Chapter5

TheVictorianPeriod

1BackgroundInformationChangesinSocietyChangesinPoliticsChangesinScience&TechnologyChangesinIdeology2ChangesinPoliticsPoliticalpowerpassedfromthedecayingaristocratsintothehandsofthemiddle-classindustrialcapitalists.→Asaresult,fromthe30’sof19thcentury,thestrugglebetweentheworkersandcapitalistsbecamethefundamentalcontradictioninEngland.Anewclass,theproletariat,emerged.3WhileEnglandhadreacheditshighestpointofdevelopmentasaworldpower,thepoorlivingandworkingconditionsofworkersledtotheChartistMovement(憲章運功),whichwasthefirstmassmovementoftheEnglishworkingclassandtheearlysignoftheawakeningofthepoor,oppressedpeople.4ChangesinScienceandTechnologyScientificdiscoveriesandtechnologicalinventionsmadeEnglandthe“workshopoftheworld”.(railway,steamship,spinninglooms,printingmachine,etc)→WithIndustrialRevolutioninfullswing,Englandaccumulatedlargeamountsofprofitandsettleddowntoatimeofprosperityandrelativestability.5Themiddle-classlifeofthetimewascharacterizedbyprosperity,respectability（體面）,andmaterialprogress.

Peopleasawholecelebratedanationalspiritofearnestness（認真）,respectability,modestyanddomesticity.

→Commonsenseandmoralpropriety（得體）becamethepredominantconcerninliteraryworks.6ChangesinIdeologyReligiouscollisionThewidespreadofUtilitarianism(功利主義)7大家應該也有點累了，稍作休息大家有疑問的，可以詢問和交流8ReligiouscollisionItstartedfromtheearly19thcenturyandwascausedbytherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newinventionsanddiscoveries.

Evolutionaryscienceshookthetheoreticalbasisofthetraditionalfaith.(Darwin’sTheOriginofSpecies&TheDescentofMan)People’sreligiousdoubtsandanxietieswereincreased.9UtilitarianismThebeliefthateverythingshouldbetestedbytheextenttowhichitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness.Itwaswelcomedespeciallybythemiddle-classindustrialistsandmadeculturalvalues,moralstandardslessvaluable.→theworseningoflivingconditionofpoorpeople10LiteraryFormsLiteraryExpressionNovelProsePoetry11NovelThemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethoughtinthisperiodThemostfamousnovelistsofthetimewerethecriticalrealists.(CharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,CharlotteBront?,EmilyBront?,Mrs.GaskellandThomasHardy)12FeaturesofEnglishCriticalRealismThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandgreatartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystem.Humorousscenesandbittersatire13TheEnglishcriticalrealistsnotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltherulingclass,butalsoshowprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.

Thecriticalrealistswereunabletofindagoodsolutiontothesocialcontradictions.Thechieftendencyintheirworksisnotofrevolutionbutofreformism.14ProseGreatprosewriters:ThomasCarlyleThomasBabingtonMacaulayMatthewArnoldJohnHenryNewmanJohnStuartMillJohnRuskinThomasHenryHuxley15Mostinfluentialprosew