),the

U.S.Food

andDrug

Administraon(FDA),the

Health

Canada,

the

Food

Standards

Australia

NewZealand(FSANZ),andtheInternaonalFood

Informaon

Council

(IFIC)

do

not

classify

co?ee

as

addic

ve[19-23]

.Ca?eine

has

a

mild

central

nervous

system

smulange?ect,

and

a

small

number

of

regularco?eedrinkersmay

experience

mild,temporary

symptoms

such

as

headaches,

fague,

andmood

swings

while

they

suddenly

stop

drinking

co?ee.

However,

these

symptoms

canbeavoidedbygradually

reducingca?eine

intake[21-23]

.目前的科學(xué)證據(jù)并不支持“咖啡因成癮”[17-18]，世界衛(wèi)生組織、美國食品藥品管理局、加拿大衛(wèi)生部、澳新食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)局、國際食品信息委員會等機(jī)構(gòu)均不認(rèn)為咖啡具有成癮性[19-23]?？Х纫蚓哂袦睾偷闹袠猩窠?jīng)系統(tǒng)興奮作用，少數(shù)經(jīng)常飲用咖啡者突然停止飲用可能產(chǎn)生頭

痛、乏力、情緒波動等反應(yīng)，但這些反應(yīng)是溫和且暫時(shí)的，逐步減少咖啡因攝入量就可以避

免

[21-23]。COFFEE

咖啡與成癮性ADDICTION

x

SCIENTIFICCONSENSUSON

COFFEEAND

HEALTH06ANDTheInterna

onalDiabetes

Federaon(IDF)[24]

andthe

AmericanDiabetesAssociaon[25]

considerthatpeoplewith

diabetes

can

drink

black

co?ee

in

moderaon,

and

it

can

be

part

of

a

healthy

diet.

"Food

and

Health

-

Scien?cEvidence

Consensus"fromthe

Chinese

NutrionSociety[26]

indicatesthat

drinking

co?ee

daily

can

lower

the

risk

of

type

2

diabetes

(evidence

levelB).TheAustralianDietaryGuidelines[6]

also

indicates

that

co?ee

consumpon

of

four

or

morecupsperdayisassociatedwithreduced

risk

oftype

2diabetes

(evidence

level

B).國際糖尿病聯(lián)盟[24]、美國糖尿病協(xié)會[25]等機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為，糖尿病患者可以適量飲用黑咖啡，黑咖啡可以作為健康膳食的一部分。中國營養(yǎng)學(xué)會《食物與健康—科學(xué)證據(jù)共識》[26]指出，每天飲用咖啡可以降低2型糖尿病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（證據(jù)等級B級）。《澳洲膳食指南》[6]也指出，每天飲用4杯以上的咖啡可以降低患2型糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（證據(jù)等級B級）。COFFEE

咖啡與糖尿病DIABETES

:07

x咖啡與健康的相關(guān)科學(xué)共識ANDHealthy

adults

can

consume

co?ee

in

moderaon,

butexcessive

ca?eineintake

mayincreasethe

riskofosteoporosis.The

"Guidelines

fortheDiagnosisandTreatmentof

Primary

Osteoporosis

(2022)"

suggestthatexcessiveco?eeconsumpon

can

interfere

with

calcium

absorpon

and

increase

the

risk

ofosteoporosis[27]

.TheInternaonal

OsteoporosisFoundaon(IOF)[28]

and

Bone

HealthOsteoporosisFoundaon(BHOF)[29]

holdthesameview.

TheInternaonalOsteoporosisFoundaon(IOF)also

recommends

increasing

dietary

calcium

intake

tobalance

potenalcalcium

loss.健康成年人可適量喝咖啡，但過量的咖啡因會增加骨質(zhì)疏松發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。中國《原發(fā)性骨質(zhì)疏松癥診療指南（2022版)》提示，過量飲用咖啡會影響鈣的吸收，增加骨質(zhì)疏松的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[27]。國際骨質(zhì)疏松基金會[28]、美國骨骼健康和骨質(zhì)疏松基金會[29]均持相同觀點(diǎn)，國際骨質(zhì)疏松基金會還建議增加膳食鈣攝入量以平衡潛在的鈣流失。COFFEE

咖啡與骨質(zhì)疏松OSTEOPOROSIS

x

SCIENTIFICCONSENSUSON

COFFEEAND

HEALTH08ANDTheAmerican

HeartAssocia

on[30]

andtheBrish

Heart

Foundaon[31]

believe

that

moderateco?eeconsumpondoesnotharmtheheart,

while

theHeartFoundaon[32]

considers

co?eea

heart-healthy

beverage.Prospecvecohort

studies

from

Asia

and

theUnitedStatessuggestthat

moderateco?ee

consumpon

associated

with

alower

risk

of

cardiovasculardiseases,the

largest

riskreduconwasobserved

for

3–4

cups/d[33-34]

.Furthermore,alarge

prospecve

cohort

studyinvolvingover500,000

people

showedthat

drinking

co?ee

(especially

2-3

cups

per

day)

associatedwith

a

lower

risk

of

heart

disease

and

dangerous

heart

rhythms[35]

.美國心臟協(xié)會[30]和英國心臟基金會[31]均認(rèn)為適量飲用咖啡不會對心臟產(chǎn)生危害，澳大利亞心臟病基金會[32]認(rèn)為咖啡是有益心臟健康的飲品。來自亞洲和美國的前瞻性隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果也表明，適量飲用咖啡可能降低心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，且觀察到每天飲用3~4杯時(shí)降低的幅度最大[33-34]

。另外，一項(xiàng)超50萬人的大型前瞻性隊(duì)列研究顯示，喝咖啡（尤其是每天2~3杯）可以降低患心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[35]。ULAR

咖啡與心血管疾病CARDIOVASCCOFFEE

ANDDISEASES

x

09咖啡與健康的相關(guān)科學(xué)共識There

are

individual

di?erences

in

the

e?ects

ofco?ee

on

sleep.

Organizaons

like

the

AmericanAcademyofSleep

Medicine(AASM)[36],theAmerican

College

of

SportsMedicine(ACSM)[37],and

the

Sleep

Health

Foundaon[38]

recommend

avoiding

ca?eine

close

to

bedme.People

whoare

sensive

to

ca?eine

should

avoid

consuming

co?ee

a什er

lunch.咖啡對睡眠的影響存在較大個體差異。美國睡眠醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會[36]、美國運(yùn)動醫(yī)學(xué)會[37]、澳大利亞睡眠健康基金會[38]等機(jī)構(gòu)建議，臨近就寢時(shí)間應(yīng)避免攝入咖啡因。對咖啡因敏感的人群午餐后盡量避免攝入咖啡。COFFEE

咖啡與睡眠SLEEP

SCIENTIFICCONSENSUSON

COFFEEAND

HEALTH10

xANDCa?eineinco?eecanenhance

sportsperformance.

TheInternaonalSocietyof

Sports

Nutrion

recommends

consuming

3-6

mg/kgbodyweightofca?eine1

hour

before

exerciseto

enhancebothanaerobicandaerobicperformance,

as

well

as

sprinng,jumping,

and

throwing

performance.Ca?eine

has

been

shown

tobeergogenicforcognivefuncon,

including

a弋enonand

vigilance.

This

e?ectis

bene?cial

for

both

trained

and

untrainedindividuals,butindividualdi?erences

are

signi?cant[39-40]

.

Other

studies

suggest

that

moderate

ca?eine

intake

can

e?ecvely

reducefaguecaused

byexercise

in

healthy

adults[41-42]

.咖啡中的咖啡因可以改善運(yùn)動表現(xiàn)。國際運(yùn)動營養(yǎng)學(xué)會認(rèn)為，在運(yùn)動前1

h攝入3~6

mg/kgBW咖啡因可以迅速增強(qiáng)有氧和無氧運(yùn)動中的肌肉耐力和肌肉力量，提升短跑、跳躍、投擲等多種運(yùn)動表現(xiàn)

，同時(shí)提高運(yùn)動中的注意力和機(jī)敏性。這一效應(yīng)對于專業(yè)運(yùn)動員和運(yùn)動愛好者均有效，但個體差異明顯[39-40]。另有研究表明，攝入適量的咖啡因能夠有效緩解健康成年人因運(yùn)動引起的疲勞狀態(tài)[41-42]。COFFEE

AND

咖啡與運(yùn)動表現(xiàn)PERFORMANCE

x

11咖啡與健康的相關(guān)科學(xué)共識SPORTS+Ca?einehas

a

smula

ng

e?ect

on

the

centralnervoussystem,whilealcohol

has

a

depressante?ect.Whenco?eeconsumedwithalcohol,thecombinaonreducesperceponsofalcoholintoxicaon

compared

with

administraon

of

alcohol

alone,

including

decreasedperceivedintoxicaon,

enhanced

smulaon,

andincreased

desire[43-45]

.

Both

the

U.S.

FDA

and

the

Center

forDisease

Control

and

Prevenon(CDC)

havewarned

that

mixing

ca?eine

and

alcohol

increases

health

risks[46-47]

.COFFEE

AND

咖啡與酒精的相互作用INTERACTION

x

咖啡因具有中樞神經(jīng)興奮作用，而酒精具有中樞神經(jīng)抑制作用。當(dāng)咖啡與酒精混合攝入時(shí)，咖啡因會掩蓋酒精的抑制作用，使飲酒者感知醉酒程度降低，飲酒量增加[43-45]。美國食品藥品管理局和美國疾病預(yù)防控制中心都曾提示咖啡因與酒精混合飲用會加大健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[46-47]。SCIENTIFICCONSENSUSON

COFFEEAND

HEALTH12ALCOHOLCOFFEESeveralclinicalstudiessupportthatdrinkingco?eea什er

surgerycanimprovegastrointesnal

molity[48]

.Thereisalsoevidencesuggesngthatco?eemayreducetherisk

ofnon-alcoholicfa弋yliverdisease,liver

cirrhosis,

depression,Alzheimer'sdisease,Parkinson's

disease,

andall-causemortality.

However,

further

research

isneeded

to

con?rm

thesepotenalhealthe?ects[49-52]

.

The

relaonshipbetween

co?ee

and

obesity

orreproducvedevelopmentabnormalies

is

s

ll

unclear.多項(xiàng)臨床研究結(jié)果支持術(shù)后飲用咖啡可以有效改善胃腸蠕動[48]。相關(guān)證據(jù)表明咖啡有可能降低非酒精性脂肪肝、肝硬化、抑郁癥、阿爾茲海默癥、帕金森病、全因死亡率等，但上述健康效應(yīng)仍需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)[49-52]。目前，咖啡與肥胖以及生殖發(fā)育異常是否存在關(guān)系并不明確。OTHERCONSIDERATIONS其他

x13咖啡與健康的相關(guān)科學(xué)共識Basedontheopinionsofauthorita

ve

ins

tu

ons,

moderate

co?ee

consumpon

is

safe

and

bene?cialtohealth.

For

healthyadults,

it

is

recommendedto

consume

no

morethan

3-5

cups

ofco?eeper

day

(approximately400mgofca?eine)[3,21,53-55]

.

Pregnant

women

are

advised

not

toconsumeco?ee,although

drinking

upto

2-3

cupsper

day(approximately200mg

of

ca?eine)will

not

have

adverse

e?ects

onthefetus[53-56]

.TheChinesedietaryguidelinesalsorecommendthatmothersavoid

ca?einatedbeveragessuch

asco?eeandteaduringthe?rstthree

months

of

breas廿eeding[57]

.Furthermore,

co?ee

consumpon

is

not

recommendedfor

children

and

adolescents,

though

a

ca?eine

intake

of

no

more

than

2.5-3.0

mgper

kilogramof

body

weightperdayis

considered

safe[3,53-55,58]

.Individual

responses

to

ca?eine

vary

signi?cantly,

parcularly

regarding

insomnia,

anxiety,

increased

heart

rate,

and

gastrointesnal

reacons(such

asbowel

movements

and

digeson)[59]

.

Addionally,

factorslike

co?eebeanvariety,

processing

methods,andbrewingtechniquescangreatlya?ectca?einecontent,soindividualsshouldadjusttheirconsumponfrequencyandamountbased

ontheirowncondions.Itisimportanttonotethat

co?ee

is

o什en

measured

in

cups,

but

there

is

nointernaonal

standard

unitfora

"cup,"

sotherecommendaonsfor

cup

quanty

are

for

referenceonly.綜合各權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)的觀點(diǎn)，適量飲用咖啡是安全且有利于健康。對于健康成年人，每天可以飲用不超過3~5杯咖啡（約400

mg咖啡因）[3,21,53-55]

。不建議孕婦飲用咖啡，但是每天攝入不超過2~3杯咖啡（約200

mg咖啡因）不會對胎兒產(chǎn)生不利影響[53-56]，同時(shí)我國膳食指南還建議嬰兒3個月內(nèi)，乳母應(yīng)避免飲用含咖啡因的飲品，如咖啡、茶

[57]。此外不建議兒童和青少年飲用咖啡，但是每天的咖啡因攝入量不超過每公斤體重2.5~3.0

mg是安全的[3,53-55,58]。人體對咖啡因的反應(yīng)存在較大個體差異，尤其是失眠、焦慮、心率加速、胃腸道反應(yīng)（如排便、食物消化）等方面[59]，且咖啡豆品種、加工方式、沖泡方式等因素也會對咖啡因含量產(chǎn)生較大影響，因此，應(yīng)根據(jù)自身情況酌情控制飲用頻次和飲用量。注意的是，咖啡常以杯計(jì)量但并無國際統(tǒng)一單位，因此對于杯量的建議僅供參考。咖啡的飲用建議

oCOFFEE

CONSUMPTIONRECOMMENDATIONS適量飲用咖啡安全且有利于健康SCIENTIFICCONSENSUSON

COFFEEAND

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DOI:10.3760/c-

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U.S.

DepartmentofHealthand

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