Inflection

詞的屈折1Definition

Inflectionisvariationintheformofaword,typicallybymeansofanaffix(詞綴),thatexpressesagrammaticalcontrastwhichisobligatoryforthestem’s(詞干)wordclassinsomegivengrammaticalcontext.2Inflectionalaffixes

屈折詞綴

inflection:themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.

屈折變化：屈折變化是通過(guò)附加屈折詞綴的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系的表現(xiàn)，如數(shù)、人稱、有定性、體、格，屈折詞綴不會(huì)改變所附加詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法類。

3

affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional

Inflectionalaffixes

屈折詞綴加在詞干的后邊，傳遞不同的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系或語(yǔ)法范疇，如數(shù)、時(shí)、格等。如books中的-s是屈折詞綴，傳遞復(fù)數(shù)；wiser中的-er是屈折詞綴，傳遞比較級(jí)概念，等。4Inflectionisaprocesswhichcombineswordsandaffixes(alwayssuffixesinEnglish)toproducedifferentwordformsofthesamelexeme.

Inflectionalmorphologyoccurswithnouns,pronounsandverbs.

5Innouns,inflectionmarkspluralityinregularnouns:678大家有疑問(wèn)的，可以詢問(wèn)和交流可以互相討論下，但要小聲點(diǎn)910InflectionandDerivation

Sumup,inflectionisaprocesswhichproducesdifferentwordformsofthesamelexeme;whereasderivationcreatesnewwords11Ifderivationandinflectionco-occurs,derivationsareinner,closertothestem,andinflectionsareouter,furthestfromthestem.12Derivationistheformationofanewwordorinflectablestemfromanotherwordorstem.Ittypicallyoccursbytheadditionofanaffix.

Thederivedwordisoftenofadifferentwordclassfromtheoriginal.

Derivationalaffixes（派生詞綴）

A）prefix:Aprefixcomesbeforewords.

B）suffix:Aprefixcomesafterwords

前綴出現(xiàn)在單詞的前邊。前綴的主要功能是改變?cè)~干的語(yǔ)義，一般來(lái)說(shuō)前綴不改變?cè)~的詞性，如，當(dāng)我們?cè)趂riendly前邊加上un-時(shí)，它的語(yǔ)義發(fā)生了改變，但是單詞的詞性不變。但是，也有一些例外情況，如：unearth,enlarge,prewar等。后綴加在詞干的后邊。后綴主要改變?cè)~性，也可以改變語(yǔ)義的功能。

13TypesofderivationalaffixesDerivationalaffixesareoftwokinds:word-classchangingandword-classmaintaining.NominalizersareusedtoformnounsVerbalizersareusedtoformverbsAdjectivizersareusedtoformadjectivesAdverbializersareusedtoformadverbs14NominalizerMorphologicalRule:V+ageNA+yN15VerbalizerMorphologicalRule:N+enVA+enV16AdjectivizerMorphologicalRule:N+alAV+ableA17