Unit8 Cloning

Ⅰ.SuggestedTeachingPlan

Objectives

Studentswillbeableto:

understandthemainidea(cloningisatwo-edgedsword)andstructureofthetext;

appreciatethewritingstrategiesemployedbytheauthor;

masterthekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetext;

conductaseriesofreading,listening,speakingandwritingactivitiesrelatedtothethemeoftheunit.

TimeAllotment

1stperiod

2ndperiod

3rdperiod

4thperiod

5thperiod

Pre-reading;While-reading(PartI)

While-reading(PartI,PartII)

While-reading;

Post-reading;CheckonSs’homereading(TextB)

Theme-RelatedLanguageLearningTasks

Pre-readingtasks

1. TasksSsthefollowingquestionsontherecordedinterview:(5minutes)

WhatdoesProf.Greelythinkofhumancloning?(Wemustdistinguishdifferenttypesofhumancloning.Somearejustified;othersarenot.)

Whatisthegreatestproblemwithhumanreproductivecloning?(safety)

2. Out-of-classresearchproject(30minutes)

1) Theresearchprojectshouldbeassignedattheendofthelastunit.SsformgroupstouselibraryresourcesandInternetresourcestogetanswerstothefollowingquestions:

Whatiscloning?

Giveabriefhistoryofthescientificresearchintocloning.

Whatarethemajorprosandconsofhumancloning?

Duringyourresearch,whatnewvocabularyitemshaveyoucomeacrossthatarerelatedtocloning?

2) Groupsreporttoclass.Tosavetimeandgivepresentationopportunitiestomoregroups,noonegroupneedanswerallthequestions.Agroupmembermaywritedownnewvocabularyitems(inbothEnglishandChinese)ontheblackboardwhileanothermemberispresenting.

3. Tmayleadintothetextbysaying:Bynowmanyofyoumayhavealreadyformedyourownideaabouthumancloning,butlet’srefrainfromopinionsforthemoment.TheauthorofTextAisasciencereporter.Likeagoodjournalist,let’sfirstmakethefactsclear.(2minutes)

While-readingtasks

1.PartⅠ(30minutes)

1)Ssscanthefirstthreeparagraphstoseewhereatensechangetakesplace.Bythusdoingtheywillseethatthefirsttwoparagraphsactasintroductiontothewholeessay.

2) TasksSsthefollowingquestions:

ThisisapieceofjournalisticwritinglikeTextA,Unit7.Whatimportantroledobeginningparagraphsplayinjournalisticwriting?

Whydidn’ttheauthorstartfromtheverybeginningofcloningresearch,butstartwiththebirthofDolly?(seeTextAnalysis)

TexplainslanguagepointsinPartIandgivesSspractice(seeLanguageStudy).

SssumupthemainideaofPartI.

TexplainslanguagepointsintherestofthetextandgivesSspractice(seeLanguageStudy).

(60minutes)

SsdoTextOrganizationExercises1and2.(15minutes)

Post-readingactivities

1. Learningaboutwritingstrategy(25minutes)

SsreadWritingStrategyinthisunit.

Ssdotheafter-textstructureexerciseon“Itistrue...,but...”and“True...,but...”,sothattheyrealizethisisoneformofconcession.

TremindsSsthatthisisapieceofjournalisticwriting,theauthorofwhichmustrefrainfrompassingjudgment.He/Sheconcedestoachieveobjectivity.

Ssfindotherexamplesofbalanced,objectivewriting,(seeTextAnalysis)

TguidesSsthroughsomeafter-textexercises.(35minutes)

TchecksonSs’homereading(TextB).(3minutes)

SsdoPartIV:Theme-RelatedLanguageLearningTasks.(1period)

Ⅱ.TextAnalysis

ThistexthassomefeaturesincommonwithTextA,Unit7:aneye-catchingintroductionandobjectivity.

ThetextstartswiththebirthofDolly,becauseitisacriticalpointincloningresearch.Readerinterestisfurtherarousedbythelow-keytone.Whynoexcitement,whynochampagne,whywerefewpeoplearound?Readersarethenreadytobetoldanobjectiveaccountabouthumancloning.

The“father”ofDollyislevel-headedabouthisachievement,soistheauthor.ShequotesWilmutandOppenheimertoshowhowsciencecanbeadouble-edgedsword.BeforelistingthemanybenefitsofhumancloninginPartIV,shefirstidentifiestheethicalproblemsinvolvedinPartIII.Inherarticlesheasksmanyquestions,towhichshegivesnoanswer.Ifshesaidthatthereweredefiniteanswers,shewouldnotbeobjective.

However,comparedwithTextA,Unit7,thewordchoiceismoreelaborate;sentencesandparagraphsgrowlongerandmorecomplex.Afterall,thisisaboutscienceandethics!

Ⅲ.CulturalNotes

1.clone:agroupoforganismsorcellsthataregeneticallyidentical,havingbeenproducedfromoneparentbyasexualreproduction.Theindividualorganismsorcellsareprecisecopiesoftheparentandgeneticallyidenticaltoit.Clonesarefoundnaturallyamongsingle-celledorganisms(suchasbacteria),afewinvertebrates(suchascorals),andsomeasexuallyreproducingplants(asintheproductionofrunnersbyastrawberryplant).Inagriculture,plantcloningcanbeusedtoadvantage,inthatindividualswithdesirableproperties,suchaspest-resistanceorhighgrowthrates,canbereplicatedexactlywithouttheunpredictableresultsassociatedwithsexualreproduction.Artificialcloningofanimalsandcellscanbeachievedbyteasingapartthecellsoftheearlyembryo.Similarly,cellscapableofgrowingintomatureplantscanbeobtainedfromplantgrowth-regions(meristems).

IngeneticengineeringcloningreferstothecopyingofDNAmolecules.

2. geneticengineering:thedeliberatemodificationofthegeneticmake-up(genome)ofanorganismbymanipulationofitsDNA.GeneticengineeringtechniquesincludecellfusionandtheuseofrecombinantDNA(rDNA).Sincethelate1960sthesetechniqueshaveheldoutthemostexcitingpromiseforbiotechnology.

Insuchanewfieldcontroversyinevitablyabounds.Worriesconcerningreleaseofgeneticallynovelbacteriaintotheenvironment,orthepossiblemanipulationofhumanembryos,haveledtothesettingupintheUSAoftheGeneticManipulationAdvisoryGroup(GMAG).Legislationgoverninggeneticresearchhasalsobeenpassedinseveralothercountries.

3. Narcissus(inGreekmythology):abeautifulyouthwhospurnedtheloveofthenymphEchoandinpunishmentwasmadetofallinlovewithhisownreflection;hepinedawaygazingathimselfinapoolandathisdeathwaschangedintotheflowerbearinghisnamenarcissus.

4.Prometheus:inGreekmythology,aTitanwhomadethefirstmanfromclayandstolefirefromthegodstogivetomankind.Inrevengeforthetheft,ZeuschainedPrometheustoarock,wherehisliverwaseateneverydaybyaneagle,onlytogrowagaineverynight.Herculeseventuallyrescuedhim.Prometheushasbeenseenasasymboloffreedom,rebellionagainsttyranny,andofcreativeimagination.

5.Oppenheimer,(Julius)Robert(1904-1967):USphysicist.Hewasappointedin1942asDirectoroftheManhattanProject,thesecretprojecttodeveloptheatomicbombintheUSAduringWorldWarII,basedatLosAlamos,NewMexico,whichin1945madethefirstatomicbomb.In1953,attheheightofthewitch-huntingcampaignledbytheUSSenatorJosephMcCarthy,OppenheimerwasexcludedfromsensitiveresearchonthegroundsthathehadCommunistsympathies,butsubsequently(1963)hewasunreservedlyrehabilitated.

6.Hiroshima:JapanesecityinsouthernHonshu.HithertolargelyundamagedbytheUSbombingcampaign,Hiroshimabecamethetargetofthefirstatomicbombattackon6August1945,whichresultedinthevirtualobliterationofthecitycentreandthedeathsofaboutone-thirdofthepopulationof300,000.TheattackonHiroshima,togetherwiththatonNagasakithreedayslater,helpedbringaboutJapan’sunconditionalsurrenderandtheendofWorldWarII.

7.Nagasaki:JapanesecityinKyushu.On9August1945,threedaysafterthefirstatomicbombattackonHiroshima,Nagasakibecamethenexttarget.Thehillyterrainprotectedthepopulationof230,000fromthefulleffectsoftheexplosion,but40,000peoplewerekilledandtremendousdestructioncaused.OnthefollowingdayJapanofferedtosurrenderandtheceasefirebeganon15August,theofficialsurrenderfinallybeingsignedon2September.

Ⅳ.LanguageStudy

1.clone:anyofagroupofplantsoranimalsproducedfromthecellsofasingleancestorandthereforeexactlythesameasitis

Examples:Researchersproducedclonesfromadultmicein1998.

Althoughtwoclonesareidenticalgenetically,theymaydevelopindifferentways.

v.

Examples:ResearchersinJapanhaveclonedeightcalvesfromthecellsofasingleadultcow.

Theideaofcloningextinctlifeformsstillbelongstosciencefiction.

Experimentstotrytoclonehumanembryoshavemetwithhostilityfromsomesectionsofthepublic.

2. givebirthto:1)bear(achild),bringforth

Examples:Althoughamotherpandaoftengivesbirthtotwocubs,sheusuallyabandonsoneofthemwithoutattemptingtocareforit

Theresearchhasshownthatmotherswhosmokegivebirthmorefrequentlytoprematureorunderweightbabies.

2)create,originate

Examples:Theextraordinaryexperiencegavebirthtohislatestnovel.

Einsteingavebirthtoawholenewwayoflookingatmatterandenergy.

3. foralltheworld:ineveryrespect;exactly

Examples:IfeltforalltheworldasifIwasstillachild.

Helookedforalltheworldlikeacountrydoctor.

4. dot:spreadthingsorpeopleinvariousseparateplacesoveranarea

Examples:Fromthetopfloorwecouldseethetreesdottingthelandscape.

Theskywasdottedwithstars.n.asmallroundmark

Examples:Heforgotthedotontheletteriandsoitlookedlikean1.

Thestarsjustlooklikethousandsoftinydotsoflight.

5. union:aunitingorbeingunited;combination;anorganizationofworkersfromaparticularprofession,anassociationorclub

Examples:Marriageisasociallyrecognizedandapprovedunionbetweenindividuals.

Laborunionsbargainedwithemployerstodetermineissuessuchaswages,conditionsofwork,andworkersecurity.

6. fuse:(causeto)jointogether(followedbywith)

Examples:Nearly50percentofthecumuluscellsthatsuccessfullyfusedwithaneggdevelopedintoanadvancedembryo.

Genesdeterminehowwedevelopfromthemomentthespermfuseswiththeegg.

7. gene:aunitinachromosomewhichcontrolsinheritedcharacteristics

Examples:Geneticsisthestudyofthefunctionandbehaviorofgenes.

TheHumanGenomeProjecthassofaridentifiednearlyalloftheestimated31,000genesinthenucleusofahumancell.

TheDNAisdividedintounitscalledgenes,justlikealongtrainisdividedintoseparatecars.

8. takeup:goandlive;moveinto(acertainposition)

Examples:Thehuntertookuphisquartersinahut.

Asthecrowdgrew,riotpolicetookuptheirpositions.

UNpeacekeepingforcesareexpectedtotakeuppositionsalongtheAfghanistanborder.

9. residence:thefactoflivinginaparticularplace

Examples:HetookuphispermanentresidenceinChina.

Campusresidencehallsprovidecommonsettingsforstudentstoformnewbondswithpeerswhosharesimilarexperiences.

MoreimmigrantswereadmittedtotheUnitedStatesforpermanentresidenceinrecentyears.

10. identical:exactlyalikeorequal;theverysame(followedbyto)

Examples:ThejournalistDavidRorvikwroteatruestoryofabillionaire’squesttoproduceasonidenticaltohimself.

AlthoughEurobillsareidenticalinallcountries,eachcountrycanissueitsowncoins.

11. twin:personswhohavethesamemotherandwerebornonthesameday

Examples:Thetwoboyslookedliketwins.

Hehasatwinbrotherandayoungerbrother.

Unlikemyfriend,Ithinktherearemanypositiveaspectstobeingatwin.

12. beforehand:inadvance;earlier

Examples:Catherinegotmarriedwithouttellinganyonebeforehand.

Mumhaddonemostofthecookingbeforehand,soweweren’ttiedtothekitchen.

13. oppose:expressstrongdisapprovalwiththeaimofpreventingorchangingacourseofaction;resist

Examples:Myfatheropposedmywishtobecomeamusician.

Thelocalresidentsstronglyopposedthechemicalcompaniesdumpingtheirwasteinthesea.

beopposedto:beagainst

Examples:Weareutterlyopposedtoanyformofterrorism.

TheyarestronglyopposedtothepresenceofAmericantroopsinthisregion.

14. theoretical:concernedwiththetheoryofasubject;basedontheory

Examples:Informationtheoryisprimarilyatheoreticalstudy.

Withhisbrillianttheoreticalwork,AlbertEinsteinrevolutionized20th-centuryphysics.

Aristotledefinedthebasicconceptsandprinciplesofmanyofthetheoreticalsciences,suchaslogic,biologyandphysics.

15. inprinciple:asfarasbasicprinciplesareconcerned

Examples:Inprinciple,clonesmayevenbeessentiallyimmortal,dyingonlyfromdiseaseorthedeteriorationoftheenvironment.

Inprinciple,Quantumtheorycouldbeusedtopredictthebehaviorofanyphysical,chemical,orbiologicalsystem.

16. offensive:causingsb.tofeelupset,insultedorannoyed

Examples:Minoritygroupsareprotectedfromhatefulandoffensivespeechandactionsoncampus.Thedocumentdidnotappeartocontainanyoffensivestatements.

17. compromise:asettlementinwhicheachsidegivesupsomedemands

Examples:Inordertoreducecarbonmonoxideemissionsfrommotorvehiclesbutatthesametimedeveloptheindustry,acompromisewasreached.

Thetwocountriescontinuedtohavedifficultiesreachingacompromiseonasolutiontotheproblemofacidrain.

v.(usedinthepatterns:compromisewithsb.oversth.,compromiseonsth.)

Examples:Thegovernmenthascompromisedwithitscriticsovermonetarypolicies.

Israelhadoriginallywanted$1billioninaid,butcompromisedonthe$650million.

18. potential:thepossibilityofsth.happeningorbeingdeveloped

Examples:Thepotentialforabuseofgeneticengineeringhaspresentedsocietywithmanyethicalandlegalcontroversies.Thebestsingleindicatorofastate’sgreat-powerpotentialmaybeitstotalGross

DomesticProduct(GDP).Volcanoeshavethepotentialtocreatesomeoftheplanet’smostformidablenaturaldisasters.

thatcan,buthasnotyet,comeintobeing;possible

Examples:Inlargecitieswithamillionormorepotentialcustomers,therearemuchlargerclothingstoreswithmanymorechoicesofitemsandstyles.

InthearticleWilmutdiscussedpotentialmedicalusesforcloning,andethicalissuessurroundingcloningtechnology.

Scientistscanonlyspeculateonthepotentialimpactofthedepletionoftheozonelayer.

19. tolerate:allow(sth.)thatonedoesnotliketohappenorcontinue;putupwith

Examples:Collegepresidentsentletterstoeverystudentsayingthatdrugsoncampuswouldnotbetolerated.tolerated.

Teacherswillnottoleratecheatingonexams,justasparentswillnotlettheirchildrenlieandgetawaywithit.

20. ancient:belongingtotimesthatarelongpast

Examples:Furnituredesignshavereflectedthefashionofeveryerafromancienttimestothepresent.

Hebrewisanancientlanguagethatbecameextinct,buthasnowbeenbroughtbacktolifeandisspokentoday.

21. catalog:(alsocatalogue)acompletelistofitems

Examples:Usersoutsidethelibrarycanaccessmillionsofbibliographicrecords,includingtheentirecardcatalog,throughtheInternet.

DellsellsitsproductsdirectlytocustomersthroughtheInternetandmailordercatalogsratherthanthroughretailoutlets.

22. terrify:make(sb.)veryfrightened

Examples:FlyinghasterrifiedsomepeoplesincetheterroristsattackontheWorldTradeCenter.Thegunman’sthreatsterrifiedherintohandingoverthemoney.

23. normally:undernormalcircumstances;ordinarily

Examples:During26yearsofresearchonsharksIhavefoundthemtobenormallyunaggressiveandeventimidtowardman.

GreatlyaffectedbyElNino,areasthatarenormallywet,suchasIndonesia,thePhilippines,andeasternAustraliahaveexperienceddrought.

24. mixture:acombinationoftwoormorethingsorstyles

Examples:AmixtureofculturesfromaroundtheworldisreflectedinthestreetfestivalsandethniccelebrationsinNewYorkCity.

Offspringreceiveamixtureofgeneticinformationfrombothparents.Smog,amixtureofsmokeandfog,irritatestheeyes,throat,andlungsandalsodamagesplants.

25. brilliant:veryintelligent;extremelyclever

Examples:Withhisbrillianttheoreticalwork,AlbertEinsteinrevolutionized20-centuryphysics.

ItwashisbrilliantperformanceinHamletthatestablishedhisreputation.

TheHubbletelescopeisabrilliantnewdevicethatallowsustopeerfarmoredeeplyintotheheavens.

26. inherit:1)havefeaturesorqualitiesfromanancestor

Examples:Althoughallhumanssharethesamesetofgenes,individualscaninheritdifferentformsofagivengene,makingeachpersongeneticallyunique.

Deficienciesinimmunefunctionmaybeeitherinheritedoracquired.

Whilepeoplebiologicallyinheritmanyphysicaltraitsandbehavioralinstincts,cultureissociallyinherited.

2)receive(money,property,etc.ofanancestor)

Examples:Hehasnosontoinherithisland.

Maryinheritedthemoneyfromherparents.

27. comment:awrittenorspokenremarkgivinganopinion

Examples:Hewasmakingrudecommentsaboutherhaircut.

Therehasbeennocommentsofarfrompoliceaboutthebombattackhappeningyesterday,

v.(followedbyon)

Examples:Thepresidentrefusedtocommentontheissueofgunviolenceoncampus.

Theteachercommentedonthefactthatsomestudentswereabsentforclass.

28. genius:(apersonwhohas)exceptionallygreatcreativeability

Examples:ThomasEdisonisconsideredageniusofinvention.

Fromtheageofthree,sheshowedsignsofgenius.

29. atomic:concerningatomsortheenergyreleasedbythem

Examples:OnAugust6,1945,theUnitedStatesdroppedanatomicbombonHiroshima,Japan.

Astheatomicnucleiarefusedtogether,anextraordinaryamountofenergyisreleased.

30. curiosity:astrongdesiretoknowandlearn(followedbyabout)

Examples:Sciencemuseumsstimulatecuriosityandallowpeopletolearnattheirownpace.

AsayouthEinsteinshowedabrilliantcuriosityaboutnatureandanabilitytounderstanddifficultmathematicalconcepts.

MydaughtershowedanenthusiasmandcuriosityaboutChinesehistory.

31. letloose:setfree;release

Examples:Don’tletthatdoglooseintheyard,asitwillterrifythekids.

Traineeswillgothroughafour-hourlessonbeforetheyareletlooseonthecontrols.

32. transplant:1)removetissueoranorganfromonepersonoranimalandputitintoanother

Examples:Torepairinjuriessuchasburns,skinissometimestransplantedfromoneareaofthebodytoanother.another.

Theoperationtotransplantakidneyisnowfairlyroutine.

2)removeagrowingplantwithitsrootsandplantitelsewhere

Examples:TeawastransplantedfromChinatoIndiaandSriLanka.

Theseedlingscanbetransplantedwhentheyareaboutfourinchestall.

n.transplant(ation)

Examples:Insomeinstances,surgeonsmayperformalungtransplanttosaveapatient’slife.

Cloningmaygenerategeneticallymodifiedanimalorgansthataresuitablefortransplantationintohumans.

Advancesinorgantransplantationhavebroughtnewhopetothoseafflictedwithdiseasedorgans.

33. lashoutat:makeasuddenviolentattackatwithblowsorwords

Examples:Helashedoutatthemwithhisfists.

Itseemedthathewasgoingtolash