MarketResearchUnit2Introduction Marketresearchisdesignedtotestthemarkettodeterminetheacceptanceofaparticularproductorservice.Itisusedtoestablishwhichportionofthepopulationwillordoespurchaseaproductorservice,basedonage,gender,location,incomelevelandmanyothervariables（變量）.Marketresearchallowscompaniestolearnmoreaboutthepast,currentandpotentialcustomers,especiallytheirspecificlikesanddislikes.Discussion 1.Haveyoueverexperiencedanymarketresearch,likedoingaquestionnaire?Ifyes,pleasedescribeitbriefly 2.Doyouthinkmarketresearchishelpfulinpromotingthesalesofaproduct?Why？Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingListeningandSpeakingTask1MonicaandSaraaretalkingaboutdoingamarketresearchfortheirhairproduct—Rejoice.Listentotheirconversationandfillintheblanks.M—MonicaS—SaraM:Hi,Sara.1?S:I’mcool.M:Didyouhearthatwehavetodoa2forourhairproduct—Rejoice?S:Yes,Idid.M:AsfarasIamconcerned,itisquitea3task.S:True.Butitis4,too.M:How?S:Well,ithelpsusto5forustostudy.Withthat,weareabletofindwaystopromoteour productinthemarket.M:Howdoesthathelpustoincreasesales?S:Thedatacanprovideuswithallkindsofinformation.6,howcustomersthinkofthe qualityofourproduct;ifthepriceis7,etc.?M:Thenwhat?ListeningandSpeakingS:Thenextstepistoprocessthefeedback.Ifthequalityisnotdesirable,wemay8witha waytoimproveit.M:It9.S:Iassumethisisyourfirsttimedoingamarketresearch,right?M:Yeah!ActuallyIamalittlenervousaboutit.S:Takeiteasy!Allthingsaredifficultbeforetheygoeasy.M:Iagree.S:Besides,youcanalways10meforhelp.M:Thanks.Itisverykindofyou.S:Don’tmentionit!NewWordsandExpressions1.feedback n.theprocessinwhichpartoftheoutputofasystemisreturnedtoits inputinordertoregulateitsfurtheroutput反饋，反饋信息2.desirable a.worthhavingorseekingorachieving可取的，值得擁有的，

合意的ListeningandSpeakingTask2Task3Accordingtowhatyouheardandyourunderstandingoftheconversation,trytoretellthemaincontentinyourownwords.Listentotheconversationagainanddecidewhetherthestatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).1.Monicahasdoneamarketresearchbefore.2.SaraismoreexperiencedthanMonica.3.Theyaregoingtodoamarketresearch.4.Thepurposeofthemarketresearchisonlytoknowwhethercustomersaresatisfiedwiththeprice.5.Doingamarketresearchisaneasyjob.ListeningandSpeakingTask4Task5Workinpairstomakeupaconversation.Youaretalkingwithyourfriendabouttheimportanceofmarketresearch.NowMonicaandSaraenterintothestageofplanningthemarketresearch.Theyarediscussingthescheduleofit.Listentothefollowingconversationandfillintheblanks. M—MonicaS—SaraM:Hey,Sara!S:Hi!Todayisabigdayforourmarketresearch.Areyounervous?M:Alittle.Whatshallwedo?Wheredowestart?Isitdifficult?S:Wow,youaresoexcited.Basically,wehavesixstepstogothrough.M:sixsteps?S:Yes.Everyoneofthemis1thesuccess.M:I’m2.S:See!Thefirststepisto3theresearchpurpose,which4fortherestoftheresearchplan.M:Yes,Isee.S:Thesecondstepistoidentifywhatistobelearned,whichpointsusacleardirectionofwhat weshould

5.M:OK,sure.S:Obviously,youunderstandwhywehave6asthethirdstep.ListeningandSpeakingS:Thenexttwostepsareactuallymoreimportantthantheformerones.M:Youmeanevaluatingdataandanalyzingdata?S:Bydoingthese,wecanalwaysfind7allthequestions.M:Really?I’dliketoseethat.S:Thelaststepofcommunicatingtheresultshelpsus8ontheproblemswemayhave.M:Yourexplanationoftheseisquite9.Thanks.S:Youare10.NewWordsandExpressions1.evaluate v.judgetheworthofsomething評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)估2.analyze v.considerindetailandsubjecttoananalysisinordertodiscover essentialfeaturesormeaning分析，分解，解釋ListeningandSpeakingTask6Task7Accordingtowhatyouheardandyourunderstandingoftheconversation,trytoretellthemaincontentinyourownwords.Task8Listentotheconversationagainandanswerthefollowingquestionsorally.1.HowisMonicatoday?2.Howmanystepsdoesthemarketresearchhave?3.Whatisthefirststepofthemarketresearch?4.Whyisthefirststepimportant?5.Whatistheimportanceofthelaststep?Workinpairstomakeupaconversation.Afriendofyoursdoesnotknowhowtodoamarketresearch.Givehimsomeinformationaboutthat.Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingReadingIntensiveReadingMarketingResearch

Manyorganizationsfindthemarketstheyservearedynamicwithcustomers,competitors,andmarketconditionscontinuallychanging.Andmarketingeffortsthatworktodaycannotbereliedupontobesuccessfulinthefuture.Meetingchangingconditionsrequiresmarketershavesufficientmarketknowledgeinordertomaketherightadjustmentstotheirmarketingstrategy.ImportanceofMarketingResearchResearch,asageneralconcept,istheprocessofgatheringinformationtolearnaboutsomethingthatisnotfullyknown.Formarketers,researchisnotonlyusedforthepurposeoflearning,itisalsoacriticalcomponentneededtomakegooddecisions.Forinstance,goodresearchmaysuggestmultipleoptionsforintroducingnewproductsorenteringnewmarkets.Inmostcases,marketingdecisionsprovelessrisky,thoughtheyareneverriskfree,whenthemarketercanselectfrommorethanonlyoneoption.Usingananalogyofahousefoundation,marketingresearchcanbeviewedasthefoundationofmarketing.Justasawell-builthouserequiresastrongfoundationtoremainsturdy,marketingdecisionsneedthesupportofresearchinordertobeviewedfavorablybycustomersandstanduptocompetitionandotherexternalpressures.Consequently,allareasofmarketingandallmarketingdecisionsshouldbesupportedwithsomelevelofresearch.Reading

ResearchContentinMarketingAsnoted,marketingresearchisundertakentosupportawidevarietyofmarketingdecisions.Thetablebelowpresentsalistoftheresearchcontentoptionsundertakenbymarketingdecisionarea.Reading DoingResearchRightlyMarketingresearchisaprocessthatinvestigatesbothorganizationsandpeople.Ofcourse,organizationsaremadeupofpeople,sowhenitcomesdowntoit,marketingresearchisabranchofthesocialsciences.Socialsciencestudiespeopleandtheirrelationshipsandincludessuchareasaseconomics,sociology,andpsychology.Manyofthesemethodsrequiretheinstitutionoftightcontrolsonresearchprojects.Forinstance,manycompaniessurveyasmallpercentageoftheircustomers(calledasample)toseehowsatisfiedtheyarewiththecompany’sefforts.Theinformationobtainedfromthesmallgroupofcustomerswillbeusefulwhenevaluatinghowallcustomersfeel.Duringthesurvey,certaincontrolsmustbeinplace,includingcontrolsonwhoshouldbeincludedinthesample.Thus,doingresearchrightlymeansthenecessarycontrolsareadoptedtoensureitisdonecorrectlyandincreasethelikelihoodthattheresultsarerelevant.Relyingonresultsofresearchconductedincorrectlytomakedecisionscouldproveproblematicifnotdisastrous.Thousandsoffirmsusefaultyresearchtomakedecisions,includingmanydot-comcompaniesthatfailedsoonaftertheystarted.Asonemightexpect,doingresearchrightlyrequirestheincreaseincostandtime.Soabigdecisionformarketers,whenitcomestodoingresearch,istodeterminethebalancebetweentheneedforobtainingrelevantinformationandthecostsinvolvedincarryingouttheresearch.ReadingNewWordsandExpressions1.dynamic a.characterizedbyactionorforcefulnessorforceofpersonality動(dòng)態(tài)的，有

活力的2.adjustment n.makingorbecomingsuitable調(diào)整，調(diào)節(jié)3.analogy n.aninferencethatifthingsagreeinsomerespectstheyprobablyagree inothers類比，相似4.sturdy a.havingruggedphysicalstrength強(qiáng)健的，堅(jiān)固的5.consequently ad.asaconsequence因此，結(jié)果6.elasticity n.thetendencyofabodytoreturntoitsoriginalshapeafterithasbeen stretchedorcompressed彈力，彈性7.optimal a.mostdesirablepossibleunderarestrictionexpressedorimplied

最理想的，最佳的8.ensure v.makecertainof保險(xiǎn)，確保9.problematic a.opentodoubtordebate問題的，有疑問的10.dot-comcompany網(wǎng)上公司ReadingTask9Choosethecorrectoptiontocompletethesentencesbasedonyourunderstandingofthepassage.1.Meetingchangingconditionsrequiresmarketers（

）.A.beimportanttoeveryoneB.havesufficientmarketknowledgeC.onlyusethedataforthepurposeoflearning2.Thereasonwhythemarketersneedtohavesufficientmarketknowledgeisthat（

）.A.theycanmaketherightadjustmentstotheirmarketingstrategyB.marketingeffortsthatworktodaycannotbereliedupontobesuccessfulinthefutureC.themarketstheyservearedynamicwithcustomers,competitors,andmarketconditionscontinuallychanging3.Allareasofmarketingandallmarketingdecisionsshouldbesupported（

）.A.bythebossandemployeesB.byallcustomersC.withsomelevelofresearch4.Marketingresearchisaprocessto（

）.A.investigatepeopleB.investigateorganizationsC.investigatebothpeopleandorganizations5.Theinformationfromthesmallgroupofcustomerswillbeuseful（

）.A.ininvestigatingbothorganizationsandpeopleB.whenevaluatinghowallcustomersfeelC.whensurveyingsuppliersReadingTask10Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassage.Task11Fillintheblankswithoutreferringtothepassage.1.Whatisaresearch?2.Howdoesaresearchserveamarketer?3.Whatanalogyisusedinthepassage?Why?4.Howdoyouunderstand“doingresearchrightly”?5.Whatisrequiredinordertodotheresearchrightly? Sincethemarketis1withthecustomers,competitorsandmarketconditionscontinuallychanging,marketersneedtohavesufficientmarketknowledgeinordertomaketheright2totheirmarketingstrategy.Actually,nearlyeveryone3someformofresearch,whichistheprocessof4informationtolearnaboutsomethingthatisnotfullyknown.Asformarketers,researchisimportantforbothlearningnecessaryinformationandmakinggooddecisions.Howtodothemarketresearchrightisofcriticalimportance.Marketingresearchisaprocessthatinvestigatesboth5.Togainabetterunderstandingintothesefields,manymethodsareadopted.Theymainlyfocuson6onresearchprojects.Doingresearchrightmeansthenecessarycontrolsareinplaceto7itisdonecorrectlyandincreasethechancetheresultsarerelevant.Whenitcomestodoingresearch,marketersneedtodeterminethe8betweentheneedforobtainingrelevantinformationandthecostsinvolvedincarryingouttheresearch.ReadingTask12CompletethesentencesbytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebracketsintoEnglish.1.Wearelivingina

（不斷變化的世界）.2.Aftertheincident,heneedssometime

（做一些調(diào)整）.3.Areasonforustogeteducationistolearnto

（辨別是和非）.4.Healwaysquitclasses

.（因此，他考試不合格）.5.Wouldyoucheckyourworkagainto

（確保它的準(zhǔn)確性）?Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingReadingResearchTrends Inrecentyears,theevolutionofmarketingresearchhasbeendramaticwithmarketersgettingaccesstoawidevarietyoftoolsandtechniquestoimprovetheirhuntingforinformation.Forinstance,asthefoundationofmarketing,researchisthemostimportanttaskformarketing.Todaymarketersnotonlyviewresearchasakeyingredientinmakingdecisionsbutalsoconsiderinformationtobeacriticalfactoringainingadvantageovercompetitors.Thefollowingaresomeresearchtrends.AdvancedTechnologiesInadditiontotheInternet,marketingresearchhasbenefitedfromothertechnologicalimprovements.VirtualRealityandSimulations:Marketerscanusecomputer-developedvirtualworldstosimulatereal-worldcustomeractivitysuchasstoreshopping.Whilethistypeofresearchismostlyperformedinacontrolledlaboratorysetting,thereareemergingvirtualworldsontheInternetwheremarketerscantestconceptsandcommunicatewithcustomers.GlobalPositioningSystems:GPSenablesmarketerstotrackinventoryandeventrackmobilesalesandservicepersonnel.Today,GPShasbecomeacommontoolofcustomers’communicationdevices,suchascellphones,offeringmarketersthepotentialtolocateandtrackcustomers.Reading DataAnalysisSoftwareResearchincludesgatheringinformationandalsoinvolvesanalyzingwhatiscollected.Anumberofsoftwareandstatisticalprogramshavebeenrefinedtogivemarketersgreaterinsightintowhatthedatareallymeans.MergingDataSourcesThewiderangeoftechnologiesusedtogatherdatahasledtothecreationofdatacenterswhereinformationisstored.Todaymanyofthesedatacentersaresharinginformationwithothercentersinamannerthatoffersthemarketerafullerpictureoftheircustomers.Forinstance,manycompanieshavemultiplecontactpointswherecustomerscaninteractwiththecompany(e.g.in-person,ontheweb,andviaphonecall).Companiesnowseethevalueinknowingwhatcustomersdoacrossallcontactpointsandworktointegratecustomerinformation.Additionally,somemarketersaregoingoutsidetheirowndatacollectionandseekinformationontheircustomersfromothersources,suchasinformationprovidedbycreditcardcompanies.Thisinformationisthenmergedwiththecompany-ownedinformationtogetafullerpictureofcustomeractivity.ResearchasPromotionWhilemostpeopledonotequatemarketingresearchwithpromotion,thefactisthatmanycompaniesarediscoveringresearchcanalsofunctionasamajorpromotionaltool.Thepracticeofdistributingcompany-producedresearchreportstopotentialcustomersandthenewsmediahasbeenusedforanumberofyearsinscientificandtechnologyindustries.ReadingInrecentyears,thepracticehasexpandedintomanyotherfields,particularlyamongfirmsinvolvedinconsulting,healthcareandfinancialindustries.Suchreportsoftenprovidereaderswithinformationrelatedtoproductfeaturesandbenefits,comparedwithcompetitor’sofferingsandtargetmarketperceptions.RespondentCooperationThegrowingconcernwithprivacyisleadingmanycustomerstolimittheirparticipationinacompany’sresearchactivities.Thisincludescustomerschoosingnottorespondtocompanyrequeststotakepartinresearchstudiesthatmaycomeviatelephoneore-mailsolicitation.CustomersarealsobecomingmoreawareofhowtheirInternetactivitiesaretrackedandarerespondingbyusingtechniquestorestrictmarketerstrackingefforts.Forexample,marketerscanplacesmalldatafilescalledcookiesoncustomers’computerandthenusethistotracktheiractivities.Manycustomersarelearningtodisablethecookiestolimitthetracking.ReadingNewWordsandExpressions1.ingredient n.component,elements成分，原料2.insatiable a.impossibletosatisfy不知足的，貪得無厭的3.integrate v.makeintoawholeormakepartofawhole使……合為一體4.additionally ad.urthermore加之，又5.equate v.considerordescribeassimilar,equal相當(dāng)于，等于6.via prep.through,by通過，憑借7.solicitation n.theactofenticingapersontodosomethingwrong懇求，教唆8.trackv.follow(ananimal,etc.)bythemark,footprints,etc.跟蹤，追蹤9.cookien.ashortlineoftextthatawebsiteputsonyourcomputer’sharddrivewhenyouaccessthewebsite插件ReadingTask13Lookthroughthepassagequicklyandchoosethebestanswerfromthechoices.1.Howdomarketersthinkofresearch?A.Theyviewresearchasakeyingredientinmakingmarketingdecisions.B.Theyalsoconsiderittobeacriticalfactoringainingadvantageovercompetitors.C.BothAandB.2.WhatcanmarketersdoontheInternetvirtualworlds?A.Testconceptsandcommunicatewithcustomers.B.Improvecustomer-to-companycommunication.C.Encouragecustomerstoofferfeedbackonthecompany’sproducts.3.TheGlobalPositioningSystemshelpmarketers（

）.A.togatherinformationandanalyzewhatiscollectedB.tosimulatereal-worldcustomeractivityC.totrackinventoryandeventrackmobilesalesandservicepersonnel4.Themergingdatacentershelpmarketers（

）.A.toseeafullerpictureoftheircustomersB.tostoreinformationC.tohavegreaterinsightintowhatthedatareallymeans5.Whataremanycompaniesdiscoveringresearchcanalsofunctionas?A.Advancesintechnology.B.Themergingofinformationsources.C.Amajorpromotionaltool.ReadingTask14Completethefollowingsentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.1.Todaymarketersviewresearchasakey

inmakingmarketingdecisions.2..Anumberofsoftwareand

havebeenrefinedtogivemarketersgreaterinsightintowhatthedatareallymeans.3.Thewiderangeoftechnologiesusedtogatherdatahasledtothe

whereinformationisstored.4.Companiesnowseethevalueinknowingwhatcustomersdoacrossallcontactpointsandworkto

customerinformation.5.Thegrowingconcernwith

isleadingmanycustomerstolimittheirparticipationinacompany’sresearchactivities.Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingCaseStudyTask15 LiMingownsaprivatecompanyoflaptops.Herunshisbusinessinthebeliefthatqualityisthekeytosuccessandnothingelseisneeded.Whencompetitioninthisfieldgotfierce,themarketsharekeptdropping.Heandhisteambegantoanalyzetheproblem.Finally,theydecidedtohaveamarketresearchtogainabetterpictureofthewholemarket.Theychosetoconducttheresearchamongpeopletheymetinthestreet.Theresearch,accordingtotheirunderstanding,shouldonlyconsistoftwoparts:qualityandpricing.Aftertheresearch,theygeneratedsomenewstrategies,butthesalesstillstayedlow.Workingroups,anddiscussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartners.1.HowdoyouthinkofLiMing’smarketresearch?2.Whatarethestrongpointsandweakpointsofhisresearch?Contents目錄ListeningandSpeakingReading—Passage2Reading—Passage1CaseStudyGrammarandUsagePracticalWritingGrammarandUsageParticiple分詞

分詞就是同時(shí)具有動(dòng)詞及形容詞特征的詞，尤指以-ing，-ed，-d，-t，-en或-n結(jié)尾的英語動(dòng)詞性形容詞，具有形容詞功能，同時(shí)又表現(xiàn)出各種動(dòng)詞性特點(diǎn)，如時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、帶狀語性修飾語的性能及帶賓語的性能。1．分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

（1）分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，其否定形式為“not+分詞”?，F(xiàn)在分詞分為一般式和完成式。一般式用來指和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的行為；完成式（having+過去分詞）用來指在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

例如 Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他對(duì)書感興趣。 Havingstudiedinuniversityfor3years,heknowsthewayverywell.在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了3年，他對(duì)這種方式很了解。

（2）現(xiàn)在分詞分為一般式和完成式，且有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，分詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語的動(dòng)作，就用分詞完成式的被動(dòng)形式。

例如 Thequestionbeingdiscussedisimportant.正討論的這個(gè)問題很重要。 Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.經(jīng)過老師的批評(píng)，李明戒煙了。

注意：過去分詞本身即表示動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)和完成。GrammarandUsage2．分詞的用法

（1）作定語

分詞短語作定語時(shí)，放在被修飾的名詞之后；單個(gè)分詞作定語時(shí)，放在被修飾的名詞之前。

例如 Themanstandingbythewindowsisourteacher.站在窗戶旁邊的那個(gè)男人是我們的老師。

Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.興奮的人們沖進(jìn)了建筑物。

注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先有后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，而要用定語從句。

例如 Theteachercriticizedthestudentwhohadbrokenthewindow.老師批評(píng)了打破窗戶的那個(gè)學(xué)生。 1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語

①現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語時(shí)表示狀態(tài)，作后置定語時(shí)表示動(dòng)作。

例如 Theworkingpeoplearethewisest.勞動(dòng)者是最明智的。 Thefarmersworkinghereareverybusy.在此工作的人們非常忙碌。

能前置的現(xiàn)在分詞為數(shù)不多，常見的大都是已被形容詞化了的。現(xiàn)在分詞前常有程度副詞，有些現(xiàn)在分詞前甚至還有比較等級(jí)。

例如 Ihavebroughtveryexcitingnewstoyou.

我給你帶來了一個(gè)非常令人興奮的消息。 ThisisthemostexcitingstorythatIhaveeverheard.

這是我聽到的最令人興奮的故事。GrammarandUsage2．分詞的用法

②有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這些現(xiàn)在分詞若改為定語從句應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

例如 Didyoutellthechildrenplayingtherenottomakeanynoise? Didyoutellthechildrenwhowereplayingtherenottomakeanynoise?

你有沒有告訴在那邊玩耍的孩子們不要發(fā)出噪聲？ TheAmericanpresidentvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday. TheAmericanpresidentwhoisvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday.

正在中國訪問的美國總統(tǒng)將于星期六歸國。

有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在（或當(dāng)時(shí)）的狀態(tài)。此類現(xiàn)在分詞若改為定語從句應(yīng)用一般時(shí)態(tài)，而不應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

例如Theystayedatahotelstanding(whichstood)bythelake.他們住在湖邊的旅館里。 Thetemplestanding(thatstood)ontopofthehillwasbuiltintheMingDynasty.

聳立在山頂?shù)乃聫R始建于明代。GrammarandUsage2．分詞的用法

③從形式來看，前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為單個(gè)分詞，而后置現(xiàn)在分詞多為短語。但也不是絕對(duì)如此，要視情況而定。要是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，即使是單個(gè)分詞也應(yīng)后置。

例如 Look!ThegirlsingingisAliceandtheonedancingisMary.看！唱歌的小姑娘是愛麗絲，跳舞的那個(gè)是瑪麗。

從內(nèi)容來講，前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為不及物動(dòng)詞，一般沒有自己的賓語或狀語。后置現(xiàn)在分詞可帶賓語或狀語。

例如 Barkingdogsseldombite.愛叫的狗不咬人。 Thepersontranslatingthesongcanspeaksevenlanguages.翻譯這首歌的人可以說7種語言。

注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式與被動(dòng)式一般都不能用作前置定語，而用作后置定語。

例如 Byafasterthananythingbeingdonepreviously.實(shí)際上與以往相比，這是最快的。GrammarandUsage2．分詞的用法 2）過去分詞作定語

過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作或是在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，或是沒有一定的時(shí)間性。

例如 ThisisabookwrittenbyafamousChinesewriter.這本書的作者是一位著名的中國作家。 Heisamanlovedbyall.他是一個(gè)被所有人喜愛的人。

如果所指動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生或與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，可用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式作定語。

例如 Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsbeingdiscussedhere.我們必須對(duì)在此討論的事情保密。

如果是指一個(gè)未來動(dòng)作，可用不定式的被動(dòng)形式作定語。

例如 Youareinvitedtoapartytobegivenatourinstituteat6:00nextSundayevening.你受邀參加一個(gè)于下周日晚6點(diǎn)在我們所舉行的派對(duì)。GrammarandUsage2．分詞的用法

（2）作狀語

分詞或分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。

例如 Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.（表原因）因?yàn)槲沂菍W(xué)生，所以我必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。 Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.（表時(shí)間）看書時(shí)，他時(shí)不時(shí)地點(diǎn)頭。 Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbythestudents.（表方式）老師站在那里，旁邊圍著一群學(xué)生。

分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。如果分詞與句子的主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用doing表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用havingdone表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如果分詞與句子的主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用done強(qiáng)調(diào)在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可用havingbeendone表示。表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時(shí)可由連接詞while或when引出。

有時(shí)“with（without）+名詞（或代詞賓語）+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)也可表示伴隨狀況。

例如 Helayhalfdead,withallhisribsbroken.他所有肋骨都斷了，像死了一樣躺在那里。

當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時(shí)，分詞前必須加上自己的主語，此結(jié)構(gòu)被稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

例如 Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.只要時(shí)間允許，我將完成另外一課。GrammarandUsage2．分詞的用法

（3）作表語。 Thenewsisinspiring.這個(gè)消息真的振奮人心。 Theglassisbroken.那個(gè)玻璃杯破了。

（4）作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.我看見那位老師正在做實(shí)驗(yàn)。

在see，hear，watch，fell，observe，have，notice等動(dòng)詞后，既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，也可以用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，但兩者的含義是有區(qū)別的：用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生（即處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結(jié)束），用不定式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了（即動(dòng)作全過程結(jié)束了）。

例如 Isawthegirlgettingonthebus.我看到那個(gè)女孩正在上公交車。 Isawthegirlgetonthebus.我看到那個(gè)女孩坐上了公交車。

注意：“have+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”表示主體使客體處于某狀態(tài)或做某事；“have+賓語+過去分詞”表示動(dòng)作是別人做的。

例如 Hehadhisclotheswashed.他叫別人洗了衣服。 Wehadthefireburningallday.我們讓火燃燒了一整天。GrammarandUsage3．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

（1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成方式為名詞普通格或代詞主格+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語等。 1）名詞（或代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞

現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

例如 Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.那個(gè)男人躺在那里，手在發(fā)抖。

有時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞being或havingbeen在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中可以省略。

例如 Theweather（being）fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting.如果天氣依然這么好，我們打算出去。 2）名詞（或代詞）+過去分詞

過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作。

例如 Thegirllayonherback,herhandscrossedunderherhead.那個(gè)女孩仰躺著，雙手交叉放在她的頭下。GrammarandUsage3．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)3）名詞（或代詞）+形容詞（短語）

形容詞（短語）在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中說明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等。

例如 Thefloorwet,wehadtostayoutsideforawhile.地板潮濕，我們要在外面待一段時(shí)間。 4）名詞（或代詞）+副詞

副詞在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中也多是說明名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。

例如 Themeetingover,weallwenthome.會(huì)議結(jié)束了，我們?nèi)蓟丶伊恕?5）名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語。 Theteachercamein,abookinhishand.老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著一本書。 6）名詞（或代詞）+不定式（短語）

不定式表示將來的動(dòng)作。

例如 Hesuggestedgoingforapicnic,Marytoprovidethefood.他建議去野炊，到時(shí)瑪麗提供食物。

有時(shí)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞前的定語可以省略。

例如 Theboysatquietlyintheoffice,(his)eyesclosed,(a)bookin(his)hand.男孩靜靜地站在辦公室，閉著雙眼，手上拿著一本書。GrammarandUsage3．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

（2）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 1）作狀語

①表示時(shí)間。 Herhomeworkdone(=Afterhishomeworkwasdone),Marydecidedtogoshopping.作業(yè)完成后，瑪麗打算去購物。

②表示原因。 Therebeingnobuses(=Becausetherewerenobuses),wehadtowalkhome.沒有公交車了，我們不得不步行走回家。

③表示條件。 Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),we’llgotoplaybasketball.只要天氣允許，我們就去打籃球。

④表示方式或伴隨。 Hesatatthetable,headdown.他低著頭，坐在桌子旁。 2）作同位語。 Manypeoplejoinedinthework,someofthemwomenandchildren.許多人，包括一些婦女和小孩，都加入了工作中。 3）作定語。 Closetothebank,wesawdeeppools,thewaterbluelikethesky.接近岸邊，我們看到了深湖，湖水如藍(lán)天般清澈。

（3）有時(shí)，with或without引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作定語或狀語。 Doyouknowthegirlwithabasketonherback?你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)背著籃子的女孩嗎？Task16GrammarandUsageChoosethebestanswerforeachofthefollowingsentences.1.Thestormleft,alotofdamagetothisarea. A.causedB.tohavecausedC.tocauseD.havingcaused2.Ministerexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere. A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added3.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,itthemostpopularsportintheworld. A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake4.MostoftheartiststothepartywerefromSouthAfrica. A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited5.Thecomputercenterlastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool. A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened6.Soontheycouldseesteamfromthewet