DoubleEntryBookkeeping復式記賬Tesla’s(TSLA)accountingpracticesareraisingredflagsasanewreportfromtheFinancialTimesshowsthat$1.4billionismissing.Today,theFinancialTimeshasreleasedanewreportpointingtoa$1.4billiongapinassets:CompareTesla’scapitalexpenditureinthelastsixmonthsof2024toitsvaluationoftheassetsthatmoneywasspenton,and$1.4bnappearstohavegoneastray.ThearticlepointsoutthatTeslareportshavingspent$6.3billionon“purchasesofpropertyandequipmentexcludingfinanceleases,netofsales”inthesecondhalfof2024,whileproperty,plant,andequipmentrosebyonly$4.9billioninthatperiod.Tesla(TSLA)accountingraisesredflagsasreportshows$1.4billionmissingTherulesforrecordingbusinesstransactionsarethateverytransactionwillatleastaffectTWOitems.等額記錄原則:對于每項經(jīng)濟業(yè)務,必須在兩個或兩個以上相互關聯(lián)的賬戶中進行等額記錄。BasicRulesforRecordingBusinessTransactions記錄商業(yè)交易的基本規(guī)則AnExampleofDualAspectConcept

雙方向性原則Amotorvehicleisboughtforcashof$16,000.Thetwoitemsaffectedare:(1)MotorVehicle(+$16,000);(2)Cash(-$16,000).Eachitemmusthaveitsownrecordi.e.“account”inthebooks(ledgers)ofthebusiness.AssetsandExpensesDebitCreditIncreases(+)Decreases(-)DoubleEntryRule復式記賬原則Equity,LiabilitiesandIncomeDebitCreditDecreases(-)Increases(+)DoubleEntryRule復式記賬原則AccountTitleDecreases&IncreasesIncreases&Decreases

TheleftsideoftheT-accountiscalledDebit,andtherightsideiscalledCredit.左側(cè)記為debit,右側(cè)記為credit.T-account

T型賬戶，丁字賬TwoImportantRulesaboutDouble-entryRecordingSystem復式記賬的兩個重要原則(1)Debitsincrease（增加）assetsanddecreaseliabilitiesandequity;(2)Creditsincreaseliabilitiesandequityanddecreaseassets.ApplicationoftheDoubleEntryRule

復式記賬原則的應用Identifythetwoitemsinvolvedinthetransaction(e.g.CashandCapital).Checkthatoneaccounthasbeendebitedandtheotherhasbeencredited.AnExampleoftheDoubleEntryRule

復式記賬舉例OnJanuary1stJohnstartsinbusiness,tradingas“JohnClothingCo.”.Heputs$60,000ofhisownmoneyintoabusinessbankaccount.OnJanuary2ndadeliveryvanisboughtfor$16,000,paidforimmediately.Cash&BankAccountDebit(=+)$Credit(=-)$Jan1Capital60,000Jan2MotorVehicles16,000Hike’sConsultantsstarteditsoperationsonJanuary31stwhentheownermade$20,000cashcontribution.Assets=Liabilities+EquityCashContributedCapitalDebitCredit++(1)20,000(1)20,000TransactionNo.1:StartingtheOperations

交易1：開始運營OnMay15th,Hike’sConsultantspurchased$800ofofficesuppliesfromalocalsupplycompanyonaccount(賒帳；分期付款).Assets=Liabilities+EquitySuppliesAccountsPayableDebitCredit++(2)800(2)800TransactionNo.2:PurchasingOfficeSupplies

交易2：購買辦公耗材OnMay20th,thecompanyprovidedservicesonaccount(i.e.,itwillcollectcashlater,eventhoughithadalreadyprovidedservices)toMercyFoodStore.Mr.Mercy’sbusinesswasbilledfor$3,200.Assets=Liabilities+EquityAccountsReceivableConsultingRevenueDebitCredit++(3)3,200(3)3,200TransactionNo.3:ProvidingServicesonAccount

交易3：賒銷服務TransactionNo.4:PayingCashforOperatingExpenses交易4：現(xiàn)金支付運營費用OnApril5th,thecompanypaid$1,200cashforoperatingexpenses.Assets=Liabilities+EquityCashOperatingExpenseCreditDebit-+Expense-Equity

(4)1,200(4)1,200OnMay31st,duetocashlimitsHike’sConsultantsdecidedtoborrow$8,000fromtheLocalBusinessBank.Thecompanyissuedanotethathadaone-yeartermandcarried7%annualinterestrate.Assets=Liabilities+EquityCashNotesPayable應付票據(jù)DebitCredit++(5)8,000(5)8,000TransactionNo.5:BorrowingMoneyfromBank

交易5：從銀行借款OnJune1st,Mr.Hikesawthatthebusinesswasgrowingandinthisconnectionmadeadecisiontorentalargeroffice.$4,800cashwaspaidinadvanceforaone-yearrentofanewoffice.Assets=ClaimsPrepaidRent+CashDebit+(6)4,800Credit-(6)4,800TransactionNo.6:PayingRent

交易6：支付租金OnJune15th,Hike’sConsultantsreceived$3,000cashfromMercyFoodStorefortheprovidedservices.Assets=ClaimsCash+AccountsReceivableDebit+(7)3,000Credit-(7)3,000TransactionNo.7:ReceivingCashfortheProvidedServices

交易7：因提供服務而收到現(xiàn)金TransactionNo.8:ReceivinganAdvancedCashPayment交易8：收到客戶的預付款（現(xiàn)金）OnJune31st,Mr.HikesignedupacontractwithMikeCompanytoperformconsultingservices.Hike’sConsultantsreceivedanadvancedcashpaymentintheamountof$7,200andthetermofthecontractwasoneyear.Assets=Liabilities+EquityCashUnearnedRevenue預收收入Debit+(8)7,200Credit+(8)7,200TransactionNo.9:ReceivingCashforOperatingActivity交易9：因經(jīng)營活動收到現(xiàn)金OnJune31st,Hike’sConsultantsrepresentedMr.Ebert(aclient)inthecourt,thusthecompanyreceived$1,400cash.Assets=Liabilities+EquityCashConsultingRevenueDebit+(9)1,400Credit+(9)1,400OnJune31st,Hike’sConsultantsloanedJamBuildingCompany(InvestmentActivity)$6,000.JamBuildingCompanyissuedaone-year,8%note.Assets=ClaimsNotesReceivable+CashDebit+(10)6,000Credit-(10)6,000TransactionNo.10:LoaningtootherCompany

交易10：貸款給其他公司TransactionNo.11:PayingCashtoPurchaseOffice

Equipment交易11：現(xiàn)金支付購買辦公設備OnJune31st,Mr.Hikepaid$4,000cashtopurchaseanewtableandseveralchairs.Theofficeequipmentisexpectedtohaveausefullifeof2yearsandasalvagevalueof$800.Assets=ClaimsOfficeEquipment+CashDebit+(11)4,000Credit-(11)4,000TransactionNo.12:PayingCashtoAccountsPayable交易12：用現(xiàn)金償還應付賬款

OnAugust14th,Hike’sConsultantspaid$800ofaccountspayablefromalocalsupplycompany.Assets=Liabilities+EquityCashAccountsPayableCredit-(12)800Debit-(12)800OnSeptember18th,Hike’sConsultantsreceiveda$1,600billfromSulkCleanersforofficecleaningservices.Mr.Hikeplanstopaythebilllater.Assets=Liabilities+EquityAccountsPayableOfficeMaintenanceExpenseCredit+(13)1,600Debit+Expense-Equity(13)1,600

TransactionNo.13:

ReceivingaBillforOfficeCleaningServices

交易13：收到辦公室清潔服務的發(fā)票TransactionNo.14:

PayingCashDistributiontotheOwnerOnNovember31st,Hike’sConsultantspaid$600cashdistributiontoitsowner.Assets=Liabilities+EquityCashCashDistributionCredit-(15)600Debit+Dist.-Equity(15)600ThankYou!2.34MakingAdjustingEntriesWhenwehaveseenallthetransactionspertainingtotheaccountingperiod,weneedtomakeadjustingentries.Adjustingentriesaremadeattheendofayear(oranyotherfiscalperiod)torecognizerevenueorexpenses(accrualsordeferrals).OnMay31st,Hike’sConsultantsborrowed$8000cashfromabankandagreedtoreturnthemoneyinayearandpay7%annualinterest(seeTransactionNo.5).Fortheaccountingperiodinterestexpenseonthenoteamountedto$327(i.e.,$8000×7%×(7months/12months)).Assets=Liabilities+EquityInterestPayableInterestExpenseCredit+(A1)327Debit+Expense-Equity-(A1)3272.35AdjustmentNo.1:RecognizingInterestExpenseOnJune1st,Hike’sConsultantspaid$4800cashinadvanceforanew1-yearofficerent(seeTransactionNo.6).Therentexpensetoberecognizedattheendoftheperiodiscalculatedasfollows:$4800×(7months/12months)=$2800.Assets=Liabilities+EquityPrepaidRentRentExpenseCredit-(A2)2800Debit+Expense-Equity(A2)28002.36AdjustmentNo.2:RecognizingRentExpense2.37AdjustmentNo.3:RecordingaRevenuefortheProvidedServicesOnJune31st,HikesConsultantsreceivedinadvancecashpaymentof$7200forservicestobeperformedduringayearaftersigningupthecontract(seeTransactionNo.8).ByDecember31stthecompanyhadprovidedservicesfor6months,sotheamounttoberecordedasarevenueis$7200×(6months/12months)=$3600.Thisamountshouldberemovedfromliabilities(UnearnedRevenue)andplacedintoequity(ConsultingRevenue).Assets=Liabilities+EquityUnearnedRevenueConsultingRevenueDebit-(A3)3600Credit+(A3)3600OnJuly31st,Hike’sConsultantsloaned$6000toJamBuildingCompanyandreceivedforitanotecarryinga1-yeartermandobligationtopay8%annually(seeTransactionNo.10).Inthisconnection,HikesConsultantshavetorecord$200(i.e.,$6000×8%×(5months/12months))asinterestrevenue.Assets=Liabilities+EquityInterestReceivableInterestRevenueDebit+(A4)200Credit+(A4)2002.38AdjustmentNo.4:RecordingInterestRevenue2.39

AdjustmentNo.5:

RecognizingDepreciationExpenseOnJune31st,officeequipmentof$4000wasbought.Theusefullifeofthisassetswasexpectedtobe2yearswithasalvagevalueof$800.Hike’sConsultantshavetorecognizetheamountofofficeequipmentusedduringayearasadepreciationexpense.Theamounttoberecordedis$1600(i.e.,($4000-$800)/2years).Assets=Liabilities+EquityAccumulatedDepreciationDepreciationExpenseCredit+Acc.Depr.-Assets(A5)1600Debit+Expense-Equity(A5)1600AttheendoftheperiodHike’sConsultantsaccrued$1200salariesthatwillbepaidoffinthenextaccountingperiod(2013).Assets=Liabilities+EquitySalariesPayableSalariesExpenseCredit+(A6)1200Debit+Expense-Equity-(A6)1200

2.40AdjustmentNo.6:RecognizingSalariesExpenseOnMay15th,Hike’sConsultantsbought$800ofsupplies.Attheendoftheaccountingperiod$200ofsuppliesremainedonhand.Others($600=$800-$200)wereusedduringtheyear,and,therefore,mustbeexpensed.Theadjustmentdecreasesassetsandequity.Assets=Liabilities+EquitySuppliesSuppliesExpenseCredit-(A7)600Debit+Expense-Equity(A7)6002.41AdjustmentNo.7:ExpensingtheSupplies2.42TransferringDatetoT-accountsNowwewilltransferallthedatatoT-accounts.Notethatwemeetthetworequirementsaboutthedouble-entryrecordingprocess:TotalDebits=TotalCredits;TotalAssets=TotalLiabilities+TotalEquity.TofacilitateyourunderstandingthebasicprincipalsofT-accounts,atableofaccountsandhowtheyareincreasedordecreasedispresentedbelow:AccountDebitCreditAssetsIncreaseDecreaseContraAssetsDecreaseIncreaseLiabilitiesDecreaseIncreaseEquityDecreaseIncreaseContributedCapitalDecreaseIncreaseRevenueDecreaseIncreaseExpensesIncreaseDecreaseDistributionsIncreaseDecrease2.43ASummaryofthePrinciplesofAccounts2.44TheProceduresofAccountingIngeneral,allthestepsare:(1)Analyzingsourcedocuments;(2)Makingentriestothegeneraljournal;(3)Postingthedatetotheledger;(4)Comparingdebitandcreditbalancesforequality;(5)Preparingfinancialstatements.DateAccountTitlesDebitCreditJan.31Cash

ContributedCapital2000020000May15Supplies

AccountsPayable800800May20AccountsReceivable

ConsultingRevenue32003200April5OperatingExpense

Cash12001200May31Cash

NotesPayable80008000June1PrepaidRent

Cash48004800June15Cash

AccountsReceivable30003000June31Cash

UnearnedRevenue72007200June31Cash

ConsultingRevenue14001400June31NotesReceivable

Cash60006000June31OfficeEquipment

Cash40004000Aug.14AccountsPayable

Cash800800Sept.18OfficeMaintenanceExpense

AccountsPayable160016002.45TheJournalNov.31Distributions

Cash600600AdjustingEntriesDec.31InterestExpense

InterestPayable327327Dec.31RentExpense

PrepaidRent28002800Dec.31UnearnedRevenue

ConsultingRevenue36003600Dec.31InterestReceivable

InterestRev