2025年考研英語(yǔ)（一）閱讀理解沖刺試卷：篇章結(jié)構(gòu)解析與解題思路考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______模擬試卷第一部分閱讀理解閱讀下面的文章，完成第1至5題。Theriseoftheso-calledgigeconomy,characterizedbyshort-termcontractsorfreelanceworkasopposedtopermanentjobs,hasbeenoneofthemostsignificanttransformationsinthelabormarketoverthepastdecade.Fueledbydigitalplatformsthatconnectserviceproviderswithcustomers,industriesfromtransportationandfooddeliverytoconsultingandcreativeserviceshavewitnessedasurgeinflexibleworkarrangements.Proponentsarguethatthismodeloffersunparalleledflexibility,allowingindividualstomanagetheirworkschedulesaccordingtotheirpersonalneedsandpreferences,whilealsoprovidingbusinesseswithagilityandaccesstoabroadertalentpool.However,thisburgeoningsectorisnotwithoutitscritics,whoraiseconcernsaboutjobsecurity,lackofbenefits,andthepotentialforexploitationinherentinshort-termengagements.Aprimaryargumentinfavorofthegigeconomycentersonitsflexibility.Formanypeople,particularlythosejugglingfamilyresponsibilitiesorseekingtopursuemultipleincomestreams,theabilitytochoosewhenandwheretoworkisinvaluable.Thisflexibilityextendstoentrepreneursandsmallbusinessownerswhocanscaletheiroperationsupordownbasedondemandwithouttheoverheadcostsassociatedwithtraditionalemployment.Furthermore,digitalplatformsoftenfacilitateglobalconnectivity,enablingworkerstocollaboratewithclientsorcolleaguesacrossgeographicalboundaries,therebyexpandingopportunitiesbeyondlocalmarkets.Despitetheseadvantages,significantdrawbacksassociatedwithgigworkhavebecomeincreasinglyapparent.Perhapsthemostpressingconcernistheissueofjobsecurity.Gigworkerstypicallylackthestableemploymentcontractsandlong-termcareerprogressionpathsavailabletotraditionalemployees.Theirincomecanbeunpredictable,oftenfluctuatingbasedontheavailabilityofworkandmarketdemand.Thisprecariousnesscanleadtofinancialinstability,makingitdifficultforgigworkerstoplanforthefuture,suchassavingforretirementorinvestingineducation.Anothermajorcriticismpertainstotheabsenceofbenefitstypicallyprovidedbytraditionalemployers.Healthinsurance,retirementplans,paidsickleave,andunemploymentbenefitsareoftenunavailableorunaffordableforgigworkers.Relyingsolelyonindividualpurchasingpowerfortheseessentialservicescanrepresentasubstantialfinancialburden,particularlyduringperiodsofillnessoreconomicdownturn.Criticsarguethatthislackofsafetynetexacerbatesinequalityandleavesworkersvulnerabletounforeseencircumstances.Thepotentialforexploitationwithinthegigeconomyalsoremainsacontentiouspoint.Theon-demandnatureofmanygigjobscreatesapowerimbalancebetweenplatformsandworkers.Platformsoftenexertconsiderablecontroloverpricing,workingconditions,andeventhecriteriafortaskacceptance,sometimesleadingtosituationswhereworkersarepaidbelowmarketratesorfacearbitraryrestrictions.Moreover,theclassificationofgigworkersasindependentcontractors,ratherthanemployees,isfrequentlychallenged.Thislegaldistinctioncanshieldcompaniesfromprovidingminimumwageprotections,overtimepay,andotherlaborregulationsdesignedtosafeguardworkers'rights.Ultimately,thegigeconomyrepresentsacomplexandevolvinglandscapewithprofoundimplicationsforbothworkersandbusinesses.Whileitofferscompellingbenefitsintermsofflexibilityandefficiency,theassociatedchallengesrelatedtosecurity,benefits,andworkerrightscannotbeignored.Asthislabormodelcontinuestoexpanditsreach,thereisagrowingneedforthoughtfulregulationandinnovationthatcanmitigatetheriskswhilepreservingtheadvantages,ensuringamoreequitableandsustainablefutureforallparticipants.1.Thepassageprimarilydiscussesthegigeconomyby2.Accordingtoproponents,whatisakeyadvantageofthegigeconomyforindividuals?3.Theword"burgeoning"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto4.Theauthormentionstheabilitytoworkacrossgeographicalboundariesasanexampleof5.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestisamajorchallengerelatedtothelegalclassificationofgigworkers?第二部分閱讀理解閱讀下面的文章，完成第6至10題。Intherealmofurbanplanning,theconceptof"smartcities"hasgainedconsiderabletractioninrecentyears,drivenbyadvancementsininformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICT).Theseinitiativesaimtoutilizedataanddigitalsolutionstoenhancetheefficiencyofurbanservices,improvethequalityoflifeforresidents,andpromotesustainability.Proponentsenvisionafuturewhereinterconnectedsensors,IoTdevices,andAIalgorithmsoptimizeeverythingfromtrafficflowandenergyconsumptiontopublicsafetyandhealthcaredelivery.However,theimplementationofsmartcitytechnologiesraisescomplexethicalquestionsthatdemandcarefulconsideration.Acentralbenefittoutedbysmartcityadvocatesisthepotentialforsignificantimprovementsininfrastructureefficiency.Bycollectingandanalyzingreal-timedataontrafficpatterns,forinstance,citiescanimplementadaptivetrafficmanagementsystemsthatreducecongestionandoptimizesignaltimings.Similarly,smartgridscanbettermanageenergydistribution,integratingrenewablesourcesandreducingwaste.Theseefficienciesnotonlysavecostsbutalsocontributetoenvironmentalgoalsbyminimizingresourceconsumptionandpollution.Enhancedpublicsafetyisanotherkeysellingpoint,withtechnologieslikeintelligentsurveillancesystemsandpredictiveanalyticsforcrimepreventionofferingpotentialgains.Despitethepotentialbenefits,concernsaboutprivacyanddatasecurityloomlargeinthesmartcitydiscourse.Thevastnetworkofsensorsandcamerasdeployedacrossurbanenvironmentscollectsimmenseamountsofdata,includingpersonalinformationaboutresidents'movements,habits,andpotentiallyevenhealthstatus.Theaggregationandanalysisofthisdataraiseprofoundquestionsaboutsurveillanceandthepotentialformisusebyauthoritiesorcorporations.Ensuringthesecurityofthisdatafromhackersandensuringthatitisusedethicallyandtransparentlyarecriticalchallengesthatrequirerobustlegalandtechnicalframeworks.Thedigitaldividerepresentsanothersignificantethicalhurdle.Thedeploymentofsmartcitytechnologiesoftenassumesalevelofdigitalliteracyandaccessamongallresidents,butthisassumptioncanexacerbateexistinginequalities.Ifcertaincommunitiesordemographicgroupslackreliableinternetaccess,affordabledevices,ortheskillstointeractwithnewtechnologies,theyriskbeingleftbehind,furtherwideningthegapbetween"haves"and"have-nots"withinthecity.Ensuringequitableaccesstothebenefitsofsmartcityinitiativesisthereforeessentialtoavoiddeepeningsocialdisparities.Furthermore,theconcentrationoftechnologypowerinthehandsofafewlargecorporationsraisesconcernsaboutcorporatecontrolandthepotentialhomogenizationofurbanspaces.Companiesprovidingthecoretechnologiesmaydictatethestandards,dataprotocols,andeventhedesignofpublicservices,potentiallylimitinginnovationfromsmallerplayersandinfluencingurbandevelopmentinwaysthatprioritizecommercialinterestsoverpublicwelfare.Maintainingdemocraticcontroloverurbanplanningandtechnologydeploymentremainsacrucialconsideration.Inconclusion,thevisionofsmartcitiesholdsconsiderablepromiseforcreatingmoreefficient,sustainable,andlivableurbanenvironments.However,realizingthispotentialwithoutcompromisingfundamentalethicalprinciplesrequiresabalancedapproach.Addressingthechallengesrelatedtoprivacy,datasecurity,thedigitaldivide,andcorporatepowerisparamount.Ascitiescontinuetointegratetechnologyatanacceleratingpace,fosteringpublicdialogue,ensuringtransparency,andprioritizingthewell-beingandrightsofresidentsmustguidethedevelopmentandimplementationofsmartcityinitiatives.6.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?7.Thepassagementions"adaptivetrafficmanagementsystems"asanexampleofhowsmartcitytechnologycanimprove8.Accordingtothepassage,whatisamajorconcernregardingthedatacollectedinsmartcities?9.Thephrase"loomlarge"inthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto10.Whatchallengedoesthepassageidentifyrelatedtothepotentialnegativeimpactoflargecorporationsonsmartcitydevelopment?第三部分閱讀理解閱讀下面的文章，完成第11至15題.Theconceptof"darkmatter,"aninvisibleandundetectableformofmatterthatdoesnotemit,absorb,orreflectlight,wasfirstproposedintheearly20thcenturytoexplaintheobservedrotationalvelocitiesofgalaxies.Despiteitselusivenature,darkmatternowformsacornerstoneofmodernastrophysics,playingacrucialroleinunderstandingthestructureandevolutionoftheuniverse.Itsexistenceisinferredprimarilythroughitsgravitationaleffectsonvisiblematterandthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation.However,thefundamentalnatureofdarkmatter—whatitismadeofandhowitinteractswithordinarymatter—remainsoneofthemostprofoundmysteriesinscience.Oneofthemostcompellingpiecesofevidencefordarkmattercomesfromgalaxyrotationcurves.Observationsshowthatstarsorbitingattheouteredgesofgalaxiesmovemuchfasterthanwouldbeexpectedbasedsolelyonthevisiblemass(stars,gas,anddust)presentwithintheirgravitationalinfluence.Toexplainthisdiscrepancy,astronomersproposedtheexistenceofamassive,non-luminoushalosurroundingeachgalaxy,composedofdarkmatter.Thisdarkmatterhaloprovidestheadditionalgravitationalpullneededtokeeptheouterstarsmovingatsuchhighvelocities,thusexplainingtheirobservedrotationalspeeds.Similargravitationaleffectsarealsoobservedingalaxyclusters,wherethemotionofgalaxieswithintheclustersuggeststhepresenceoffarmoremassthancanbeaccountedforbyvisiblematteralone.Thedistributionandlarge-scalestructureoftheuniversealsoprovidestrongsupportfordarkmatter.Computersimulationsofcosmicstructureformationshowthattheseedsoflarge-scalestructureslikegalaxyfilamentsandvoidsformedduetotinydensityfluctuationsintheearlyuniverse.Thesefluctuationsgrewundertheinfluenceofgravity.However,thesesimulationspredictthatonlybyincludingdarkmatterintheirmodels,alongwithordinarymatter,cantheyreproducetheobservedlarge-scalestructureoftheuniverse.Darkmatterappearstohaveplayedacriticalroleindeterminingthecosmicweb'sarchitecturebyprovidingthegravitationalscaffoldingaroundwhichvisiblestructurescouldform.Whiletheexistenceofdarkmatteriswidelyacceptedwithinthescientificcommunity,itsactualcompositionremainsunknown.Themostpopularcandidateisso-called"weaklyinteractingmassiveparticles"(WIMPs).Thesehypotheticalparticlesarepredictedtointeractveryweaklywithordinarymatter,makingthemextremelydifficulttodetect.Despiteextensivesearchesusingvariousexperimentaltechniques,suchasundergrounddetectorsandparticlecolliders,evidenceforWIMPshasyettobedefinitivelyfound.Othertheoreticalmodelsproposealternativeformsofdarkmatter,suchasaxionsorsterileneutrinos,thougheachfacesitsownsetofchallengesandlackscomparableempiricalsupport.Thequesttodetectdarkmatterparticlesdirectlyorindirectlyisongoingandrepresentsamajorfrontierinexperimentalphysics.MissionsliketheDarkEnergySurveyandthefutureLiteBIRDsatelliteaimtomapthedistributionofdarkmatterbyanalyzingitsgravitationallensingeffectsondistantgalaxies.Directdetectionexperiments,suchasXENONnTandLUX,attempttocapturetherareinteractionsofWIMPswithordinarynuclei.Theresolutionofthedarkmattermysteryhingesonthesuccessoftheseobservationalandexperimentalefforts.Understandingitsnaturenotonlywouldsolveoneofthemostintriguingpuzzlesinphysicsbutalsoofferprofoundinsightsintothefundamentallawsgoverningtheuniverseandtheultimatefateofcosmicstructures.11.Thepassageprimarilydiscusses12.Accordingtothepassage,whatevidencesuggestedtheneedforthehypothesisofdarkmatterhalos?13.Theword"elusive"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto14.Thepassagementions"gravitationallensingeffects"asanexampleofaphenomenonthatcanbeusedtostudydarkmatterby15.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestistheprimarygoalofcurrentdarkmatterresearch?第四部分閱讀理解閱讀下面的文章，完成第16至20題.Therelationshipbetweenhumanlanguageandthoughthaslongbeenasubjectoffascinationanddebateamonglinguists,psychologists,andphilosophers.Acentralquestioninthisfieldiswhetherlanguageshapesourthoughts,orwhetherthoughtexistsindependentlyandmerelyfindsexpressionthroughlanguage.This"natureversusnurture"debatehasvariousmanifestations,butaparticularlycompellingaspectconcernstheinfluenceoflanguageoncategorizationandcolorperception.Oneofthemostcitedpiecesofevidenceforthelinguisticrelativityhypothesis,alsoknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,comesfromthestudyofcolorterms.Differentlanguagesdonotnecessarilycategorizethespectrumofvisiblelightinthesameway.Somelanguageshaveonlytwobasiccolorterms,distinguishingbetween"dark"and"light,"whileothersdifferentiatebetweenblueandgreen,oryellowandbrown,categoriesthatmightbeblendedintoasingleterminotherlanguages.Researchershaveobservedthatspeakersoflanguageswithmorefine-grainedcolorcategoriestendtobemoresensitivetosubtledifferenceswithinthosecategories.Forinstance,Russianspeakers,whohavedistinctwordsforlightblue(siniy)anddarkblue(goluboy),areoftenfoundtoperceiveandrememberthesecolorsdifferentlycomparedtospeakersoflanguageslikeEnglish,whichuseasingleterm"blue"fortheentirespectrum.Thissuggeststhatthelinguisticframeworkmightinfluencethewayspeakersperceiveanddistinguishcolors.However,theextenttowhichlanguagedeterminesthought,particularlyinmorecomplexdomains,isfarmoredebatable.Criticsofstronglinguisticrelativityarguethathumancognitionisfartoopowerfulandindependenttobeentirelydictatedbylinguisticcategories.Theypointoutthatevenlanguageswithverylimitedcolortermsappeartoallowspeakerstorecognizeawiderangeofcolors,suggestingthattheunderlyingcapacityforcolorperceptionexistsregardlessofthespecificlinguisticlabelsused.Furthermore,cognitiveprocessessuchasnumberconcept,spatialreasoning,andlogicalthinkingappeartohaveadegreeofuniversalityacrosslanguages,indicatingthatthoughtisnotentirelyshapedbylinguisticstructure.Thedebatealsohighlightsthecomplexityofhumancognitionandthemultifacetednatureoflanguage.Itisclearthatlanguageprovidesaframeworkfororganizingandexpressingthoughts,butitisunlikelytobethesoledeterminantofthem.Culturalfactors,individualexperiences,andbiologicalconstraintsalsoplaysignificantrolesinshapinghowweperceiveandunderstandtheworld.Moreover,languageitselfmaybeareflectionofpre-existingcognitivestructuresratherthanaforcethatcreatesthem.Thedevelopmentoflanguageappearstobeintrinsicallylinkedwiththeevolutionofhumanconsciousnessandthought,buttheprecisedirectionofthisrelationshipisstillnotfullyunderstood.Inconclusion,whiletheinfluenceoflanguageonthoughtisundeniable,thedegreeofthisinfluenceremainsacontentiousissue.Researchoncolorcategorizationprovidesintriguingevidencethatlinguisticframeworkscanshapeperceptualdistinctions,atleastinspecificdomainslikecolorperception.However,theideathatlanguageentirelydeterminesthoughtischallengedbytheevidenceofuniversalcognitivecapacitiesandtheacknowledgedrolesofotherfactors.Theongoinginvestigationintotherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthoughtcontinuestorevealtheintricateconnectionsbetweenhowwespeak,think,andperceivetheworld.16.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussing17.Accordingtothepassage,whatexampleisusedtoillustratethepotentialinfluenceoflanguageonperception?18.Theword"cited"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto19.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestisakeyargumentagainsttheideathatlanguageentirelydeterminesthought?20.Thepassagementionsthatthedevelopmentoflanguageappearstobeintrinsicallylinkedwiththeevolutionofhumanconsciousness,butwhataspectremainsunclear?---試卷答案1.Thepassageprimarilydiscussesthegigeconomybypresentingargumentsforandagainstitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.2.Accordingtoproponents,akeyadvantageofthegigeconomyforindividualsisitsflexibility,allowingthemtomanagetheirworkschedulesaccordingtopersonalneedsandpreferences.3.Theword"burgeoning"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto"growingrapidly."4.Theauthormentionstheabilitytoworkacrossgeographicalboundariesasanexampleofhowthegigeconomyfacilitatesaccesstoabroadertalentpoolandmarketopportunitiesthroughdigitalplatforms.5.Whatthepassagesuggestsisamajorchallengerelatedtothelegalclassificationofgigworkersisthatclassifyingthemasindependentcontractorsoftenmeanstheylackbenefits(likehealthinsuranceandpaidleave)andprotections(likeminimumwageandovertimepay)providedtotraditionalemployees.6.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassageistodiscussthepotentialbenefitsandsignificantethicalchallengesassociatedwiththedevelopmentandimplementationofsmartcitytechnologies.7.Thepassagementions"adaptivetrafficmanagementsystems"asanexampleofhowsmartcitytechnologycanimproveinfrastructureefficiencybyoptimizingtrafficflowandreducingcongestion.8.Accordingtothepassage,amajorconcernregardingthedatacollectedinsmartcitiesistheissueofprivacy,asthevastamountofcollecteddata,includingpersonalinformation,raisesquestionsaboutsurveillanceandpotentialmisuse.9.Thephrase"loomlarge"inthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto"appearveryimportantorsignificant."10.Whatchallengethepassageidentifiesrelatedtothepotentialnegativeimpactoflargecorporationsonsmartcitydevelopmentistheconcentrationoftechnologypowerintheirhands,whichmayleadtocorporatecontroloverstandards,data,andurbandevelopmentpriorities,potentiallylimitinginnovationandfavoringcommercialinterests.11.Thepassageprimarilydiscussesdarkmatter,itsinferredgravitationaleffects,itsroleinunderstandingtheuniverse,andtheongoingmysterysurroundingitsactualcomposition.