高三英語期中測試卷與答案詳解一、聽力部分（共30分，每小題1.5分）（一）聽力原文Text1

M:Hi,Lily.I’mgoingtothesupermarket.Doyouneedanything?

W:Oh,yes.Canyougetmealoafofbreadandabottleofmilk?Text2

W:Whattimeisthemeeting?

M:It’sscheduledfor3p.m.,butithasbeenpostponedto4p.m.Text3

M:Howdoyoulikethisdress?

W:It’snice,butIthinktheblueonesuitsyoubetter.Text4

W:I’mreallyworriedaboutmymathexamnextweek.

M:Don’tbe.You’vebeenstudyinghard.I’msureyou’lldowell.Text5

M:Excuseme,canyoutellmewherethenearestpostofficeis?

W:Sure.Gostraightaheadfortwoblocks,thenturnleft.It’sonyourright.Text6

M:I’mthinkingofbuyinganewcar.WhatdoyouthinkofanSUV?

W:Well,itdepends.Ifyouoftendriveonroughroads,anSUVisagoodchoice.Butifyoumostlydriveinthecity,asedanmightbemoresuitable.Text7

W:I’mgoingtovisitmygrandparentsthisweekend.

M:That’snice.Howareyougettingthere?

W:I’mtakingthetrain.It’smoreconvenientthandriving.Text8

M:Thepartylastnightwasreallygreat.Didn’tyouthinkso?

W:Yeah,themusicwaswonderfulandthefoodwasdelicious.Butitwasabitcrowded.Text9

W:I’mhavingtroublesleepingthesedays.

M:Maybeyoushouldtrysomerelaxationtechniques,likelisteningtosoftmusicortakingawarmbathbeforebed.Text10

M:I’mplanningatriptoEuropenextmonth.

W:Thatsoundsexciting.Whichcountriesareyougoingtovisit?

M:I’mthinkingofFrance,ItalyandSpain.（二）題目及答案解析1.Whatwillthemanprobablybuyforthewoman?A.Aloafofbreadandabottleofmilk.B.Acakeandacartonofjuice.C.Asandwichandacanofcola.答案：A

解析：根據(jù)Text1中女士所說“Canyougetmealoafofbreadandabottleofmilk?”可知，男士可能會為女士買一條面包和一瓶牛奶，故選A。

2.Whenwillthemeetingbeheld?A.At3p.m.B.At4p.m.C.At5p.m.答案：B

解析：由Text2中男士所說“It’sscheduledfor3p.m.,butithasbeenpostponedto4p.m.”可知，會議推遲到下午4點(diǎn)舉行，故選B。

3.Whichdressdoesthewomanthinksuitsthemanbetter?A.Theredone.B.Theblueone.C.Theblackone.答案：B

解析：根據(jù)Text3中女士所說“Ithinktheblueonesuitsyoubetter.”可知，女士認(rèn)為藍(lán)色連衣裙更適合男士，故選B。

4.Howdoesthemancomfortthewoman?A.Bysayingsheisverysmart.B.Bysayingshehasstudiedhard.C.Bysayingtheexamiseasy.答案：B

解析：從Text4中男士所說“You’vebeenstudyinghard.I’msureyou’lldowell.”可知，男士通過說女士學(xué)習(xí)很努力來安慰她，故選B。

5.Howcanthemangettothenearestpostoffice?A.Gostraightandturnright.B.Gostraightandturnleft.C.Turnleftandgostraight.答案：B

解析：依據(jù)Text5中女士所說“Gostraightaheadfortwoblocks,thenturnleft.It’sonyourright.”可知，男士直走然后左轉(zhuǎn)就能到達(dá)最近的郵局，故選B。

6.WhatdoesthewomanthinkofanSUV?A.It’ssuitableforcitydriving.B.It’sagoodchoiceforroughroads.C.It’smoreexpensivethanasedan.答案：B

解析：根據(jù)Text6中女士所說“Ifyouoftendriveonroughroads,anSUVisagoodchoice.”可知，女士認(rèn)為SUV適合在崎嶇道路上行駛，是一個不錯的選擇，故選B。

7.Howisthewomangoingtovisithergrandparents?A.Bycar.B.Bybus.C.Bytrain.答案：C

解析：從Text7中女士所說“I’mtakingthetrain.It’smoreconvenientthandriving.”可知，女士打算乘火車去看望祖父母，故選C。

8.Whatdidthemanthinkofthepartylastnight?A.Themusicwasbad.B.Thefoodwasterrible.C.Itwasgreat.答案：C

解析：根據(jù)Text8中男士所說“Thepartylastnightwasreallygreat.”可知，男士認(rèn)為昨晚的派對很棒，故選C。

9.Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomandotosolvehersleepingproblem?A.Takesomemedicine.B.Listentosoftmusicortakeawarmbath.C.Exercisebeforebed.答案：B

解析：由Text9中男士所說“Maybeyoushouldtrysomerelaxationtechniques,likelisteningtosoftmusicortakingawarmbathbeforebed.”可知，男士建議女士聽輕柔的音樂或睡前洗個熱水澡來解決睡眠問題，故選B。

10.WhichcountriesisthemangoingtovisitinEurope?A.France,GermanyandItaly.B.France,ItalyandSpain.C.England,ItalyandSpain.答案：B

解析：根據(jù)Text10中男士所說“I’mthinkingofFrance,ItalyandSpain.”可知，男士打算去法國、意大利和西班牙，故選B。二、閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）（一）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀理解1文本

Thedevelopmentofartificialintelligence(AI)hasbroughtaboutsignificantchangesinvariousfields.Inthemedicalfield,AIcanassistdoctorsindiagnosingdiseasesmoreaccuratelyandquickly.Forexample,itcananalyzemedicalimagessuchasX-raysandCTscanstodetectearlysignsofdiseaseslikecancer.Intheeducationfield,AI-poweredtutoringsystemscanprovidepersonalizedlearningexperiencesforstudents.Thesesystemscanadapttothelearningpaceandstyleofeachstudent,offeringtargetedexercisesandexplanations.Inthebusinessworld,AIisusedforcustomerservice,marketanalysis,andsupplychainmanagement.Chatbotscanhandlealargenumberofcustomerinquiries,providinginstantresponsesandimprovingcustomersatisfaction.題目

1.WhatisoneoftheapplicationsofAIinthemedicalfield?A.Providingpersonalizedlearningexperiences.B.Analyzingmedicalimagestodetectdiseases.C.Handlingcustomerinquiries.D.Managingthesupplychain.答案：B

解析：根據(jù)文本“Inthemedicalfield,AIcanassistdoctorsindiagnosingdiseasesmoreaccuratelyandquickly.Forexample,itcananalyzemedicalimagessuchasX-raysandCTscanstodetectearlysignsofdiseaseslikecancer.”可知，AI在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域的一個應(yīng)用是分析醫(yī)學(xué)影像來檢測疾病，故選B。

2.HowcanAI-poweredtutoringsystemsbenefitstudentsintheeducationfield?A.Theycanreplaceteacherscompletely.B.Theycanofferpersonalizedlearningexperiences.C.Theycandiagnosestudents’diseases.D.Theycanmanagethebusinesssupplychain.答案：B

解析：由文本“Intheeducationfield,AI-poweredtutoringsystemscanprovidepersonalizedlearningexperiencesforstudents.Thesesystemscanadapttothelearningpaceandstyleofeachstudent,offeringtargetedexercisesandexplanations.”可知，AI驅(qū)動的輔導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)能為學(xué)生提供個性化的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)，故選B。

3.WhatistheuseofAIinthebusinessworldaccordingtothetext?A.Onlyforcustomerservice.B.Onlyformarketanalysis.C.Forcustomerservice,marketanalysis,andsupplychainmanagement.D.Foranalyzingmedicalimages.答案：C

解析：根據(jù)文本“Inthebusinessworld,AIisusedforcustomerservice,marketanalysis,andsupplychainmanagement.”可知，AI在商業(yè)領(lǐng)域可用于客戶服務(wù)、市場分析和供應(yīng)鏈管理，故選C。閱讀理解2文本

TheGreatBarrierReef,locatedoffthecoastofQueensland,Australia,istheworld’slargestcoralreefsystem.Itishometoavastvarietyofmarinelife,includingover1,500speciesoffish,400speciesofcoral,andmanyothercreaturessuchasturtles,sharks,anddolphins.However,thereefisfacingnumerousthreats.Climatechangeiscausingrisingseatemperatures,whichleadtocoralbleaching.Coralbleachingoccurswhencoralsexpelthealgaelivingintheirtissues,turningwhiteandoftendying.Pollutionfromagriculturalrunoffandcoastaldevelopmentalsoharmsthereef.Overfishingdisruptsthebalanceofthemarineecosystem.Toprotectthereef,theAustraliangovernmenthasimplementedaseriesofmeasures,includingsettingupmarineprotectedareas,reducingpollution,andpromotingsustainablefishingpractices.題目

4.WhatistheGreatBarrierReef?A.AlargeforestinAustralia.B.Theworld’slargestcoralreefsystem.C.AmountainrangeinQueensland.D.AcityontheAustraliancoast.答案：B

解析：由文本“TheGreatBarrierReef,locatedoffthecoastofQueensland,Australia,istheworld’slargestcoralreefsystem.”可知，大堡礁是世界上最大的珊瑚礁系統(tǒng)，故選B。

5.WhataresomeofthethreatstotheGreatBarrierReef?A.Risingseatemperatures,pollution,andoverfishing.B.Earthquakesandtsunamis.C.Deforestationanddesertification.D.Volcaniceruptions.答案：A

解析：根據(jù)文本“Climatechangeiscausingrisingseatemperatures,whichleadtocoralbleaching.Pollutionfromagriculturalrunoffandcoastaldevelopmentalsoharmsthereef.Overfishingdisruptsthebalanceofthemarineecosystem.”可知，大堡礁面臨的威脅有海水溫度上升、污染和過度捕撈，故選A。

6.WhatmeasureshastheAustraliangovernmenttakentoprotectthereef?A.Buildingmorecoastalcities.B.Settingupmarineprotectedareas,reducingpollution,andpromotingsustainablefishingpractices.C.Encouragingoverfishing.D.Increasingpollution.答案：B

解析：由文本“Toprotectthereef,theAustraliangovernmenthasimplementedaseriesofmeasures,includingsettingupmarineprotectedareas,reducingpollution,andpromotingsustainablefishingpractices.”可知，澳大利亞政府采取了建立海洋保護(hù)區(qū)、減少污染和推廣可持續(xù)捕魚措施來保護(hù)大堡礁，故選B。（二）第二節(jié)（七選五，共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）文本

HowtoImproveYourPublicSpeakingSkills

Publicspeakingisavaluableskillthatcanbenefityouinmanyaspectsoflife,fromcareeradvancementtosocialinteractions.71Herearesometipstohelpyouimproveyourpublicspeakingskills.

First,preparethoroughly.Knowyourtopicinsideout.Doin-depthresearchandorganizeyourideaslogically.72Awell-structuredspeechwillhelpyouraudiencefollowyourideaseasily.

Second,practiceyourdelivery.Standinfrontofamirrorandpracticespeaking.Payattentiontoyourbodylanguage,facialexpressions,andeyecontact.73Youcanalsorecordyourselfandwatchthevideotoidentifyareasforimprovement.

Third,manageyournerves.It’snormaltofeelnervousbeforespeakinginpublic.Takedeepbreathsandtrytorelax.74Visualizeyourselfgivingasuccessfulspeechandreceivingpositivefeedback.

Finally,getfeedback.Afteryourspeech,askforfeedbackfromyouraudienceorcolleagues.75Usetheirsuggestionstomakefurtherimprovements.

A.Thiswillboostyourconfidence.

B.Knowyouraudience.

C.Aclearandorganizedspeechisessential.

D.Findoutwhatyoudidwellandwhatyoucanimprove.

E.Itcanalsohelpyouovercomeyourfearofpublicspeaking.

F.Usepositiveself-talktoencourageyourself.

G.Startbychoosinganinterestingtopic.題目及答案解析

71.E解析：前文提到“Publicspeakingisavaluableskillthatcanbenefityouinmanyaspectsoflife”，說明公眾演講是有價(jià)值的技能，E選項(xiàng)“Itcanalsohelpyouovercomeyourfearofpublicspeaking.”進(jìn)一步說明它能幫助克服公眾演講恐懼，與前文銜接且引出下文提高演講技能的建議，符合語境。

72.C解析：此段強(qiáng)調(diào)準(zhǔn)備要充分，組織想法要有邏輯性，C選項(xiàng)“Aclearandorganizedspeechisessential.”提到清晰有條理的演講很重要，與“organizeyourideaslogically”相呼應(yīng)，且后文“Awell-structuredspeechwillhelpyouraudiencefollowyourideaseasily.”也圍繞演講結(jié)構(gòu)清晰展開，符合文意。

73.A解析：前文提到注意肢體語言、面部表情和眼神交流，A選項(xiàng)“Thiswillboostyourconfidence.”說明這樣做會增強(qiáng)你的信心，與前文的行為能帶來的積極效果相契合，且與后文通過錄像找改進(jìn)點(diǎn)共同圍繞演講表現(xiàn)展開。

74.F解析：該段講管理緊張情緒，前面提到深呼吸放松，F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)“Usepositiveself-talktoencourageyourself.”提出用積極的自我對話鼓勵自己，也是管理緊張情緒的有效方法，與前后文邏輯一致。

75.D解析：前文說演講后向觀眾或同事尋求反饋，D選項(xiàng)“Findoutwhatyoudidwellandwhatyoucanimprove.”說明要了解自己做得好和需要改進(jìn)的地方，與后文“Usetheirsuggestionstomakefurtherimprovements.”相呼應(yīng)，符合獲取反饋并改進(jìn)的邏輯。三、語言知識運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）（一）完形填空（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）文本

IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstlearnedtorideabike.ItwasasunnySaturdaymorning.Myfathertookmetoalargeopenfield.Hetoldmetogetonthebikeandholdthehandlebarstightly.16,Iwasverynervousandafraidoffallingoff.Myfatherheldthebackofthebiketokeepmesteady.Hekeptencouragingmetopedal.17,whenheletgoofthebike,Iimmediatelylostmybalanceandfelltotheground.Igotup,alittle18,butIdidn’tgiveup.Myfatherpattedmeontheshoulderandsaid,“It’sokay.Tryagain.”Igotbackonthebikeandtriedoncemore.Thistime,Imanagedtorideafewmetersbeforefallingagain.19,witheachattempt,Iwasgettingbetter.Afterseveralmoretries,Ifinallymanagedtoridethebikesteadilyforalongdistance.Iwasso20thatIcouldn’tstopsmiling.Myfatherwasalsovery21.Hegavemeabighugandsaid,“Youdidit!”

Learningtorideabikewasnotjustaboutmasteringanewskill.Italsotaughtmeanimportantlessonabout22.IlearnedthatIshouldnevergiveupinthefaceofdifficulties.Withperseveranceandpractice,IcouldachieveanythingIsetmymindto.Thisexperiencehas23methroughoutmylife.WheneverIfaceachallenge,Ithinkofthatdayand24myselfthatIcanovercomeit.Justlikelearningtorideabike,Ineedtokeeptryingandnotbeafraidof25.題目及答案解析

16.A.AtfirstB.AtlastC.IntheendD.Inaway答案：A

解析：根據(jù)后文“Iwasverynervousandafraidoffallingoff”以及后面父親扶著車，可知一開始“我”很緊張，A選項(xiàng)“Atfirst”表示“起初，一開始”，符合語境；B選項(xiàng)“Atlast”和C選項(xiàng)“Intheend”都表示“最后”；D選項(xiàng)“Inaway”表示“在某種程度上”，均不符合。

17.A.HoweverB.ThereforeC.BesidesD.Otherwise答案：A

解析：前文父親扶著車鼓勵“我”蹬車，后文“whenheletgoofthebike,Iimmediatelylostmybalanceandfelltotheground”表示父親一松手“我”就摔倒，前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，A選項(xiàng)“However”表示“然而”，符合；B選項(xiàng)“Therefore”表示“因此”；C選項(xiàng)“Besides”表示“此外”；D選項(xiàng)“Otherwise”表示“否則”，都不合適。

18.A.excitedB.disappointedC.surprisedD.satisfied答案：B

解析：“我”摔倒后，心情應(yīng)該是有點(diǎn)失望的，B選項(xiàng)“disappointed”符合；A選項(xiàng)“excited”是“興奮的”；C選項(xiàng)“surprised”是“驚訝的”；D選項(xiàng)“satisfied”是“滿意的”，均不符合“我”摔倒后的情緒。

19.A.GraduallyB.SuddenlyC.ImmediatelyD.Fortunately答案：A

解析：根據(jù)“witheachattempt,Iwasgettingbetter”可知，隨著每次嘗試，“我”逐漸變好，A選項(xiàng)“Gradually”表示“逐漸地”，符合；B選項(xiàng)“Suddenly”是“突然地”；C選項(xiàng)“Immediately”是“立刻，馬上”；D選項(xiàng)“Fortunately”是“幸運(yùn)地”，都不符合逐漸進(jìn)步的語境。

20.A.sadB.angryC.happyD.worried答案：C

解析：“我”最終能穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地騎很長距離，心情肯定是開心的，C選項(xiàng)“happy”符合；A選項(xiàng)“sad”是“悲傷的”；B選項(xiàng)“angry”是“生氣的”；D選項(xiàng)“worried”是“擔(dān)心的”，均不符合。

21.A.angryB.calmC.proudD.nervous答案：C

解析：“我”成功騎車了，父親應(yīng)該是很驕傲的，C選項(xiàng)“proud”表示“驕傲的，自豪的”，符合；A選項(xiàng)“angry”是“生氣的”；B選項(xiàng)“calm”是“平靜的”；D選項(xiàng)“nervous”是“緊張的”，都不符合父親此時的情緒。

22.A.courageB.perseveranceC.intelligenceD.creativity答案：B

解析：后文提到“IlearnedthatIshouldnevergiveupinthefaceofdifficulties.Withperseveranceandpractice,IcouldachieveanythingIsetmymindto.”，可知學(xué)騎車教會了“我”堅(jiān)持的重要性，B選項(xiàng)“perseverance”表示“堅(jiān)持，毅力”，符合；A選項(xiàng)“courage”是“勇氣”；C選項(xiàng)“intelligence”是“智力”；D選項(xiàng)“creativity”是“創(chuàng)造力”，均不符合。

23.A.hurtB.helpedC.troubledD.changed答案：B

解析：根據(jù)后文“WheneverIfaceachallenge,Ithinkofthatday”可知，這次經(jīng)歷一生都在幫助“我”，B選項(xiàng)“helped”符合；A選項(xiàng)“hurt”是“傷害”；C選項(xiàng)“troubled”是“困擾”；D選項(xiàng)“changed”是“改變”，這里強(qiáng)調(diào)幫助應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)，“helped”更合適。

24.A.tellB.askC.warnD.promise答案：A

解析：“我”想起那天的經(jīng)歷，會告訴自己能克服挑戰(zhàn)，A選項(xiàng)“tell”表示“告訴”，符合；B選項(xiàng)“ask”是“問”；C選項(xiàng)“warn”是“警告”；D選項(xiàng)“promise”是“承諾”，均不符合語境。

25.A.successB.failureC.difficultyD.pleasure答案：C

解析：學(xué)騎車過程中會遇到困難，這里說像學(xué)騎車一樣，要不斷嘗試，不怕困難，C選項(xiàng)“difficulty”符合；A選項(xiàng)“success”是“成功”；B選項(xiàng)“failure”是“失敗”；D選項(xiàng)“pleasure”是“快樂”，均不符合。（二）語法填空（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）文本

Chinaisacountrywithalonghistoryandrichculture.TheChineseNewYear,also26(know)astheSpringFestival,isthemostimportanttraditionalfestivalinChina.Itusuallyfalls27JanuaryorFebruary.Beforethefestival,peoplearebusypreparingforit.Theycleantheirhousesthoroughlytosweepawaythebadluckanddecoratethemwithredlanternsandcouplets.RedisaluckycolorinChineseculture,28(symbol)goodfortuneandhappiness.OntheeveoftheSpringFestival,familiesgettogetherandhaveabigdinner.Dumplingsareamust-havedish,29(especial)innorthernChina.Theyarebelievedtobringwealthandgoodluck.Childrenareespeciallyexcitedbecausetheycangetredenvelopes30(fill)withmoneyfromtheirelders.Duringthefestival,peoplevisittheirrelativesandfriends,wishingeachothergoodluckandahappynewyear.TheSpringFestivalGalaonCCTVisalsoaverypopularprogram,31iswatchedbymillionsofpeopleacrossthecountry.Asthefestivalcomestoanend,peoplestarttolookforwardtothenextone.ThespiritoftheSpringFestival,whichemphasizesfamilyreunionand32(happy),willalwaysremainintheheartsoftheChinesepeople.InadditiontotheSpringFestival,Chinaalsohasmanyothertraditionalfestivals,33(such)astheMid-AutumnFestivalandtheDragonBoatFestival.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniquecustomsandtraditions,34(reflect)thediversityofChineseculture.Overall,thesetraditionalfestivalsplayanimportantrolein35(keep)theChineseculturealiveandpassingitonfromgenerationtogeneration.題目及答案解析

26.known解析：“alsoknownas…”是固定表達(dá)，意為“也被稱為……”，此處用過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾“TheChineseNewYear”，故填known。

27.in解析：在月份前用介詞in，“JanuaryorFebruary”是月份，所以填in。

28.symbolizing解析：句子已有謂語動詞“is”，“symbol”在這里要用非謂語形式，“red”和“symbolize”是主動關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語，故填symbolizing。

29.especially解析：“especial”是形容詞，這里需要副詞來修飾整個句子，“especially”表示“尤其，特別”，故填especially。

30.filled解析：“redenvelopes”和“fill”是被動關(guān)系，“befilledwith”表示“充滿”，此處用過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾“redenvelopes”，故填filled。

31.which解析：這是一個非限定性定語從句，先行詞是“theSpringFestivalGala”，指物，在從句中作主語，所以用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)，故填which。

32.happiness解析：“and”連接兩個并列的成分，“familyreunion”是名詞短語，所以這里也要用名詞，“happy”的名詞是“happiness”，故填happiness。

33.such解析：“suchas”是固定短語，用來列舉事物，意為“例如”，故填such。

34.reflecting解析：“Eachfestivalhasitsownuniquecustomsandtraditions”句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，“reflect”要用非謂語形式，“customsandtraditions”和“reflect”是主動關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語，故填reflecting。

35.keeping解析：“in”是介詞，后面接動詞的-ing形式，“playanimportantroleindoingsth.”表示“在做某事方面起重要作用”，故填keeping。四、寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）（一）應(yīng)用文寫作（15分）題目

假定你是李華，你的英國朋友Tom來信詢問你校上周舉辦的“校園文化節(jié)”活動情況。請你給他寫一封回信，內(nèi)容包括：

1.活動時間與地點(diǎn)；2.主要活動（如書法展、英語戲劇表演、美食節(jié)等）；3.你的感受。范文

DearTom,

I’mgladtoreceiveyourletteraskingabouttheCampusCultureFestivalheldinourschoollastweek.ThefestivaltookplaceintheschoolhallfromMondaytoFriday.Therewereavarietyofactivities.Thecalligraphyexhibitionshowedstudents’excellentworks,whichreflectedthecharmofChinesecharacters.TheEnglishdramaperformancewasreallyamazing.Thestudentsactedsovividlythattheybroughttheplaystolife.Besides,thefoodfestivalofferedawiderangeofdeliciousfoodfromdifferentcultures,allowingustohaveatasteoftheworld.Ireallyenjoyedthisfestival.Itnotonlyenrichedourschoollifebutalsoallowedustolearnalotaboutdifferentcultures.Ihopeyoucanexperiencesuchawonderfulfestivaloneday.Yours,

LiHua解析：

-格式：采用書信格式，有稱呼、正文、結(jié)束語和署名。

-內(nèi)容：按要求涵蓋了