Unit4IntegratedCircuitTextKeywordsTechnicaltermsExpressionsNotestothetextText

Firstly,let’sseethedevelopmentofIntegratedCircuit(IC).

Before1947,theheartoftheelectroniccircuitwasvacuumtubeinventedin1904byaBritishengineer,thoughthisdeviceunderwentconstantimprovement,inrealityforitscomplexdesign,thevacuumtubeisinherentlyunstable,power-hungry,andsubjecttoburnoutsandinternalshortcircuits.Italsotakesupalotofspace.TheseareamongtheshortcomingsofthevacuumtubethatledtothedevelopmentofthetransistorbyBellTelephoneLaboratoriesengineers.Thekeytothetransistor’srapiddevelopmentwastheuseofsiliconinsteadofwireasthebasicconductivematerial.Thiselement,whichcomprises28percentoftheearth’scrust,isnotonlystableoverawiderangeoftemperatures,butalsooffersdependablemanufacturingcontrol.

Itwasduringtheearly1950’sthattheneedforeversmallerelectroniccomponentsbecamereallyinsistent.Spacetechnologywasonefactor.Largecomputerscalledupontoperformhundredsmillionsofcalculationsasecond,andsoon.TheresultwasIC,combiningforthefirsttimethemultiplefunctionsoftransistors,capacitors,andresistorsinonecompleteunitallonasingle,tinybitofmaterial.ExpertsnowpredictthattheIChasbroughtinaneraofchangesofundamentalandwide-sweepingthatitalreadyhasthecharacteristicofasecondindustrialrevolution.Moreover,very-large-scaleintegrated(VLSI)circuitsthatcontainseveralhundredthousandcomponentsonasinglechiphavebeendeveloped.

Then,whatisIC?

Integratedcircuits,orICisacombinationofafewinterconnectedcircuitelementssuchastransistors,diodes,capacitors,andresistorsproducedinasinglemanufacturingprocessononeandthesamebearingstructure,calledthesubstrate,andintendedtoperformdefinitefunctioninvolvedinconvertinginformation.

TheelectricallyinterconnectedcomponentsthatmakeupanICarecalledintegratedelements.Ifanintegratedcircuitincludesonlyonetypeofcomponents,suchasonlydiodeorresistors,itissaidtobeanassemblyorsetofcomponents.

Theprincipleofintegratedcircuitelementsliesinthefollowing.Agreatnumberof“set”areproducedsimultaneouslyonawafer.Eachsetcontainsallthecomponentssuchastransistors,diodes,andresistorswhichareinterconnectedwithshortfinemetallicstripesdepositedonthewafersurface.Theymakeupafunctionalblock.EachICsofcomponentsisareadyintegratedcircuit.AllICsareregularlydistributedonthewafersurface.

ICscanbeclassifiedbyfunctionintotwo:circuitstobeappliedindigitalsystemsandthosetobeappliedinlinearsystems.ThedigitalICsareemployedmostlyincomputers,electroniccounters,frequencysynthesizersanddigitalinstruments.AndtheanalogorlinearICsoperateoveracontinuousrange,andincludesuchdevicesasoperationalamplifiers.

Thedevelopmentofintegratedcircuitshasrevolutionizedthefieldsofcommunications,informationhandling,andcomputing.Integratedcircuitsreducethesizeandtheweightofdevicesandlowermanufacturingandsystemcosts,whileatthesametimeprovidinghighspeed,excellentfunctionalperformance,lowpowerdissipationandincreasedreliability.ICsarewidelyusedintheelectronicindustry.Keywords

development

n.發(fā)展

vacuum

n.真空；adj.真空的

engineer

n.工程師，技師

undergo

vt.經(jīng)歷，遭受，忍受

reality n.真實，事實

inherently adv.天性地，固有地

burnout n.燃盡，燒光，歇火

shortcoming n.缺點，短處

conductive adj.傳導的

comprise v.包含，由…組成

crust n.外殼

manufacture vt.制造，加工;?n.制造，制造業(yè)，產(chǎn)品

component n.成分；元件

insistent adj.堅持不懈的

factor n.因素，要素

calculation n.計算

multiple adj.多樣的，多重的

function n.功能，作用

capacitor n.(=capacitator)電容器

predict v.預知，預言

revolution n.革命

combination n.結合，聯(lián)合

substrate n.(=substratum)底層，下層

assembly n.集合，裝配

principle n.原則，原理

simultaneously adv.同時地

wafer n.?[無]晶片

deposit vt.存放，堆積

digital adj.數(shù)字的；n.數(shù)字

employ vt.雇用，用，使用

synthesizer n.?[電子]合成器

instrument n.工具，手段，器具

analog n.模擬

performance n.履行，性能

dissipation n.消散，浪費Technicalterms

vacuumtube 真空管

shortcircuit

短路

electroniccomponent

電子元器件

very-large-scaleintegrated(VLSI)circuit超大規(guī)模集成電路

electroniccounters 電子計數(shù)器

frequencysynthesizer 頻率合成器

digitalinstrument 數(shù)字儀器

operationalamplifier 運算放大器

lowpowerdissipation 低功耗Expressions

subjectto 遭受

takeup 占有

leadto 導致

callupon 號召

suchas 比如

makeup 形成

liein... 位于…，在于…

beclassifiedbyfunctioninto按功能分類為Notestothetext

1.Thiselement,whichcomprises28percentoftheearth’scrust,isnotonlystableoverawiderangeoftemperatures,butalsooffersdependablemanufacturingcontrol.

這種覆蓋地殼表面28%的硅元素，不但溫度穩(wěn)定性高，而且制造技術完善。句中，“whichcomprises28percentoftheearth’scrust”為非限制性定語從句，修飾“element”；“notonly…butalso…”意為不但…而且…，前后為并列成分。

2.Itwasduringtheearly1950’sthattheneedforeversmallerelectroniccomponentsbecamereallyinsistent.

20世紀50年代初，人們對電子元器件微型化的要求更加強烈。此句“Itwas…that…”是強調(diào)句型，強調(diào)“duringtheearly1950’s”。

3.ExpertsnowpredictthattheIChasbroughtinaneraofchangesofundamentalandwide-sweepingthatitalreadyhasthecharacteristicofasecondindustrialrevolution.

專家預言集成電路帶來的如此根本而廣泛的劃時代的變化，使它具備第二次工業(yè)革命的特征。句中，“that”引導賓語從句；“so…that…”意為如此…以至于…，引導結果狀語從句。

4.Integratedcircuits,orICsisacombinationofafewinterconnectedcircuitelementssuchastransistors,diodes,capacitors,andresistorsproducedinasinglemanufacturingprocessononeandthesamebearingstructure,calledthesubstrate,andintendedtoperformdefinitefunctioninvolvedinconvertinginformation.

集成電路縮寫為IC，是一些互相連接的電路元件的組合，如晶體管、二極管、電容器和電阻等電路元件的組合。它們是在同一個基底結構上，同時是在一個單獨制造過程中生產(chǎn)出來的，這個基底結構叫做襯底。集成電路可用在信息轉(zhuǎn)換中執(zhí)行一定的功能。句中“producedinasinglemanufacturingprocessononeandthesamebearingstructure,calle