[技法指導(dǎo)]人物傳記實(shí)屬記敘文，它是一種以寫人記事為主的文體。寫作時(shí)要圍繞人物組織材料，因此選材要有代表性，要選擇人物一生中的突出成就或突出人物性格特點(diǎn)的材料，做到主題鮮明，內(nèi)容清楚、簡(jiǎn)明扼要，重點(diǎn)突出。另外還要注意所選材料的客觀真實(shí)性，不要言過(guò)其實(shí)。人物傳記一般包括以下幾點(diǎn)：出生及童年；興趣與事業(yè)；苦干與成功；成就與影響。敘述方法：一般按照時(shí)間順序，從一般經(jīng)歷到創(chuàng)造性的貢獻(xiàn)作出介紹，最后可以是結(jié)論性的評(píng)價(jià)。人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的使用：人物傳記多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。若是寫當(dāng)前的情況，則可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)等時(shí)態(tài)，人稱常用第三人稱。表達(dá)：教你如何營(yíng)造亮點(diǎn)1．...bornin...2．beknownas...；befamousfor...；beewell-knownto...3．graduatefrom，whenatcollege,...majorin...，studyhard，beeducatedin4．good-looking;ordinary-looking;kind-hearted5．Whatimpressedsb.mostwasthat...6．setagoodexampletosb.7．encouragesb.todosth.8．haveadeepeffecton...;bedeeplyaffectedby...9．berespectedby...;beregardedas...10．berememberedas...[寫作規(guī)范][題目要求]請(qǐng)參照以下提示并根據(jù)你自己的了解簡(jiǎn)要介紹著名科學(xué)家——牛頓(IsaacNewton)。生卒年代1643～1727家庭出生于英國(guó)一個(gè)農(nóng)民家庭，出生前幾個(gè)月父親就去世了教育曾就讀于劍橋大學(xué)(Cambridge)貢獻(xiàn)及評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)現(xiàn)眾多，其中包括萬(wàn)有引力(thelawsofgravity)；是科學(xué)史上最重要的人物之一名言(quotation)IfIhaveseenfurtheritisbystandingontheshouldersofgiants.[三步作文法]第一步：搜索詞匯1．在……的歷史中inthehistoryof2．作出貢獻(xiàn)makecontributions3．在……領(lǐng)域inthefieldof4．做出發(fā)現(xiàn)makediscoveries第二步：由詞造句1．牛頓是科學(xué)史上最重要的人物之一，在物理領(lǐng)域作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。SirIsaacNewtonisoneofthemostimportantfiguresinthehistoryofscienceandhasmadesignificantcontributionsinthefieldofphysics.2．他雖然很偉大，但是很謙虛。①Greatas/thoughheis,he'squitemodest.②Thoughheisgreat,he'squitemodest.第三步：連句成篇[對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生課下能力提升(十六)]Ⅰ.閱讀理解Whatmakesapersonascientist？Doeshehavewaysortoolsoflearningthataredifferentfromthoseofothers？Theansweris“no”．Itisnotthetoolsascientistusesbuthowheusesthesetoolsthatmakeshimascientist.Youwillprobablyagreethatknowinghowtouseapowerisimportanttoacarpenter.Youwillprobablyagree,too,thatknowinghowtoinvestigate(調(diào)查),howtogatherinformation,isimportanttoeveryone.Thescientist,however,goesonestepfurther;hemustbesurethathehasareasonableanswertohisquestionandthathisanswercanbeconfirmedbyotherpersons.Healsoworkstofittheanswershegetstomanyquestionsintoalargesetofideasabouthowtheworldworks.Thescientist'sknowledgemustbeexact.Thereisnoroomforhalfrightorrightjusthalfthetime.Hemustbeasnearlyrightastheconditionspermit.Whatworksunderonesetofconditionsatonetimemustworkunderthesameconditionsatothertimes.Iftheconditionsaredifferent,anychangesthescientistobservesinademonstrationmustbeexplainedbythechangesintheconditions.Thisisonereasonwhyinvestigationsareimportantinscience.AlbertEinstein,whodevelopedTheTheoryofRelativity,arrivedatthistheorythroughmathemetics.Theaccuracyofhismathematicswaslatertestedthroughinvestigations.Einstein'sideaswereshowntobecorrect.Ascientistusesmanytoolsformeasurements.Thenthemeasurementsareusedtomakemathematicalcalculationsthatmaytesthisinvestigations.eq\x(語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文介紹了如何才能成為一名科學(xué)家。)1．Whatmakesascientistaccordingtothepassage?A．Thetoolsheuses.B．Thewayshelearns.C．Thewaysheuseshistools.D．Thepowerheuses.解析：選C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第一段第四句“Itisnotthetoolsascientistusesbuthowheusesthesetoolsthatmakeshimascientist.”可知答案為C項(xiàng)。2．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Thescientist'sknowledgeisalwaysrightunderallconditions.B．Whentheconditionchanges,theresultoftheobservationmayalsochange.C．Conditionsmakenodifferencetoscientists.D．There'snopointforordinarypeopleknowinghowtoinvestigate.解析：選B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第二段第五句“Iftheconditionsaredifferent,anychangesthescientistobservesinademonstrationmustbeexplainedbythechangesintheconditions.”可知答案為B項(xiàng)。3．Areasonablescientifictheoryshouldbeonethat.A．notonlyworksunderonesetofconditionsatonetime,butalsoworksunderthesameconditionsatothertimesB．leavesnoroomforimprovementC．doesnotallowanychangeevenunderdifferentconditionsD．canbeusedformanypurposes解析：選A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第二段第四句“Whatworksunderonesetofconditionsatonetimemustworkunderthesameconditionsatothertimes.”可知答案為A項(xiàng)。4．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A．Scientistsaredifferentfromordinarypeople.B．Thetheoryofrelativity.C．Exactnessisthecore(核心)ofscience.D．Exactnessandwaysofusingtoolsarethekeystothemakingofascientist.解析：選D主旨大意題。通讀全文可知D項(xiàng)最全面最能概括文章大意。Ⅱ.任務(wù)型閱讀AsNicoleandMikeZupangetclosertoretirement,theyworryaboutmorethanjustcoveringtheirownlivingexpensesforthenextseveraldecades.1．Heisautistic(患自閉癥的)andmayneverbeabletoliveonhisown.Theirideaofretirementistoliveaquietlifeclosetotheirson.2.Theywanttocreateaspecialneedstrusttohelppayfortreatmentandotherexpenseshemightfaceasanadult.“Becauseofourson'sneeds,IguessIneverreallyconsideredtrueretirementforus，”shesays.3．Sheistoattendcollegeinafewyears.TheZupans'idealplanisforMike,60,toretirefirst,infivetosevenyears,andforNicole,52,tocontinueworkingforseveralyearsbeyondthatbeforeshejoinshiminretirement.Butbeforetheycangetthere,theywanttopayofftheD|S18,000increditcarddebt,partlybecausetheirson'streatmentisnotcoveredbyinsurance.TheyhaveaboutD|S230,000leftonthemortgage(按揭)fortheirhomeinFairfaxCounty,Va.,whichtheyassesswilltakeabout12yearstopayoff.4.MattersareplicatedbythefactthatNicole,whoworkedasapreschoolteacher,isnowunemployedwhilesherecoversfromfootoperation.5.Mike'sD|S120,000ine,whichheearnsasagovernmentclerk,isenoughtocovertheirbasiclivingexpenses.ButNicolewantstogetbacktoworksothefamilycouldaffordmoretreatmentforJosefandpaydowntheirdebtfaster.Theyalsowouldbeabletosavemorefortheirlong-termgoals,includingretirement,theirdaughter'scollegetuitionandtheirson'sfuturelivingexpenses.A．BesidestheyhaveaD|S14,000loantheyusedonhomeimprovements.B．It'sunlikelythatJosefwillgotocollege.C．They'realsotryingtosavefortheir14-year-olddaughter,Elshaday.D．Theywanttosetasideenoughmoneyfortheir15-year-oldson,Josef.E．Itcouldbeafewweeksbeforeshecanreturntotheworkforce.F．Cantheirretirementsavingscoverthem?G．Hemayneedtomoveintoagrouphomewhenhegetsolder.eq\x(語(yǔ)篇解讀：Nicole和MikeZupan臨近退休，他們擔(dān)心接下來(lái)數(shù)十年的生活費(fèi)用。)1．解析：選D第二段是在講夫婦倆有一個(gè)自閉癥兒子，他們想給兒子留一點(diǎn)錢，并擔(dān)心他長(zhǎng)大后的治療和一些需求?？芍?,2題分別選擇D，G。2．解析：選G見(jiàn)上題解析3．解析：選C講完兒子就談到他們女兒以后的生活費(fèi)用，幾年之后將要讀大學(xué)，故選C。4．解析：選A短文第六段談到他們真正能退休前需要的一些費(fèi)用，包括信用卡，按揭和貸款，由上文結(jié)構(gòu)都是在舉例子，可知還有貸款，故選A。5．解析：選E短文最后一段第一句說(shuō)到妻子還沒(méi)從腳部手術(shù)康復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)，所以沒(méi)有工作，在她重新工作之前還要幾個(gè)周，目前只有丈夫的工作收入。由此可知選擇E。Ⅲ.完形填空Haveyoueverwatchedanartistpaintapicture?Heorsheworksclosetothecanvas(畫布)—1smallsectionsatatimeintheprocessofpletingthewholepainting.Buteveryonceinawhile,the2muststepbackfromtheirworkandlookatthewholepicture.Onlybysteppingawayfromwhatthey'reworkingoncanthey3theproperperspective(角度).Theproperpointofviewis4totheendresult.Thereisnodifferenceforanyothercreation.5it'sabusiness,aprojectoryourlife,youneedtostepback6inordertogetitright.Froma7，youcanseethingsyoucan'tseewhenyou'reclose.Thedifferenceisinworkingonyourproject8workinginit.It'salltooeasytofocusonsomethingbut9theimportantpartsneededtocreateasatisfyingresult.StephenCoveycallsit“10thesaw(鋸)”.Itwouldbe11tokeepsawingawaywithoutstoppingfromtimetotimetomakeyour12sharper.Butunfortunately,that'swhattoomanyofus13.Justasinmusicweneedspaces14thenotes(音符)inordertocreatethelovelymelody(曲調(diào))．Acontinuouscollectionofnoteswithnospacesisnotgood—it's15.Youmayneedtotakeavacationto16workorstudy.Atothertimes,it'sbesttotakeacourseorattendameetingto17somenewpletebreak,togoawayandjustdosomethingtotally18—doavoluntarywork,buildahouseforHabitatforHumanityorsomeotherworthycause.Theimportantthingistotakethebreaks.Withoutthem,wearenot19andwedon'tenjoyourworkorourlifeasmuch.Ourpressure20andbothourworkandourhealthsuffer.eq\x(語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文說(shuō)的是你在做任何事情的時(shí)候都要時(shí)不時(shí)的站遠(yuǎn)了看，把視野放大一點(diǎn)，調(diào)整自己的方向。)1．A.pickingB．paintingC．losingD．enjoying解析：選B考查動(dòng)詞。pick“撿起”；paint“畫畫”；lose“丟失”；enjoy“享受”。根據(jù)intheprocessofpletingthewholepainting.可知是在畫畫，故選B。2．A.scientistsB．teachersC．physicistsD．a(chǎn)rtists解析：選D考查名詞。scientist“科學(xué)家”；teacher“教師”；physicist“物理學(xué)家”；artist“藝術(shù)家”。根據(jù)Haveyoueverwatchedanartistpaintapicture可知談到的是藝術(shù)家畫畫，故選D。3．A.turnB．changeC．gainD．give解析：選C考查動(dòng)詞。turn“轉(zhuǎn)向”；change“改變”；gain“得到”；give“給”。gaintheproperperspective找到適當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌?，只有站得遠(yuǎn)他們才能找到適當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌龋蔬xC。4．A.importantB．specialC．ordinaryD．popular解析：選A考查形容詞。important“重要的”；special“特別的”；ordinary“普通的”；popular“流行的”。適當(dāng)?shù)慕嵌葘?duì)最后的結(jié)果很重要，beimportantto對(duì)……重要，選A。5．A.AlthoughB．WhereC．BecauseD．Whether解析：選D考查連詞。although“雖然”；where“哪里”；because“因?yàn)椤保粀hether“是否”。不管它是事業(yè)還是一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，表示選擇關(guān)系，選D。6．A.finallyB．sometimesC．immediatelyD．slowly解析：選B考查副詞。finally“最終”；sometimes“有時(shí)”；immediately“立刻”；slowly“緩慢地”。你需要時(shí)不時(shí)的站遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn)來(lái)得到正確的方向，故選B。7．A.heightB．depthC．distanceD．length解析：選C考查名詞。height“高度”；depth“深度”；distance“距離”；length“長(zhǎng)度”。fromadistance，站遠(yuǎn)了看，你能看到你在近處看不到的東西，文章說(shuō)的是距離，可知選C。8．A.insteadofB．togetherwithC．suchasD．lessthan解析：選A考查介詞短語(yǔ)。insteadof“而不是”；togetherwith“和……一起”；suchas“比如”，lessthan“比……少”。根據(jù)文章之意可知我們要workingonyourproject而不是workinginit，故選A。9．A.meetB．destroyC．collectD．miss解析：選D考查動(dòng)詞。meet“遇見(jiàn)”；destroy“毀滅”；collect“收集”；miss“錯(cuò)過(guò)”。我們很容易因?yàn)樘^(guò)專注而忽略了真正重要的部分，選D。10．A.repairingB．sharpeningC．touchingD．hiding解析：選B考查動(dòng)詞。repair“修復(fù)”；sharpen“削尖”；touch“觸摸”；hide“隱藏”。sharpenthesaw就是磨快鋸齒，選B。11．A.foolishB．interestingC．cleverD．practical解析：選A考查形容詞。foolish“愚蠢的”；interesting“有趣的”；clever“聰明”；practical“實(shí)用”。你如果只是把鋸子放好而不時(shí)時(shí)磨快它，那么你是愚蠢的，選A。12．A.wayB．mindC．toolD．sense解析：選C考查名詞。way“方式”；mind“思想”；tool“工具”；sense“意識(shí)”。鋸子是一個(gè)工具，選C。13．A.noticeB．doC．findD．lose解析：選B考查動(dòng)詞。notice“注意”；do“干”；find“找到”；lose“失去”。指代前文的“keepsawingawaywithoutstoppingfromtimetotimetomakeyoursharper”，故選B。14．A.throughB．beforeC．behindD．between解析：選D考查介詞。through“通過(guò)”；before“之前”；behind“在……之后”；between“之間”。我們要在音符之間保留空間，故選D。15．A.musicB．noiseC．soundD．pollution解析：選B考查名詞。music“音樂(lè)”；noise“噪音”；sound“聲音”；pollution“污染”。沒(méi)有空隙的接連著的音符只會(huì)是噪音，故選B。16．A.lookforwardtoB．catchupwithC．getawayfromD．workhardat解析：選C考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。lookforwardto“盼望著”；catchupwith“趕上”；getawayfrom“遠(yuǎn)離”；workhardat“勤奮”。根據(jù)takeavacation可知是你需要一個(gè)假期，遠(yuǎn)離工作和學(xué)習(xí)，放松身心，故選C。17．A.getB．proveC．desertD．explain解析：選A考查動(dòng)詞。get“得到”；prove“證明”；desert“沙漠”；explain“解釋”。getsomebreak“得到一些休息”，故選A。18．A.difficultB．necessaryC．monD．different解析：選D考查形容詞。difficult“困難的”；necessary“必要的”；mon“普通的”；different“不同的”。離開某些地方或者只是做一些不同的事情，換換心情，故選D。19．A.nativeB．creativeC．a(chǎn)ttractiveD．sensitive解析：選B考查形容詞。native“當(dāng)?shù)氐摹?；creative“有創(chuàng)造性的”；attractive“吸引人的”；sensitive“敏感的”。根據(jù)第三段“Thereisnodifferenceforanyothercreation.”可知此處是指我們的創(chuàng)造性，如果沒(méi)有休息，我們是不會(huì)有創(chuàng)造性的，故選B。20．A.reducesB．disappearsC．increasesD．improves解析：選C考查動(dòng)詞。reduce“減少”；disappear“消失”；increase“增加”；improve“提升”。如果沒(méi)有休息，我們的壓力會(huì)增加，我們的健康也會(huì)受損，故選C。Ⅳ.語(yǔ)法填空Wereyouthefirstorthelastchildinyourfamily?Orwereyouamiddleoranonlychild?Somepeoplethink1.itmatterswhereyouwereborninyourfamily.Buttherearedifferentideasaboutwhatbirthordermeans.Somepeoplesaythatoldestchildren,2.whoaresmartandstrong-willed,areverylikely3.tosucceed(succeed).Thereason4.forthisissimple.Parentshavealotoftimefortheirfirstchildandgivehimorheralotofattention.Anonlychildwillsucceedfor5.thesamereason.Whathappenstothe6.otherchildreninthefamily?Middlechildrendon'tgetsomuchattention,sotheydon'tfeelthatimport