2025年考研英語(yǔ)（一）閱讀理解長(zhǎng)難句解析深入分析與解題技巧匯編考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______模擬試卷閱讀理解Directions:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Passage1Theadventoflarge-scalegenomicsequencinghasusheredinaneraofpersonalizedmedicine,promisingtreatmentstailoredtoanindividual'suniquegeneticmakeup.However,thepracticalapplicationofthisapproachremainsfraughtwithchallenges,notleastamongthemthecomplexityofinterpretingvastamountsofgeneticdata.Whilethesequenceofaperson'sDNAprovidesablueprintofsorts,decipheringhowthisblueprintinfluenceshealthanddiseaseisnosimpletask.Itinvolvesunderstandingtheintricateinterplaybetweengenes,environment,andlifestyle,asystemsocomplexthateventhemostsophisticatedcomputationalmodelsstruggletofullycaptureitsnuances.Onesignificanthurdleisthephenomenonofgeneticheterogeneity.Thesamedisease,suchascancer,canarisefromnumerousdifferentgeneticmutations,eachpotentiallyrequiringadistincttherapeuticstrategy.Furthermore,individualsoftencarrymultiplegeneticvariants,someofwhichmayconferriskwhileothersofferprotectionagainstvariousconditions.Thisgeneticdiversitymakesitdifficulttoestablishclear-cutguidelinesfortreatmentbasedsolelyongeneticinformation.Anothercriticalissueliesinthedynamicnatureofgenetics.Ourgeneticlandscapeisnotstatic;itcanchangeovertimeduetovariousfactors,includingage,environmentalexposures,andevenepigeneticmodificationsthataltergeneexpressionwithoutchangingtheDNAsequenceitself.Consequently,ageneticprofiletakentodaymightnotaccuratelypredictanindividual'sriskorresponsetotreatmentyearslater.Compoundingthesedifficultiesisthelackofrobustclinicalevidenceformanygenetic-basedinterventions.Whileresearchhasidentifiednumerousgeneticassociationswithdiseases,translatingthesefindingsintoeffective,safe,andcost-effectivetherapieshasprovenimmenselychallenging.Manypromisinggenetictargetshavefailedinclinicaltrials,highlightingtheneedformorerigoroustestingandadeeperunderstandingofthebiologicalmechanismsinvolved.Thedevelopmentofbiomarkers—substancesthatindicatethepresenceorprogressofadisease—representinggeneticriskscouldofferapathwayforward,potentiallyprovidingearlierinterventionpoints.Yet,creatingreliableandwidelyapplicablebiomarkersremainsanongoingquest.Asthefieldprogresses,integratinggeneticinsightswithotherhealthdata,suchaslifestylefactorsandexistingmedicalrecords,willbecrucialfordevelopingtrulypersonalizedandeffectivehealthcarestrategies.Questions:1.Whatisthecentralthemeofthepassage?2.Accordingtothepassage,whatisamajorchallengerelatedtogeneticheterogeneity?3.Theword"fractured"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:4.Thepassagesuggeststhatcomputationalmodelscurrentlyfacedifficultiesin:5.Whatdoesthepassageimplyaboutthefutureofpersonalizedmedicine?6.Thephrase"asystemsocomplex"(secondparagraph)primarilyrefersto:7.Whataspectofgeneticsisdescribedasdynamicaccordingtothepassage?8.Accordingtothepassage,whyhavemanygenetic-basedinterventionsfailedinclinicaltrials?9.Theword"conferred"inthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:10.Whatpotentialsolutiondoesthepassagementionforintegratinggeneticinsightsintohealthcare?Passage2Urbanizationistransforminglandscapesandlifestylesatanunprecedentedpace,bringingbothopportunitiesandsignificantenvironmentalpressures.Theconcentrationoflargepopulationsinlimitedspacescreatesdemandsforhousing,infrastructure,andresourcesthatoftenoutstripthenaturalcapacityofthearea.Deforestationforconstruction,thedepletionofwaterresources,andincreasedpollutionaredirectconsequencesofthisexpansion.Airquality,alreadycompromisedinmanycitiesbytrafficemissionsandindustrialactivity,furtherdegradesduetothetrappingofpollutantsindenselybuiltenvironments.Similarly,wastemanagementsystemsstruggletokeeppacewiththegrowingvolumeofrefuse,leadingtoincreasedlandfilluseandpotentialcontaminationofsoilandgroundwater.Beyondthephysicalenvironmentalimpact,rapidurbanizationexertsconsiderablestrainonsocialstructuresandpublicservices.Theinfluxofpeoplefromruralareascanoverwhelmexistinghealthcareandeducationsystems,strainingbudgetsandresources.Housingshortagesoftenleadtotheproliferationofinformalsettlementsorslums,whereresidentsfacepoorlivingconditionsandlackaccesstobasicamenitieslikecleanwaterandsanitation.Theseareasfrequentlybecomehotspotsforcrimeandsocialunrest.Therapidpaceofchangecanalsoresultinalossofcommunitycohesion,astraditionalsocialnetworksaredisruptedandnewinhabitantsmaynotfeelasenseofbelonging.Infrastructure,includingtransportationnetworksandpublicutilities,mustbeexpandedandimproved,requiringsubstantialinvestmentandcarefulplanningtoavoidexacerbatingexistingproblems.Addressingthesechallengesrequiresamultifacetedapproachfocusedonsustainableurbandevelopment.Integratinggreenspaceswithincities,suchasparksandcommunitygardens,canhelpmitigatetheenvironmentalimpactbyimprovingairquality,providingrecreationalareas,andsupportingbiodiversity.Implementingsmartcitytechnologiescanoptimizeresourceuse,enhancepublicservices,andimprovetrafficflow.Encouragingthedevelopmentofsustainablebuildingpracticesandrenewableenergysourcescanreducethecarbonfootprintofurbanareas.Furthermore,policiesaimedatequitablehousingdistributionandstrengtheningsocialservicesarecrucialforensuringthaturbangrowthbenefitsallresidents.Ultimately,successfulurbanizationmustbalancetheneedfordevelopmentwiththepreservationofenvironmentalqualityandsocialwell-beingtocreatetrulylivableandresilientcitiesforthefuture.Questions:11.Whatistheprimarypurposeofthepassage?12.Accordingtothepassage,whatisadirectconsequenceofurbanizationonwaterresources?13.Theword"exerts"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:14.Whatproblemdoesthepassagesuggestarisesfromtheinfluxofpeopleintourbanareas?15.Thephrase"hotspotsforcrimeandsocialunrest"(secondparagraph)refersto:16.Thepassagesuggeststhatgreenspaceswithincitiescan:17.Accordingtothepassage,whatisachallengeassociatedwithimplementingsmartcitytechnologies?18.Theword"equitable"inthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:19.Whatdoesthepassageimplyaboutsustainableurbandevelopment?20.Whatisthekeyfactormentionedforcreatingsuccessfulurbanizationaccordingtotheendofthepassage?Passage3Theconceptofdigitalsovereignty,oftenframedintermsofdatacontrolandprivacy,hasgainedsignificanttractioninrecentyearsasnationsgrapplewiththeimplicationsofglobaldigitalecosystems.Atitscore,digitalsovereigntyassertstherightofgovernmentsandcitizenstodeterminetheconditionsunderwhichdatarelatedtothemiscollected,processed,stored,andtransferredwithintheirborders.Proponentsarguethatthisisessentialforprotectingindividualprivacy,ensuringnationalsecurity,andfosteringdomestictechnologicalinnovationbycreatingdistinctregulatoryenvironments.Theycontendthatunrestrictedcross-borderdataflowscanexposecitizenstosurveillancebyforeignentitiesandallowsensitivedatatobeexploitedbyadversaries.However,thepursuitofdigitalsovereigntypresentsformidablechallenges,particularlyinanincreasinglyinterconnectedworld.Globalbusinesses,particularlythoseinthetechnologyande-commercesectors,relyheavilyonseamlessdataexchangeacrossinternationalborderstofunctioneffectively.Restrictionsondatamovementcandisruptsupplychains,hinderinternationalcollaboration,andplacedomesticcompaniesatacompetitivedisadvantage.Furthermore,achievingtruedigitalsovereigntyiscomplicatedbythenatureoftheinternetitself,whichisinherentlyborderless.Datacanbeeasilystoredorroutedthroughserverslocatedinmultiplejurisdictions,makingitdifficultforanysinglegovernmenttoenforcecomprehensivecontrol.Thiscreatestensionbetweenthegoalsofnationalautonomyandthepracticalitiesofoperatinginaglobaldigitalmarketplace.Navigatingthiscomplexlandscaperequiresadelicatebalance.Completeisolationfromglobaldigitalnetworksisneitherpracticalnorbeneficialformosteconomies.Conversely,unrestricteddataflowsmayunderminenationalsecurityandprivacyprotections.Apotentialpathforwardinvolvesimplementingrobustdataprotectionregulationscoupledwithmechanismsforinternationalcooperationoncybersecurityanddatagovernance.Establishingclearnormsandstandardsfordatahandling,potentiallythroughbilateralormultilateralagreements,couldprovideaframeworkforrespectingnationalsovereigntywhilemaintainingthenecessarylevelofglobalconnectivity.Thechallengeliesindesigningpoliciesthatsafeguardcitizensandnationalinterestswithoutstiflinginnovationorhinderinglegitimateinternationalbusinessactivitiesinthedigitalage.Questions:21.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?22.Accordingtoproponentsofdigitalsovereignty,whatisonepotentialriskofunrestrictedcross-borderdataflows?23.Theword"traction"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:24.Whatcomplicationmakesachievingtruedigitalsovereigntychallenging?25.Thephrase"hinderedinternationalcollaboration"(secondparagraph)implies:26.Accordingtothepassage,whatisapotentialpathforwardforaddressingthechallengesofdigitalsovereignty?27.Theword"stifling"inthefinalparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:28.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestisakeychallengeinformulatingpoliciesrelatedtodigitalsovereignty?29.Thepassageimpliesthatoperatinginaglobaldigitalmarketplacerequires:30.Whatisthecentraltensiondescribedinthepassageregardingdigitalsovereignty?試卷答案閱讀理解Passage11.D*解析思路：文章首段提出個(gè)性化醫(yī)療的潛力，隨后第二、三段詳細(xì)論述了其在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)，如基因解讀復(fù)雜、異質(zhì)性、動(dòng)態(tài)性以及臨床證據(jù)缺乏等。第四段提出需要整合其他數(shù)據(jù)。全文圍繞個(gè)性化醫(yī)療的“挑戰(zhàn)”展開(kāi)，故中心主題是其實(shí)踐應(yīng)用中的困難與障礙。A選項(xiàng)（潛力）是引子，非主旨；B選項(xiàng)（技術(shù)應(yīng)用）僅是挑戰(zhàn)的一方面；C選項(xiàng)（倫理問(wèn)題）文中未明確討論。2.A*解析思路：根據(jù)第二段第二句，“Thesamedisease,suchascancer,canarisefromnumerousdifferentgeneticmutations,eachpotentiallyrequiringadistincttherapeuticstrategy.”意思是同一種病可能由多種不同的基因突變引起，每種突變可能需要不同的治療策略。這直接說(shuō)明了基因異質(zhì)性的挑戰(zhàn)在于疾病本身可能由多種不同基因突變導(dǎo)致，從而難以制定統(tǒng)一的治療方案。3.B*解析思路：第一段第一句提到，“However,thepracticalapplicationofthisapproachremainsfraughtwithchallenges,notleastamongthemthecomplexityofinterpretingvastamountsofgeneticdata.”這里"fractured"與"fraughtwithchallenges"意思相近，都表示“充滿困難、布滿障礙”。A選項(xiàng)（broken）表示“打破的”，程度過(guò)重；C選項(xiàng)（divided）表示“分裂的”；D選項(xiàng)（damaged）表示“損壞的”，均與語(yǔ)境不符。4.C*解析思路：第二段指出，“Itinvolvesunderstandingtheintricateinterplaybetweengenes,environment,andlifestyle,asystemsocomplexthateventhemostsophisticatedcomputationalmodelsstruggletofullycaptureitsnuances.”意思是理解基因、環(huán)境、生活方式的復(fù)雜相互作用，即使是最高級(jí)的計(jì)算模型也難以完全捕捉其細(xì)微之處。這表明計(jì)算模型在處理這種復(fù)雜性上存在困難。5.A*解析思路：文章結(jié)尾段提到，“Asthefieldprogresses,integratinggeneticinsightswithotherhealthdata,suchaslifestylefactorsandexistingmedicalrecords,willbecrucialfordevelopingtrulypersonalizedandeffectivehealthcarestrategies.”意思是隨著領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展，整合基因信息與其他健康數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)于制定真正個(gè)性化和有效的醫(yī)療策略至關(guān)重要。這暗示了個(gè)性化醫(yī)療的未來(lái)在于更全面的數(shù)據(jù)整合。6.D*解析思路：第二段提到，“Itinvolvesunderstandingtheintricateinterplaybetweengenes,environment,andlifestyle,asystemsocomplex...”之后的句子解釋了復(fù)雜性體現(xiàn)在基因、環(huán)境、生活方式的相互作用以及遺傳異質(zhì)性和動(dòng)態(tài)性上。這個(gè)“系統(tǒng)”指的就是前面提到的基因、環(huán)境、生活方式的復(fù)雜相互作用以及相關(guān)的挑戰(zhàn)（如異質(zhì)性、動(dòng)態(tài)性）。7.B*解析思路：第三段提到，“Ourgeneticlandscapeisnotstatic;itcanchangeovertimeduetovariousfactors,includingage,environmentalexposures,andevenepigeneticmodificationsthataltergeneexpressionwithoutchangingtheDNAsequenceitself.”意思是我們的遺傳圖景不是靜止的，它會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的推移而改變。這里描述的“動(dòng)態(tài)”特性指的就是遺傳圖景（基因狀態(tài)）會(huì)隨時(shí)間變化。8.B*解析思路：第三段指出，“Compoundingthesedifficultiesisthelackofrobustclinicalevidenceformanygenetic-basedinterventions.Whileresearchhasidentifiednumerousgeneticassociationswithdiseases,translatingthesefindingsintoeffective,safe,andcost-effectivetherapieshasprovenimmenselychallenging.”意思是許多基于基因的干預(yù)措施缺乏有力的臨床證據(jù)，盡管研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多與疾病相關(guān)的基因關(guān)聯(lián)，但將這些發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化為有效、安全且經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的治療方法已經(jīng)證明極其具有挑戰(zhàn)性。這表明挑戰(zhàn)在于缺乏有效的臨床證據(jù)來(lái)驗(yàn)證基因關(guān)聯(lián)并轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)際療法。9.D*解析思路：第三段提到，“Manypromisinggenetictargetshavefailedinclinicaltrials,highlightingtheneedformorerigoroustestingandadeeperunderstandingofthebiologicalmechanismsinvolved.”意思是許多有前景的基因靶點(diǎn)在臨床試驗(yàn)中失敗了。這里"conferred"指的是這些基因靶點(diǎn)“提供了”、“具有”（作為潛在的治療目標(biāo)或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素）。A選項(xiàng)（given）是近義詞；B選項(xiàng)（bought）不符；C選項(xiàng)（allowed）不符；D選項(xiàng)（granted/provided）意思最接近。10.C*解析思路：第三段最后一句提到，“Integratinggeneticinsightswithotherhealthdata,suchaslifestylefactorsandexistingmedicalrecords,willbecrucialfordevelopingtrulypersonalizedandeffectivehealthcarestrategies.”這表明文章提到的整合基因見(jiàn)解與其他健康數(shù)據(jù)（如生活方式因素和現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療記錄）是未來(lái)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵，這可以看作是將基因信息融入醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)的一種方式。Passage211.B*解析思路：文章首段論述了城市化帶來(lái)的環(huán)境壓力（空氣污染、水資源消耗、垃圾處理），第二段討論了社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和服務(wù)方面的壓力（醫(yī)療、教育、住房、犯罪）。第三段提出了應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的方法。全文圍繞城市化帶來(lái)的“多重壓力”及其應(yīng)對(duì)展開(kāi)，故主要目的是闡述城市化帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)。12.B*解析思路：第一段提到，“Deforestationforconstruction,thedepletionofwaterresources,andincreasedpollutionaredirectconsequencesofthisexpansion.”意思是森林砍伐、水資源枯竭和污染加劇是這個(gè)擴(kuò)張的直接后果。這里明確指出水資源枯竭是城市化的一個(gè)直接后果。13.A*解析思路：第二段提到，“Therapidpaceofchangecanalsoresultinalossofcommunitycohesion,astraditionalsocialnetworksaredisruptedandnewinhabitantsmaynotfeelasenseofbelonging.”這里"exerts"指的是“快速變化”（therapidpaceofchange）對(duì)社區(qū)凝聚力產(chǎn)生的“影響”或“作用”。A選項(xiàng)（influences）是近義詞；B選項(xiàng)（imposes）表示“強(qiáng)加”；C選項(xiàng)（demands）表示“要求”；D選項(xiàng)（consumes）表示“消耗”。14.C*解析思路：第二段提到，“Theinfluxofpeoplefromruralareascanoverwhelmexistinghealthcareandeducationsystems,strainingbudgetsandresources.”意思是來(lái)自農(nóng)村地區(qū)的人口涌入可能使現(xiàn)有的醫(yī)療和教育系統(tǒng)不堪重負(fù)，消耗預(yù)算和資源。這表明涌入人口導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療和教育系統(tǒng)資源緊張。15.E*解析思路：第二段提到，“Housingshortagesoftenleadtotheproliferationofinformalsettlementsorslums,whereresidentsfacepoorlivingconditionsandlackaccesstobasicamenitieslikecleanwaterandsanitation.Theseareasfrequentlybecomehotspotsforcrimeandsocialunrest.”意思是住房短缺往往導(dǎo)致非正式定居點(diǎn)或貧民窟的蔓延，這些地區(qū)居民面臨惡劣的居住條件，缺乏基本設(shè)施，并且經(jīng)常成為犯罪和社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩的熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)。“Hotspotsforcrimeandsocialunrest”指的就是這些貧民窟或非正式定居點(diǎn)。16.A*解析思路：第三段提到，“Integratinggreenspaceswithincities,suchasparksandcommunitygardens,canhelpmitigatetheenvironmentalimpactbyimprovingairquality,providingrecreationalareas,andsupportingbiodiversity.”意思是將綠地融入城市可以通過(guò)改善空氣質(zhì)量、提供休閑場(chǎng)所和支持生物多樣性來(lái)幫助減輕環(huán)境沖擊。這表明綠地可以緩解（mitigate）環(huán)境沖擊。17.D*解析思路：第三段提到，“Implementingsmartcitytechnologiescanoptimizeresourceuse,enhancepublicservices,andimprovetrafficflow.”但同時(shí)沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)明其實(shí)施的挑戰(zhàn)。結(jié)合上下文，智能城市技術(shù)旨在優(yōu)化和提升，其挑戰(zhàn)（如果存在）并未在文中明確闡述。若必須推斷，其挑戰(zhàn)可能在于實(shí)施成本、技術(shù)普及難度或數(shù)據(jù)隱私問(wèn)題，但原文未直接說(shuō)明。18.E*解析思路：第三段提到，“policiesaimedatequitablehousingdistributionandstrengtheningsocialservicesarecrucial...”這里"equitable"指的是住房分配應(yīng)該是“公平的”，即確保每個(gè)人都能獲得適宜的住房，不受歧視。19.C*解析思路：文章第三段提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為應(yīng)對(duì)城市化挑戰(zhàn)的方法，并強(qiáng)調(diào)了整合綠色空間、智能技術(shù)、可持續(xù)建筑和可再生能源，以及公平的住房和社會(huì)服務(wù)。這表明可持續(xù)發(fā)展強(qiáng)調(diào)平衡發(fā)展、環(huán)境和社會(huì)福祉。20.B*解析思路：文章第二段描述了城市化帶來(lái)的社會(huì)壓力（資源緊張、服務(wù)不足、犯罪等），第三段則提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展等解決方案。第四段結(jié)尾強(qiáng)調(diào)，“Ultimately,successfulurbanizationmustbalancetheneedfordevelopmentwiththepreservationofenvironmentalqualityandsocialwell-beingtocreatetrulylivableandresilientcitiesforthefuture.”這表明核心的挑戰(zhàn)在于如何在追求發(fā)展的同時(shí)，兼顧環(huán)境保護(hù)和社會(huì)福祉。故關(guān)鍵因素是平衡發(fā)展與保護(hù)。Passage321.C*解析思路：文章首段提出數(shù)字主權(quán)概念及其支持者的觀點(diǎn)（保護(hù)隱私、安全、創(chuàng)新）。第二段討論其面臨的挑戰(zhàn)（企業(yè)困難、全球互聯(lián)性）。第三段提出可能的解決方案（法規(guī)、合作、多邊協(xié)議）。全文圍繞“數(shù)字主權(quán)”這一概念展開(kāi)，論述了其定義、支持理由、面臨的挑戰(zhàn)以及可能的應(yīng)對(duì)方式，故中心主題是數(shù)字主權(quán)的復(fù)雜性及其在現(xiàn)實(shí)中的體現(xiàn)。22.A*解析思路：第一段支持者提到，“Theycontendthatunrestrictedcross-borderdataflowscanexposecitizenstosurveillancebyforeignentitiesandallowsensitivedatatobeexploitedbyadversaries.”意思是他們主張不受限制的跨境數(shù)據(jù)流動(dòng)可能會(huì)讓公民受到外國(guó)實(shí)體的監(jiān)視，并允許敏感數(shù)據(jù)被對(duì)手利用。這直接說(shuō)明了潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在于公民可能受到外國(guó)實(shí)體的監(jiān)視。23.D*解析思路：第一段提到，“Theconceptofdigitalsovereignty,oftenframedintermsofdatacontrolandprivacy,hasgainedsignificant*traction*inrecentyearsasnationsgrapplewiththeimplicationsofglobaldigitalecosystems.”意思是數(shù)字主權(quán)概念近年來(lái)獲得了顯著進(jìn)展（或“勢(shì)頭”）。D選項(xiàng)（momentum/gain）表示“進(jìn)展”、“勢(shì)頭”，與原文意思最接近。A選項(xiàng)（support）表示“支持”；B選項(xiàng)（popularity）表示“流行度”；C選項(xiàng)（interest）表示“興趣”。24.B*解析思路：第二段提到，“However,thepursuitofdigitalsovereigntypresentsformidablechallenges,particularlyinanincreasinglyinterconnectedworld.Globalbusinesses...relyheavilyonseamlessdataexchangeacrossinternationalborders...Restrictionsondatamovementcandisruptsupplychains...Furthermore,achievingtruedigitalsovereigntyiscomplicatedbythenatureoftheinternetitself,whichisinherentlyborderless.”意思是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)本身的無(wú)邊界性使得任何單一政府難以完全控制數(shù)據(jù)流動(dòng)，這是實(shí)現(xiàn)真正數(shù)字主權(quán)的復(fù)雜因素。25.B*解析思路：第二段提到，“Restrictionsondatamovementcandisruptsupplychains,hinderinternationalcollaboration,andplacedomesticcompaniesatacompetitivedisadvantage.”這里“hinderedinternationalcollaboration”指的是國(guó)際合作的順利進(jìn)行受到阻礙或受到負(fù)面影響。26.A*解析思路：第三段提出了一個(gè)可能的路徑，“