專題三閱讀理解——詞義猜測題【題型把握】閱讀理解旨在考查考生理解不同題材和體裁的書面材料以及從中獲取信息的能力。要求考生能讀懂有關日常生活的簡短文字材料,;理解文中具體信息;根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義;做出判斷和推理;理解文章的基本結構;理解作者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度。細節(jié)理解題大都比較容易，只需要認真閱讀題目，細心比對原文就能解答正確。對于這種題目，要認真解題，盡量不丟分。本講義著重講解詞義猜測題的解題技巧。【考綱解讀及命題趨勢】詞句猜測題考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞、詞塊或句子的本意或外延含義的能力，既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新意，還可以考查對替代詞所替代內容的判斷。詞句猜測題是英語高考閱讀理解中的必考題型，一般每套試卷中的考查數(shù)量不超過2解有一定的難度，易錯，屬于拉分題。(1)詞句猜測題著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測詞語或句子的能力，這也是一個從“已知得出“未知”的過程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞語或句子前后的內容)進行推理。(2)【解題技巧】常見技巧有：1、利用構詞法；2、利用上下文語境；3、利用語法關系；4、利用邏輯關系；5、利用線索關系?！局R清單】一．命題方式解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。此類題型有逐漸增加的趨勢，尤其是詞聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關鍵。近幾年閱讀理解的生詞率略有上升，加大了猜測難度。命題者著重考查考生利用同義或反義關系、構詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。的設問方式有：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“…”referto/mean?Theunderlinedword“…”canbereplacedby______.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“…”？Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it/them”inparagraph…referto?Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheunderlinedword“…”？二．選項特征正確選項特征1、含義和其字面意思沒有任何的關系。2、上下文邏輯通順。3、與原句意思最接近。干擾選項特征1、與所考詞匯形似。2、如果考的是熟詞，含有常規(guī)詞義的往往是錯誤選項。3、句子解釋中含有過多原句中已有的詞和短語的選項一般是錯誤選項。三．常用解題方法技巧1?通過定義來猜測詞義本技巧適用于所猜生詞或短語后有句子(往往用定語從句或同位語從句)對其下定義，或使用破折號、冒號、分號后的內容或引號、括號中的內容對其加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個句子或段落就可以推斷詞義。定義常用的動詞(短語)為：be,mean,beconsidered,tobe,becalled,define,represent,referto,signify等。Theschoolsarereluctanttotaketimeoff—eventeacherswithticketsfortheEngland-Argentinagamehadtroublegettingthedayoff.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“reluctant”probablymean?A．Kind.????????B．Unwilling.C．Free.D．Careless.【答案】B【詳解】根據(jù)破折號后的eventeacherswithticketsfortheEngland-Argentinagamehadtroublegettingthedayoff可知，甚至手中有英格蘭與阿根廷對決比賽的球票的教師們也很難有放假時間。由此可以推斷出前面的“reluctant”一詞意為“不情愿的”。故選B項。技巧2?通過同位關系來猜測詞義語。常用的連接詞或表達有：or,similarly,also,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say等。[天津2020年5月·C]There'salsotheadded__bonusthatelectricplanesarejustmuchmorepleasanttoflyin.Noloudenginenoise,nosmelloffuel,justenvironmentallyfriendlypeaceandquiet.47．Theexpression“addedbonus”referstothefactthatelectricplanes______.A．givepassengersmorepleasantviewsB．bringairlinesmorefinancialbenefitsC．offermoreenjoyableflyingexperiencesD．costlessinmaintenancethantraditionalone【答案】C【詳解】根據(jù)畫線詞后that引導的同位語從句electricplanesarejustmuchmorepleasanttoflyin和后文中的Noloudenginenoise,nosmelloffuel,justenvironmentallyfriendlypeaceandquiet.addedbonus應指電動飛機帶來的“額外的好處”，即給乘客帶來更舒適的飛行體驗。故選C項。技巧3?通過轉折或對比關系來猜測詞義如果一個句子或段落中有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比的描述，可以根據(jù)畫線詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示轉折關系的詞主要有but,however,otherwise,thoughwhile,incontrast,unlike,ontheotherhand等。[全國Ⅱ2020·C]Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.30．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean?A．Boomed.?????B．Becamemature.C．Remainedstable.D．Crashed.【答案】D【詳解】根據(jù)畫線詞前的Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades可知，幾十年來海貍鼠的數(shù)量都因毛皮交易而得到良好控制；再結合畫線詞后的…multipliedlikecrazy可知，后來海貍鼠又泛濫成災，并可推collapse的意思是“垮掉”crashA項意為“繁榮”B項意為“發(fā)展成熟”C項意為“維持穩(wěn)定”A、B、C項均不符合語境。故選D項。技巧4?通過因果關系來猜測詞義子中的某個詞或短語的意思，即由因推果；也可由表示結果的句意推測出表示原因的句子中的某個詞或短語的意思，即由果推因。表示因果關系的詞有because,since,sothat,so/such…that…，therefore等。Thehomelesspeoplemayhavebecomejoblessandthenbeenunabletopaytheirrentandsonolongerhavea__roof__over__their__heads.Whatdoestheunderlinedpartinthetextprobablymean?A．Acap.??????B．Acar.C．Ahome.D．Acovering.【答案】C【詳解】猜測畫線部分意思的關鍵在于對“so”一詞的理解。根據(jù)前文中的信息可知，那些無家可歸的人們可能沒了工作，從而無法支付房租；利用因果關系可知，無法支付房租就會沒有房子住，因此畫線部分應是“房子；家”的意思。故選C項。技巧5?通過文章中的舉例來猜測詞義有時，作者為了使讀者更好地理解文中的生詞或短語，往往在這些詞或短語后附加一些具體的例子，從而使讀者更透徹地理解文章。所以，考生可依據(jù)詞或短語后的例子猜測其含義。?Wehavealreadybenefitedfromotherspin-offsofspaceexplorationincludingimprovementsinearthquakeprediction,insatellitesforweatherforecastingandincommunicationssystems.Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacetheunderlinedword“spin-offs”?A．Applications.????B．Shortcomings.C．Disadvantages.D．Gains.【答案】D【詳解】根據(jù)畫線詞后的includingimprovementsinearthquakeprediction…systems可知，畫線部分表示的是“好處”。故選D項。技巧6?通過上下文語境來猜測詞義文提供的情景和線索進行符合邏輯的綜合分析，并依此來推測詞義，這是一種重要的閱讀方法。?[全國新高考Ⅱ2021·B改編]Asthetigercubsgrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwewereasleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'dget__up__to__mischief.We'dcomedowninthemorningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.25．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“getuptomischief”meaninparagraph3?A．Behavebadly.???B．Losetheirway.C．Sleepsoundly.D．Misstheirmom.【答案】A【詳解】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線部分后一句We'dcomedowninthemorningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.可知，作者一家人晚間睡覺時，作者會把虎崽們關在一間屋子里，“搗亂”(把房間弄得亂糟糟的)。behavebadly意為“表現(xiàn)不好；行為不佳”，與getuptomischief含義接近。故選A項。技巧7?通過代詞所指代的內容猜測詞義代詞所指代的內容多在這一句的前、后句中(特別是前句)，或者前幾個句子中。找到指代的內容后，?[浙江2020年7月·B]Lesstrafficat9：37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.25．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A．Increasedlengthofgreenlights.B．Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.C．Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.D．Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.【答案】C【詳解】That指代的應是前文中提到的事物，故根據(jù)第一段最后一句Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.可知，That指的是交通信號燈的時間可以靈活變動這件事，故選C項。技巧8?通過構詞法猜測詞義在猜測詞義的過程中，我們還可以根據(jù)構詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。(1)根據(jù)前綴或后綴猜測詞義。如：前綴co-表示“共同；一起”；后綴-ise/-ize表示“使成為……；使……化”等。1?Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?根據(jù)詞根educational(教育的)，再結合前綴co-(共同；一起)，可以猜出co-educational的意思是“男女同校的”。(2)根據(jù)復合詞的各部分猜測詞義。2?Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunskilledlabor.Becauseofthis,mostcraft(手藝)nolongerexists.根據(jù)合成詞中的mass(大量的)和produce(生產)可推測，mass-produced的意思是“產的”。(3)根據(jù)單詞相關詞性的含義猜測變換詞性后新詞的含義。3?Ihadfirstknownshewaswrong.Heranxietyhadcloudedherjudgment.cloud“云”cloud在此處表示“把……搞糊涂；使模糊”。技巧9?通過生活經驗和生活常識猜測詞義關的素材。因此，生活經歷或與日常生活有關的常識往往可以幫助考生更準確地猜測句中生詞的含義。[全國Ⅱ2018·B]Ifyouhavea__juicer,__youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.26．Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A．Adessert.??????B．Adrink.C．Acontainer.【答案】DD．Amachine.【詳解】根據(jù)畫線詞后的feedin,Outcomes及theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachinejuicer是一種機器，意為“榨汁機”Ddessert意為“甜品”drink意為“飲料”；container意為“容器”；machine意為“機器”。【專項練習】ALanguagelearningappsareverypopularnowandofferopportunitiestolearnvocabularyandpracticegrammar.Buttherehasbeenadiscussionaboutjusthoweffectivesuchappscanbe.AmongthemostpopularappsareDuolingoandBusuu.Aformerresearchfoundpositiveresultsontheuseofthem.Butitmainlyconcentratedonstudieswithlearnerswhohadsignedupforlanguagecoursesandtheseappsworkedasanafter-classsupport,sotheresultswerenotalwaysreliable.Arecentstudyof4,095Busuuusershasbeencarriedouttofindoutifuserscanactuallylearnalanguagewithanapp.Busuuprovideslearningmaterialsfor12differentlanguages.Itoffersspecialmodelswheresomecontentsarereadyforuseforfreewhilesomecontentsarenot.Wefindthatitsusersareanevenmixofmenandwomen.Morethanhalfconsiderthemselvestobeatthebeginnerlevelbecausethereisareductioninusersastheirlanguagelevelsgoup.Mostpeopleusetheappbecauseofpersonalinterest,orbecausetheywanttostudyorliveabroad.Femaleusersarelikelytouseitlessoftenbutforlongerperiodsoftimethanmaleusers.Feedbackintheappishighlythoughtof.Morethan92%oftheuserssaythattheapphasmettheirexpectationsand86%considertheappasverygoodorgood.Infact,morethan80%oftheuserssurveyedstronglyagreethatusingtheapphashelpedthemimprovetheirknowledgeofthelanguagetheyarelearning.Besides,languagelearningappsalsocreateanenvironmentwheremistakesareonlyknowntotheusers,andthiscanaddresstheperformancenervousnessthatmanylearnerssufferfromwhenaskedtospeakaforeignlanguage.Solanguageteachersshouldencouragetheirstudentstousethemtodothegrammarwork,leavingpreciousclasstimeformorelanguagecommunication.1．Whichofthefollowingcanprobablyreplacetheunderlinedword“address”?A．Dealwith.C．Turnto.【答案】B．Writedown.D．Speakof.1．A；【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了幾款很受人喜歡的語言學習軟件，并且描述的他們的特點和優(yōu)點，絕大部分用戶都是滿意的。1“Besides,languagelearningappsalsocreateanenvironmentwheremistakesareonlyknowntotheusers,andthiscanaddresstheperformancenervousnessthatmanylearnerssufferfromwhenaskedtospeakaforeignlanguage.”可知，語言學習apps還創(chuàng)造了一個只有用戶才知道自己的錯誤的環(huán)境。這樣，就可以減少許多學習者在被要求說外語時的焦慮感。A.dealwith.B.writedown.寫下；C.turnto.轉向，求助于；D.speakof.談到。所以A.dealwith.（處理，應對）符合以上說法。故選A項。BTimetoloadupsomepopulargames:newresearchindicatespigspossessthementalcapabilitytoplayvideogames.Thestudy,publishedinFrontiersinPsychology,testedtheabilityoffourpigs(Hamlet,Omelette,EbonyandIvory)toplayasimplejoystickgamewiththeirnoses,movingacursor(光標)tofourtargetsonthescreen.Althoughtheanimalsdidn’tdemonstratetheskillstowinaroundanytime,theydidshowanunderstandingofsomeelementarygames.Performingwellabovechance,thepigsappearedtorecognizethemovementofthecursorwascontrolledbythejoystick.Thefactthattheydidsowelldespitealackofflexiblefingersis“extraordinary”,accordingtotheresearchers.“Itisnosmallachievementforananimaltograsptheconceptthatthebehaviourtheyareperformingishavinganeffectelsewhere.Thatpigscandothistoanydegreeshouldgiveuspauseastowhatelsetheyarecapableoflearningandhowsuchlearningmayimpactthem,”saidPurdueUniversity’sDrCandaceCroney,thestudy’sleadauthor.Researchersalsonotedthatwhilethepigscouldbetaughttoplaythegameusingfoodaspositivemotivation,theyalsorespondedwelltosocialinteraction.Infact,whenthegamewasmademorechallengingandthepigsbecameunwillingtoparticipateinit,“onlyoralencouragementbytheexperimenter”wouldseetrainingcontinue.Thesefindingsarethelatesttohighlighttheintelligenceofpigs.Notonlyhavetheybeenshowntousemirrorstofindhiddenfood,butstudieshavealsodemonstratedhowpigscanbetaughtto“come”and“sit”afteroralcommands.Aswithanysentient(有感覺力的)beings,howweinteractwithpigsandwhatwedotothemimpactsandmatterstothem.Wethereforehaveamoraldutytounderstandhowpigsacquireinformation,andwhattheyarecapableoflearningandremembering,becauseitultimatelyoffersthepotentialforhowtheyunderstandtheirinteractionswithusandtheirenvironments.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“giveuspause”referto?A．Stopusfromadvancing.C．Makeusthinkseriously.【答案】B．Affectusinlearning.D．Forceustotrainpigsbetter.1．C【分析】本文為一篇說明文。一項新的研究表明，豬可以通過自己的鼻子來使用操縱桿完成一些游戲，并且能夠意識到光標是跟隨自己移動操縱桿而移動，這個研究是一個巨大的突破，讓我們更有可能了解豬是如何與我們和環(huán)境互動的。1“Itisnosmallachievementforananimaltograsptheconceptthatthebehaviourtheyareperformingishavinganeffectelsewhere.Thatpigscandothistoanydegreeshouldgiveuspauseastowhatelsetheyarecapableoflearningandhowsuchlearningmayimpactthem,(的一個行為可以在別處帶來效果的理念并不是小成就。這些豬有可能在任何程度上做到這一點，這就需要giveuspause)”可知，當我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些動物竟然能理解他們的行為會在別處帶來效果，我們就要思考更多的問題：他們還能學什么，學會了以后，他們會怎樣？劃線詞giveuspause“讓我們暫?！薄白屛覀儠和Ｒ运伎家恍﹩栴}”，故選C項。CAnewtypeofplasticmadedirectlyfromorganicplantwastehasbeencreatedbyscientists.Thenewmaterialiseasytomakeandcouldbeusedineverythingfrompackagingandtextiles(紡織品)tomedicineandelectronics.TheresearchersinSwitzerlandhavealreadyusedthetechniquetomakepackagingfilms,fibresthatcanbeusedforclothesorothertextilesandthreadsfor3Dprinting.Conventionalplasticissowidespreadbecausemakingitcombineslowcost,heatstability,mechanicalstrengthandprocessability,theresearcherssay.Untilnow,few,ifany,alternativeplasticshavemanagedtomatchorsurpassconventionalplasticintheseaspects,whichisvitaliftheyaretobeusedmorewidely.Tomaketheplastic,scientists“cooked”woodandotherplantwasteininexpensivechemicalstomakeaplasticprecursor(前身).Thesugarstructurestayscompletewithinthemolecular(分子)structureoftheplastic,makingthechemistrymuchcheaperthanothertypesofalternativeplastic.Baekin2016,theresearchersfoundoutthatiftheyaddedanaldehyde(乙醛)chemicaltheycouldstabilizepartsoftheplantmaterialtoavoidtheirdestructionduringextraction.Butnow,theyareusingglyoxylicacid,asolidorganicsubstancethatoccursnaturallyandisusedinindustry.Theteamcouldsimplyfasten“sticky”groupsontobothsidesofthesugarmolecules,whichallowedthemtoactasplasticbuildingblocks.Usingthissimpletechnique,theycouldturnuptoaquarteroftheweightofagriculturalwaste,or95percentofpurifiedsugarintoplastic.“Theplastichasveryexcitingproperties,notablyforapplicationslikefoodpackaging,”ProfessorJeremyLautenbacherfromtheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnology,whocreatedtheplastic,said.“Whatmakestheplasticuniqueisthepresenceofthecompletesugarstructure.Thismakesitincrediblyeasytomakebecauseyoudon’thavetochangewhatnaturegivesyou,anditissimpletobreakdownbecauseitcangobacktoamoleculethatisalreadyplentifulinnature.”；1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”referto?A．Theconventionalplastic.B．Thenewtypeofplastic.C．Packagingfilm.D．3Dprinting.；【答案】1．A【詳解】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了科學家們發(fā)明了一種直接由有機植物廢物制成的新型塑料。這種新材料易于制造，可用于包裝、紡織品、醫(yī)藥和電子產品等各個領域；1．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段劃線單詞該句中的“Conventionalplasticissowidespread”（傳統(tǒng)塑料之所以如“combineslowcost,heatstability,mechanicalstrengthandprocessability,theresearcherssay.”（結合了低成本、熱穩(wěn)定性、機械強度和可加工性。）故可猜測，劃線單詞it指的是“傳統(tǒng)塑料”。故選A項；DAwomaninYunnanhasbeenleadinganeffortoverthepastdecadetohelpchildrenontheautism(自閉癥)spectrum,LiYingxuereports.SinceshefoundedLookatMe,achildren’sdevelopmentcenterinKunming,Yunnanprovince,in2010,ShaJingmei,38,hasfocusedhereffortsonhelpingkidsontheautismspectrum.Childrenwithautismarelike“peopleinsideabottlewhocanclearlyseetheworldoutside,butcan’tgetoutofthebottletocommunicatewithothers,”shesays,addingthatinordertohelpthechildren,peopleshouldtrytounderstandthemfirst.“Childrenwithautismwillnotbehavethesamewayasotherchildren.Whenmeetingthemonthestreet,pleasedon’tlookatthemwithadiscriminatorylook.Sometimestheyjustneedakindlookwhichcanmakethemlesspsychologicallytenseandstressful,”Shasays.MaShiyan,28,directorofLookatMe,remembersthetimeshejoinedSha’steam4yearsagoandwasatalosswhenaboygotemotional.Shacameandeasilysmoothedtheboy’semotions.MahaslearnedalotfromShaandistouchedbyherpositiveenergywhetherdealingwithchildrenorthedifficultieswhenrunningthetrainingcenter.“Shaknowstheconditionofeachchildatourcenter,andwhenwediscussonechild’scase,shecanoftenassociateitwithanotherkid’scase,”Masays.WhennamingthetrainingcenterLookatMe12yearsago,Shasaysshehopessocietywouldpaymoreattentiontochildrenontheautismspectrum.Now,shehasfurtheredthegoaltohelpthechildrentakecareofthemselves,aswellashavejobstosustain.Someoftheolderchildrenfromthecenterhavefoundjobsinalocalcoffeecompanyoratabar.Inthefuture,Shaaimstofindmorejobsforsuchchildren.Workinginspecialeducationmeansdealingwithdifferentchallenges,andthismakesShafeelsheisalive.“Youarethinkingofhowtosolvedifferentproblemseachday,”shesays.；1．TheunderlinedwordinParagraph2canbereplacedby.A．dissatisfiedB．unfairC．impatientD．indifferent；【答案】1．B【詳解】本文是一篇新聞報道。主要介紹了沙靜梅一直致力于幫助自閉癥兒童的故事；1“Whenmeetingthemonthestreet,pleasedon’tlookatthemwithadiscriminatorylook.Sometimestheyjustneedakindlookwhichcanmakethemlesspsychologicallytenseandstressful(當你在discriminatory張和壓力)”discriminatory意，和后文的kindlook相對，所以應是“歧視的，不公正的”之意，與B項unfair意思相近。故選B項；EOurplanetquakesthousandsoftimesayear,butwestillcan’tpredictexactlywhenandwhereearthquakeswillstrike.Whatifanimals’oddbehaviorcouldwarnus?Researchershavereviewedhundredsofreportsonpre-quakeabnormalanimalbehaviors,butmorewerejustanecdotes.GeologistJimBerklandcountednewspaperadslookingforrunawaycatsanddogs.OnOctober13,1989,hetoldanewspaperreporterabigquakewouldstrikeinaweek.Fourdayslater,theLomaPrietamega-quakehit!ButthescientificcommunitystillrejectedBerkland’stheory.Hedidn’tdocumenteveryprediction,sonobodycouldmeasurehisaccuracyrate.Actualscientificevidencehastoberepeatable.Andaconnectionbetweenacauseandaneffecthastobeshowntobestrongerthanrandomchancethroughcarefulexperimentationanddatacollection.Californiaresearchersinthe1970shappenedtohavebuiltcontrolledhabitatstomonitorthewheel-runningactivityofpocketmice.Thesehabitatshappenedtobeinanactiveearthquakearea.Thenthe1971SanFernandoearthquakestrucknearby.Theresearcherscheckedtheirdataandfoundnobigchangesinhowlongtheanimalsranintheirwheelsorstayedundergroundbeforetheearthquakeactivity.Whatmightthenextexperimentshow?Researchersfrom150universitiesworldwideareworkingonanewstudycalledtheICARUSproject.Theprojecttracksmanysmallanimalspeciessuchasbirds,bats,andturtlesforthepurposeofscientificresearch.Onegroupofresearchersislookingforpossibleconnectionsbetweenanimalbehaviorandearthquakes.Iftheyfindareliableconnection,thiscouldsavehundredsofthousandsofhumanlives.ICARUSaimstopoweranappthatwillgivepeoplehourstogettosafety.However,noteveryoneishopeful.GeologistWendyBohonsaidthatICARUSisdoingsome“coolthings,”butsheknowsanimalbehaviorishardtopindown.“Mycatcouldactcrazybeforeanearthquake,”shesays.“Butitalsoactscrazyifsomebodyusesthecanopener.”；1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“anecdotes”meaninparagraph2?A．Real-lifenewsstories.B．Randomindividualstudies.C．Repeatedscientificreports.D．Unprovedpersonalaccounts.；【答案】1．D【詳解】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了研究人員對地震前動物異常行為的研究，希望提供準確的震前預警；1．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞前半句“Researchershavereviewedhundredsofreportsonpre-quakeabnormalanimalbehaviors,(研究人員查閱了數(shù)百份關于地震前動物異常行為的報告，)”和轉折詞but前動物異常行為的報告是傳聞，即未經證實的報告。故選D；【高考真題】A[全國新高考Ⅰ2021·C]WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地)．In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ．N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A．Acquire.B．Export.C．Destroy.D．Distribute.【答案】1．C【詳解】由于大量探險家和定居者的到來，北美水禽被大量捕殺，且其棲息地遭到嚴重破壞，為此政府于1934年通過法案以防止對野生動物和濕地的破壞，并取得明顯成效。1．C詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句可知，大量水禽被捕殺，且隨著居住人口的增加，大量濕地變干，水禽的棲息地也隨之大大減少，從而導致了水禽數(shù)量減少。因此，此處指那些探險家和定居者毀壞了B[全國乙2021·B]Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone,whyaremorethanhalfofAustralianhomesstillpayingforalandline(座機)?Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjustoveraquarter(29%)relyonlyontheirsmartphones,accordingtoasurvey(調查)．OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athirdconcedethatit'snotreallynecessaryandthey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefallsintothatcategory.MorethanhalfofAustralianhomesarestillchoosingtostickwiththeirhomephone.Ageisnaturallyafactor(因素)—only58percentofGenerationYsstilluselandlinesnowandthen,comparedto84percentofBabyBoomerswho'veperhapshadthesamehomenumberfor50years.Ageisn'ttheonlyfactor;I'dsayit'salsotodowiththemakeupofyourhousehold.GenerationXerswithyoungfamilies,likemywifeandI,canstillfinditconvenienttohaveahomephoneratherthanprovidingamobilephoneforeveryfamilymember.Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomersparents,tothepointwhereweplayagameandguesswhoiscallingbeforewepickupthephone(usingCallerIDwouldtakethefunoutofit)．Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline？Howlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“concede”inparagraph3mean?A．Admit.B．Argue.C．Remember.D．Remark.【答案】1．A【詳解】本文通過調查結果介紹了手機普及后仍有許多澳大利亞家庭使用座機這一現(xiàn)象，并分析了導致這一現(xiàn)象的原因。1．A詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句中的they'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket可知，仍然保留座機的澳大利亞人中，有三分之一是為了將其作為一個安全保障，所以他們并不是真正使用座機，因此此處指三分之一的人承認座機的存在不是很有必要。admit意為“承認”，與畫線詞意思相近。故選A項。C[全國新高考Ⅱ2020·B]Theendoftheschoolyearwasinsightandspiritswerehigh.Iwasbackteachingafteranabsenceof15years,dealingwiththevariouskindsof“forbiddenfruit”thatcomeoutofbookbags.Nowwasthespringofthewaterpistol.Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit.“Pleasebringthatpistoltome，”Isaid.“I'mgoingtoputitinmyGrandma'sBox.”“What'sthat？”theyasked.“It'salargewoodenchestfulloftoysformygrandchildren，”Ireplied.“Youdon'thavegrandchildren，”someonesaid.“Idon'tnow”Ireplied.“ButsomedayIwill.WhenIdo,myboxwillbefullofwonderfulthingsforthem.”MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.SometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway—sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallytheoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelongings.Theyearswentby,andmyfirstgrandchildGordonwasborn.Isharedmyjoywiththatyear'sclass.Thensomeonesaid,“NowyoucanuseyourGrandma'sBox.”Fromthenoninsteadofcomingtoasktheirpossessionsback,thestudentswouldsay,“That'sokay.PutitinyourGrandma'sBoxforGordon.”Ilovedtalkingabouttheimaginarybox,notonlywithmystudentsbutalsowithmyownchildren.TheyenjoyedhearingaboutalltheforbiddenfruitIhadcollected.ThenoneChristmasIreceivedasurprisegift—alarge,beautifullymadewoodenchest.MysonBrucehadmademyGrandma'sBoxareality.1．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theoffender”inparagraph8referto?A．Thestudent'sparent.B．ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.C．Theauthor'sgrandchild.D．Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.【答案】1．D【詳解】文章主要講述了作者通過“奶奶的盒子”這個辦法來收集學生們帶到學校的違規(guī)玩具。作者的第一個孫子出生后，學生們不再要回玩具，作者還在圣誕節(jié)收到了兒子制作的大木箱，“奶奶的盒子”這一想法變成了現(xiàn)實。1．D?詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文的Iwouldreturnthebelongings，并結合上文提到作者把學生帶到學校的違規(guī)玩具稱為“禁果”，且作者的“奶奶的盒子”里裝的就是“禁果”可知，此處表示等到這些“禁果”的擁有者來找作者時，作者就會歸還他們的物品。故可推知，theoffender指“禁果的擁有者”。故選D項。D[全國Ⅰ2020·B]Returningtoabookyou'vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There'sawelcomefamiliarity—butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth,andthustherelationship.Butbooksdon'tchange,peopledo.Andthat'swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It'strue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.Butwithreading,it'sallaboutthepresent.It'saboutthenowandwhatonecontributestothenow,becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopulltheirownweight.TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspring,isErnestHemingway'sAMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it'shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating(令人陶醉的),anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard'sHolytheFirm,herpoetic1975ramble(隨筆)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortázar'sSaveTwilight：SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortázar.WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifts,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor'sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it'syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inparagraph4referto?A．Debt.B．Reward.C．Allowance.D．Facevalue.【答案】1．B【詳解】本文主要講述的是，作者喜歡反復閱讀自己喜愛的書籍。作者認為，雖然書不會變，但人的心境和狀態(tài)是在變的，因此人在不同階段對書的理解不同，我們可以在重讀書籍的過程中不斷思考并提升自己。1．B?詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句并結合全文的內容和感情基調可知