2024-2025學(xué)年湖北省仙桃市高二下學(xué)期期末質(zhì)量監(jiān)測英語試卷一、閱讀理解(★★★)Abrain-computerinterface(BCI)isasystemthatdeterminesfunctionalintent—thedesiretochange,move,control,orinteractwithsomethinginyourenvironment—directlyfromyourbrainactivity.Inotherwords,BCIsallowyoutocontrolanapplicationoradeviceusingonlyyourmind.Whenitcomestomotorcontrol,ifwewanttointeractwithadeviceinourenvironment(e.g.alamp),wefirstdecidewhatwewanttodo(turnonthelamp),thenwecoordinate(協(xié)調(diào))andusethemusclesinourarms,legs,hands,feet,etc.,toperformthataction(reachoutwithyourfingerandpressthelampson/offswitch)andthenfinallythedevicerespondstothataction(thelampturnson).BCIsbypassthatmiddlestepofcoordinatingandusingyourmusclestoperformthedesiredaction,insteadusingacomputertoidentifytheintendedactionandthencontrollingtheapplicationofdevicedirectly.Abrain-computerinterface(BCI)functionsthroughaseriesofinterconnectedsteps.Initially,aspecializeddevicecapturesthebrain’selectricalactivity,providingrawdatathatreflectstheuser’sintentions.Thisdataisthensenttoacomputer,whichprocessesandanalyzesthesignalstodecodetheuser’sdesiredactions.Finally,theinterpretedinformationcontrolsanexternalapplicationordevice,allowingtheusertointeractsmoothly.Thisintegrationofmeasurement,analysis,andcontrolformsthebackboneofBCItechnology.AnotherimportantstepofaBCIisfeedback:thesystemmustsomehowlettheuserknowwhatdecisionorintendedactionthecomputerwasabletointerpret.Inourpreviousexample,thelampsuccessfullyturningonindicatestotheuserthattheBCIsuccessfullyidentifiedtheactiontheuserwanted.ProvidingfeedbackhelpstheuseradapttotheBCIsystem,learninghowtheycancontrolandadjusttheirbrainactivity,justaswecanlearntocoordinateandcontrolourmusclesandbodies.1.HowdoesaBCIdifferfrommotorcontrol?

A．Itskipsphysicalperformanceviamuscles.B．Itrequiresstrongermusclemovements.C．Itcoordinatesavarietyofbodyparts.D．Itreliesentirelyonexternalsensors.2.WhatroledoesthecomputerplayinaBCIsystem?

A．Measuringbrainactivitythroughsensors.B．Providingphysicalfeedbacktotheuser.C．ProcessingbrainsignalstoidentifyintentD．Replacingtheuser’sdecision-makingprocess.3.Whichstepintheillustrationhelpsusersadaptandconfirmtheirintendedaction?

A．①B．②C．③D．④(★★★)Growingup,Idislikedwriting.ItwasthelastthingIwantedtodoandit’sonereasonwhyIpursuedscienceinthefirstplace.Inhighschool,Ihatedwritingessays.Forhours,Istaredatblankpages,tryingtoturnmyscatteredthoughtsintofluentsentencesandIoftenreceivedpapersmarkedwithnumerouscorrections.IbegantowonderifIwassimplynotcutoutforwriting.AndthatwasOK.Ididn’thavetobegoodateverything.Ifocusedinsteadonmyloveformathandscience.Itookcomfortthere,knowingobjectivetruthcouldbefoundifIsearchedmethodically.Incollege,Istudiedengineeringandjoinedaresearchlabtogainhands-onexperience.Myfirstprojectwastoimprovetheefficiencyofamagneticcomponent.Despiteinitialdisappointingresults,Icontinuedthroughnumerousdesigns.Eventually,wedevelopedadesignthathalvedenergylosses.Iwasdelighted—untilmyprofessortoldmetowritethatresearchpaper.IknewthatifIwantedtobecomearesearcher,Iwouldneedtospendtimepenningpapers.ButIwasscaredoffailing.Inapanic,Iaskedagraduatestudentinmylabforhelp.Wedefinedagoalforthepaper,andIcarefullywroteanoutline.ButwhenIaskedhimforfeedback,Isoonfoundthepapercoveredinredmarks.Heexplainedthatreddidn’tmeanIwasabadwriter.Writingisn’taone-and-donething.Itrequiresrevisingyourwork,oftenseveraltimes.Suddenlyitoccurredtome,“Hadn’tIdonethesamethingwhenIwassearchingforanefficientdesign?”Ipolishedmypaper’soutlineintosentencesandparagraphs,guidedbyfeedback.Thoughmyfirstdraftwasn’tperfect,withhelp,Ienjoyedtheprocessofimprovingit.Writinghassincebecomeoneofmyfavoritepartsofresearch,helpingmeorganizemythoughts.I’veevenstartedwritingpopularsciencearticles,whichInevercouldhaveimaginedduringmyearlystruggleswithessays.4.Whatdidtheauthorinitiallythinkofwriting?

A．Apieceofcake.B．Arayofsunshine.C．Anuthardtocrack.D．Adiamondintherough.5.Whatwastheauthor’smainchallengeintheresearchproject?

A．Designingthemagneticcomponent.B．Cooperatingwiththeresearchteam.C．Collectingtheexperimentaldata.D．Writingtheresearchpaper.6.Whatdidtheauthorlearnfromherwritingandresearch?

A．Bothrequiretrialanderror.B．Bothconsumetimeandmoney.C．Bothofferpromotionandreputation.D．Bothinvolveburdenandstress.7.Whathelpedtheauthorimprovewriting?

A．Discoveringobjectivestandardsinwriting.B．Followinggoodexamplesofotherstudents.C．Publishingseveralacademicpaperssuccessfully.D．Constantlyworkingonwritingandimproving.(★★★)“Yourorderisonitsway!”Isthereanynotificationthatbringsmorejoythanthis?Buttherecouldbemorebehindyourmotivationsforhitting“buynow”.Asurveyfoundoveraquarterofrespondentsreported“doomspending”—splashingcashonunnecessarypurchasesdespiteeconomicconcernstocopewithstress.Doomspendingcanputyouatriskoffinancialstress,causetensioninrelationships,evokefeelingsofshame,anddrainyourbankbalanceoffundsthatcouldbespentotherwise.Butwhyisitsohardtoresisttheurgetospend?Thereasonwefeelhappyandsatisfiedwhenswipingourcreditcardsisthedopaminerushitoffers.Interestingly,thedopaminedoesn’tturnupintheacquisitionofsomething.Itoccursintheimpulseorthemotivationtogoforthandhunt.Inotherwords,it’sthetry-onoftheperfectshoesorthetestdriveofthenewcarratherthantheactualbuying.Sowhenfeelingtheurgetobuy,pause,notetheitemandwaitatleast24hoursbeforeacting,allowingtimefordopamine’seffecttoflowthroughthebody.Youmayfindthataftertheeffectwearsoff,youdon’thavetheurgetobuy.Forsomepeople,shoppingservesasacopingmechanism—awaytofindcomfortandbuildself-esteemorself-confidence.Theyoftenturntothatproductagainandagain,hopingitwillmakethemfeelalittlebitbetter.However,thisinabilitytoproperlyself-soothecanresultina“treatyourself”mentalityafterabadday.Ifyoufeeltheneedforatreatorsomeself-care,putyourcreditcardawayandreachforsomethingmorewholesomeandlong-lastinglikemeditation,spendingtimeinnature,orconnectingwithfriends.Thesealternativesnotonlyprovidelonger-lastingbenefitsbutalsohelpfillyouremotionalwell-being.Butbeingmindfulwithmoneydoesn’thavetomeanavoidingspendingonlittlethingsthatbringyoujoy.Littlesplurgesand“treatyourself”momentscanbeagreatwaytobringhappinessiftheyarecontrolled.Havingallocatedfundsfor“splurge”purchases,andkeepingalistonhowmuchtospendfromthesecancreateamoremindfulapproachtospending,ratherthanonethat’simpulsiveandstress-motivated.8.Thecorecontradictionof“doomspending”is________.

A．instantjoyvs.long-termsavingsB．economicstressvs.emotionalreliefC．cheapgoodsvs.high-qualityneedsD．personalchoicevs.socialjudgment9.Paragraph3mainlydiscusses________.

A．ExpensivebrandsreducingstressB．AdviceonunnecessarypurchasesC．TemporaryjoyfromshoppingD．Dopaminecausingshoppingaddiction10.Repeatedlybuyingthesameproductreflects________.

A．wisebudgetingB．productpracticalityC．marketinginfluenceD．failuretoself-relieve11.Theauthor’sviewon“smallsplurges”isthatthey________.

A．onlysuitessentialsB．shouldbebannedC．a(chǎn)reacceptableifbudgetedD．dependonincome(★★★★)Ifyou’veeverhungaroundscientists,you’vemostlikelyheardoneofthemsay“thebestexplanationisthesimplestone.Butisit?Fromthebehaviorofantstotheoccurrenceoftornadoes,thenaturalworldisoftenquitecomplex.Whyshouldweassumethesimplestexplanationisclosesttothetruth?ThisideaisknownasOccam’s(orOckham’s)razor.It’salsoreferredtoas“ruleofeconomy”.Anditbearsafamilyrelationshiptothe“principleofleastastonishment,”whichholdsthatifanexplanationistoosurprising,it’sprobablynotright.ThenamecomesfromWilliamofOckham,a14th-centuryscholasticphilosopher.Hecreatedtheprinciplethat“entities(實體)shouldnotbemultipliedbeyondnecessity.”Thephilosophicalclaimisaformofontologicalminimalism:weshouldnotinvokeentitiesunlesswehaveevidencethattheyexist.Inotherwords,don’tmakestuffup.In1687,IsaacNewtonexpandedonthenotionwithhisconceptofaveracausa—atruecause,statingthatweshouldadmitonlycausesthatwerebothtrueandsufficienttoexplainnaturalphenomena.HeaddedthatNaturedidnothinginvainandNaturewaspleasedwithsimplicity.AlthoughNewtonwasagreatscientist,thisclaimseemsodd.Whoistosaywhat“pleasesNature”?Doesn’tthisguidanceassumeweknowwhatweareinfacttryingtofigureout?ConsidertheworldofPhysicsfilledwithexplanationsthataresurprising,unexpectedandhardtogetyourheadaround.Newtonexplainedlightasbeingmadeofparticles,whereasotherscientistsexplaineditasawave.Quantummechanics,however,tellsuslightisbothawaveandaparticle.Newton’saccountwassimpler,butmodernphysicstellsusthemorecomplexmodelisclosertothetruth.Whenweturntobiology,thingsgetevenmorecomplicated.Imaginetwosmokers,bothofwhomwentthroughapackadayfor30years.Onegetscancer;theotherdoesn’t.Thesimplestexplanation?Fordecadesthetobaccoindustry’sanswerwasthatsmokingdoesn’tcausecancer.Simplebutfalse.Infact,diseaseiscomplex,andwedon’tyetunderstandallthefactorsinvolvedincancer.Occam’srazorisnotafactorevenatheory.It’sametaphysical(形而上學(xué)的)principle:anideaheldindependentlyofempirical(實證的)evidence.Inhumanaffairs,thingsaremoreoftenthannotcomplex.Humanmotivationsaretypicallymultiple.Peoplecanbegoodandbadatthesametime,selfishandselfless,dependingoncircumstances.Theshelvesofethicistsarefilledwithbooksthinkingwhygoodpeopledobadthings,andtheiranswersarerarelyshortandsweet.Ourexplanationsshouldmatchtheworldasbestaswecanmakethem.Scienceisaboutallowingthingstounfoldnaturally,andsometimesthismeansacceptingthatthetruthisnotsimple,evenifitwouldmakeourliveseasierifitwere.12.Occam’srazorindicatesthat________.

A．explanationsshouldbeconsistentwithpurposesB．sufficientcausescanexplainnaturalphenomenaC．reasonableexplanationsarerarelysurprisingD．simplerexplanationsshouldbepreferred13.WhyisNewton’sviewonsimplicityproblematic?

A．Itassumesunknowntruths.B．Itlacksexperimentalsupport.C．Itconflictsquantumphysics.D．Itoverlooksbiologicalcomplexity.14.Whatisagainsttobaccoindustry’s“simple”cancerclaim?

A．Randomchanceoccurrence.B．Disease’snaturalcomplexity.C．Long-termhealthstatistics.D．Smokers’behavioraldifferences.15.It’simpliedinthepassagethatweneedto________.

A．followthelawsofnature.B．balanceaccuracyandsimplicity.C．interprettheworldasitis.D．highlighttheexistenceofentities.(★★★)Doesthissituationsoundfamiliar?Afriendapproachesandasks,“Hey,whatareyouuptothisweekend?”16Shereplieswithherownvividplan.“I’mgoingtomylakehouse,andwe’rehavingamassivebonfire.”Whatseemedlikeagenuineexpressionofinterestinyousuddenlyshiftsandbecomesachanceforyourfriendtoshowoff,complainorsimplyshareaboutherself.17Likethecirclingbendofaboomerang(回旋鏢),boomeraskersaskaquestion,lettheirconversationpartnersanswerandthenimmediatelybringthefocusoftheconversationbacktothemselves.Formanypeople,self-disclosuresimplyfeelsgreat.Still,mostofusaresensitivetothefactthatwecan’tjustwalkaroundshowingoffandcomplainingandtalkingaboutourselvesallthetime.18Butamongalltheseeminglyskillfulandobviouswaysweattempttomaskourself-centeredness,boomeraskingmightbetheworst—becauseittakesawaytheamazingbenefitsthatcomefromaskingquestionsAskingsincerequestions,listeningtoothers’answersandfollowinguponthoseanswersmaybetheeasiestandmostpowerfulpathwaytosharedunderstandingandinterpersonalconnection.19Failingtofollowuponyourpartner’sanswer,andansweringthequestionyourselfinstead,makesothersfeellikeyoudon’tcareaboutthem—andprobablydidn’tcareaboutthemwhenyouaskedthequestiontobeginwith.20Whilesharingaboutyourselffeelsgoodandcanbringuscloser,whenanotherpersonsharestheirperspective,focusonthem.Weshouldallaimtobemoreinterestedinourpartnersbeforewegobacktoprovinghowinterestingweareourselves.

A．So,weattempttosolvethisproblemwithsomeindirecthabits.B．Icallthisstrategy“boomerasking,”andithappensconstantly.C．Thisbehaviorcanmakeothersfeelunimportant.D．Youtellheryou’renotsure,butnothingbig.E．Boomeraskingruinsthemagic,however.F．Itreducesthebenefitsofrealquestions.G．Sodon’tboomerask!二、完形填空(★★★)BonnieBlumberghasalwaysknownhermotherwascreativeandkind.Whenshewasgrowingupinthe1970s,hermom,JaniceGoldstein,always________tomakecostumesfortheclassplays.Goldstein’s________tohercraftwassomethingBlumbergtookasagiven.In2017,Goldsteinlosttheuseoftherightsideofherbody.Twoyearsago,Blumbergsoldhermother’splace.While________,shefoundthreeknitsweatersinvariousstagesof________.Sheknewexactlywhotheywere________for:Thefirstbluegarmentwasforhermother;thesecond,purpleforBlumberg;andthethird,arabbitpatternforBlumberg’sdaughter.She________LooseEnds,whichisanorganizationthatmatchespeoplewhohave________workfromlovedones,whohaveeitherpassedorbecome________,withcraftersintheirareawhocanfinishquilting,knittingandotherprojects,allatno________.Theylinkedherupwitha________finisher,AnnaMinmier,totakeoverGoldstein’swork.NowMinmier’s________dancedawaltzinthefollowingevenings.Minmierspentmonthsfinishingthesweaters,andsaysshe’shappytohavea________inwhatsheseesasabeautifulstorythatbonds________.AllIcoulddowhenImetAnnawasgiveherabighug,Blumbergsays,tearingup.“It’sunbelievablehowspecialthisprojectis.Iwouldhavespenta(n)________togetthisdone.”“It’snotjustbeingnice,”saysLooseEndsco-founderJenniferSimonic,“It’smakingsurepeoplehavethesetangibleobjectsthatyoucanhugwhenyou’remissingaperson.That’sabig________.”21.A．a(chǎn)greedB．managedC．demandedD．volunteered22.A．contributionB．a(chǎn)ddictionC．devotionD．solution23.A．lookingaroundB．packingupC．settlingdownD．movingout24.A．constructionB．displayC．repairD．trial25.A．selectedB．intendedC．boughtD．kept26.A．contactedB．interviewedC．joinedD．founded27.A．untouchedB．unchangedC．unfinishedD．unskilled28.A．retiredB．disabledC．lostD．occupied29.A．priceB．chargeC．profitD．reward30.A．nearbyB．productiveC．seriousD．familiar31.A．thoughtsB．fingersC．wordsD．works32.A．voiceB．beliefC．partD．duty33.A．familiesB．neighborsC．generationsD．friends34.A．energyB．effortC．timeD．fortune35.A．dealB．eventC．caseD．moment三、語法填空(★★)閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。WangXimeng(1096-1119)wasafamousbutshort-livedpainterwithonlyoneofhismasterpieces36(survive)asOneThousandLiofRiversandMountains.Paintedonsilk,thismonumentalwork(51.5cmhigh×11.92mlong)usessimplematerials—inkandmineralpigments.Despiteitsmaterialsimplicity,thepainting’scompositionis37(remarkable)complex.Itunfoldslikeapanoramic(全景式的)storyofaSouthernChineselandscape,presentedwithanaccuracy38hintsatWang’sdeeprootsintheregion.Thelandscapeisdividedintosixmountainsectionsseparatedbywater,occasionallylinkedbybridges.Featuringhouses,trees,andfiguresfromshiftingviewpoints,itcreatesadynamicvisualflow,much39watchingscenerypassbythroughatrainwindow.Theviewerunrollsitrighttoleft,experiencingcontinuousdailyactivities.Itsperfection40(heighten)bytheradiantblue-greenlandscape(qinglüshanshui)techniqueoftheNorthernSongDynasty.Brilliantbluedominatesthemountains’peaks,boldgreencoversvalleys,andpalebrownimpliesbases.Thiscolor-centricapproachmasterfully41(employ)light,shade,andtexturefordepthandatmosphere,prioritizingcoloroverline.Thepaintingdemandsuniqueviewerinteractionduetoitsvastscale42minutedetail.Itrequiresthreedistinctviewings:fartograspitsgrandeur,closetoexamine43(refine)features,andmid-distancetoappreciateitsoverallimpact.Thislayeredengagementdeepenstheconnection,makingthelandscapefeelcompletelyalive.Ultimately,throughitsexpansivesize,richcolors,and44(express)details,themasterpieceemitsqi(vitalenergy),offeringaprofoundexplorationofthevisibleworld.Itinvitesviewers45(involve)themselvesfully,discoveringnewhorizonswitheachencounter.四、書信寫作(★★★)46.假定你是中學(xué)生李華。你校英語社團計劃開設(shè)一個名為“TheVoiceofOurGeneration”的視頻號，現(xiàn)正向廣大學(xué)生征求第一期視頻的內(nèi)容，如：校園生活，成長故事，流行文化……。請你向英語社團寫封信給出你的意見。信件內(nèi)容須包括：1.視頻的主要內(nèi)容；2.選擇該內(nèi)容的理由。注意：1.寫作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80左右；（文中不得出現(xiàn)真實姓名和學(xué)校名稱）2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。DearEnglishClubMembers,___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sincerely,LiHua五、書面表達(★★★)47.閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。It’seighto’clockonChristmasmorning,anddadsayshewantstolistentothenews.My11-year-oldselfiswonderingwhyonEarthgrown-upswouldbeinterestedinthenewswhenthereareimportantthingstobedone,suchashandingoutpresents.Andthen,whileIamonlyhalf-listeningtotheradiobroadcast,somethingunusualhappens:theboringnewsreaderbeginstalkingaboutaChristmasmessage.Hadn’tweheardthatreportearlier?Myolderbrother,Colin,figuresoutwhat’shappening.“Pete,Pete,it’sataperecorder!We’vegotourtaperecorder!”Itfinallydawnsonme:mydadrecordedthenewsandisplayingitbacknow.Ithinkit’squiteraretoexperiencerealexcitementoverapresent,butformet