英語語法中直接與間接引語轉(zhuǎn)化練習(xí)在英語的日常交流與書面表達(dá)中，引語的使用極為普遍。直接引語能夠生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)他人的原話，而間接引語（或稱轉(zhuǎn)述引語）則用于將他人的話語或思想融入自己的敘述之中。掌握直接引語與間接引語之間的靈活轉(zhuǎn)化，是提升語言運(yùn)用能力的重要環(huán)節(jié)。本文將系統(tǒng)梳理兩者轉(zhuǎn)化的核心規(guī)則，并輔以針對性練習(xí)，助力學(xué)習(xí)者深化理解與實(shí)際應(yīng)用。一、核心轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)則概覽直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語，并非簡單的文字搬運(yùn)，而是涉及一系列語法要素的調(diào)整，以適應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)述語境。其核心在于將他人的原話（直接引語）通過一個(gè)主句（通常由say,tell,ask等動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)）轉(zhuǎn)述出來，使其成為主句的賓語從句或其他相應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)。以下是轉(zhuǎn)化時(shí)需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的幾個(gè)方面：1.引導(dǎo)詞的選擇*陳述句：間接引語通常由"that"引導(dǎo)，"that"在口語中?？墒÷浴?例：Shesaid,"Ilikereading."→Shesaid(that)shelikedreading.*一般疑問句：間接引語由"if"或"whether"引導(dǎo)。*例：Heasked,"DoyouspeakEnglish?"→Heaskedif/whetherIspokeEnglish.*特殊疑問句：間接引語由原問句中的疑問詞（what,who,when,where,why,how等）引導(dǎo)。*例：Theywondered,"Wherewillshego?"→Theywonderedwhereshewouldgo.*祈使句：間接引語通常由"ask/tell/order/advise+sb.+todosth."結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)，否定形式則在不定式前加"not"。*例：Theteachersaid,"Openyourbooks."→Theteachertoldustoopenourbooks.*例：Hesaid,"Don'tmakenoise."→Hetoldusnottomakenoise.2.人稱代詞、物主代詞及反身代詞的調(diào)整這是轉(zhuǎn)化中較為靈活的部分，需根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述者的視角以及原話中的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行相應(yīng)調(diào)整，遵循“一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新”的基本原則。*一隨主：直接引語中的第一人稱（I,we,my,our,mine,ours,myself,ourselves），在間接引語中通常要與主句主語的人稱保持一致。*例：Tomsaid,"Iamhungry."→Tomsaid(that)hewashungry.(I隨主句主語Tom變?yōu)閔e)*二隨賓：直接引語中的第二人稱（you,your,yours,yourself,yourselves），在間接引語中通常要與主句賓語的人稱保持一致。*例：Sheaskedme,"Isthisyourpen?"→Sheaskedmeifthatwasmypen.(your隨主句賓語me變?yōu)閙y)*第三人稱不更新：直接引語中的第三人稱（he,she,it,they,his,her,its,their等），在間接引語中通常保持不變。*例：Hesaid,"Sheisagoodstudent."→Hesaid(that)shewasagoodstudent.(She保持不變)3.時(shí)態(tài)的一致當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)態(tài)（如said,told,asked,wondered等）時(shí)，間接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)通常要作相應(yīng)的“倒退”調(diào)整，以體現(xiàn)時(shí)間上的先后關(guān)系。常見的時(shí)態(tài)變化如下：*一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→一般過去時(shí)*例：Hesaid,"IliveinBeijing."→Hesaid(that)helivedinBeijing.*現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→過去進(jìn)行時(shí)*例：Marysaid,"Iamreadinganovel."→Marysaid(that)shewasreadinganovel.*現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→過去完成時(shí)*例：Theyreported,"Wehavefinishedthework."→Theyreported(that)theyhadfinishedthework.*一般過去時(shí)→過去完成時(shí)(若直接引語中已有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語，有時(shí)也可不變，但通常建議調(diào)整)*例：Shesaid,"Iwenttotheparkyesterday."→Shesaid(that)shehadgonetotheparkthedaybefore./Shesaid(that)shewenttotheparkyesterday.(后者在口語中也可能出現(xiàn)，但前者更規(guī)范)*一般將來時(shí)→過去將來時(shí)(will→would;shall→should)*例：Heannounced,"Iwillattendthemeeting."→Heannounced(that)hewouldattendthemeeting.特殊情況：*若直接引語表達(dá)的是客觀真理、永恒不變的事實(shí)或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，即使主句為過去時(shí)，間接引語的時(shí)態(tài)也可保持不變（通常仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）。*例：Theteachertoldus,"Theearthgoesaroundthesun."→Theteachertoldus(that)theearthgoesaroundthesun.*若直接引語中有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語，且該動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系清晰，間接引語的一般過去時(shí)有時(shí)也可保留。（如上例）*若主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)，間接引語的時(shí)態(tài)通常保持不變。*例：Hesays,"Ilikeswimming."→Hesays(that)helikesswimming.*例：Shewilltellhim,"Ihaveseenthemovie."→Shewilltellhim(that)shehasseenthemovie.4.指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語及動(dòng)詞的調(diào)整為適應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)的語境變化，直接引語中的某些指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和動(dòng)詞也需作相應(yīng)調(diào)整：*指示代詞：this→that;these→those*時(shí)間狀語：now→then;today→thatday;tonight→thatnight;tomorrow→thenextday/thefollowingday;yesterday→thedaybefore/thepreviousday;nextweek/month/year→thenextweek/month/year/thefollowingweek/month/year;lastweek/month/year→theweek/month/yearbefore/thepreviousweek/month/year*地點(diǎn)狀語：here→there5.句式結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整*疑問句：間接引語中的疑問句不再使用疑問語序，而應(yīng)改為陳述語序。*例：Sheasked,"Wheredoeshelive?"→Sheaskedwherehelived.(而非wheredidhelive)*感嘆句：間接引語中的感嘆句通常轉(zhuǎn)化為陳述句，并常用"what"或"how"引導(dǎo)，或用"expressedthat..."等結(jié)構(gòu)。*例：Hesaid,"Whatabeautifuldayitis!"→Hesaid(that)itwasaverybeautifulday./Heexclaimedwhatabeautifuldayitwas.二、轉(zhuǎn)化練習(xí)理論的理解需要通過實(shí)踐來鞏固。請嘗試將下列直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語，并注意上述規(guī)則的綜合運(yùn)用。練習(xí)一：陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化1.Tomsaid,"Iamgoingtovisitmygrandparentstomorrow."2.Shetoldme,"Wehavefinishedourhomework."3.Theteachersaid,"Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest."(提示：客觀真理)練習(xí)二：疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化4.Heasked,"Doyouknowtheanswer?"5.Marywondered,"WherecanIfindarestroom?"6.Thereporteraskedthepresident,"Whenwillyouannouncethenewpolicy?"練習(xí)三：祈使句轉(zhuǎn)化7.Themothersaidtoherchild,"Cleanyourroom."8.Thedoctoradvised,"Don'tsmoketoomuch."三、參考答案與點(diǎn)評練習(xí)一：陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化1.Tomsaid(that)hewasgoingtovisithisgrandparentsthenextday/thefollowingday.*點(diǎn)評：人稱"I"隨主句主語Tom變?yōu)?he"；時(shí)態(tài)"amgoingto"因主句"said"為過去時(shí)，變?yōu)?wasgoingto"；時(shí)間狀語"tomorrow"變?yōu)?thenextday/thefollowingday"。2.Shetoldme(that)theyhadfinishedtheirhomework.*點(diǎn)評：人稱"we"根據(jù)語境及邏輯判斷，此處指"she"和她的同伴，故仍為"they"；時(shí)態(tài)"havefinished"因主句"told"為過去時(shí)，變?yōu)?hadfinished"。3.Theteachersaid(that)thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.*點(diǎn)評：盡管主句"said"為過去時(shí)，但直接引語表述的是客觀真理，因此時(shí)態(tài)"rises"和"sets"保持不變。練習(xí)二：疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化4.Heaskedif/whetherIknewtheanswer.*點(diǎn)評：一般疑問句用"if/whether"引導(dǎo)；人稱"you"隨主句賓語（此處雖未明示，但根據(jù)語境通常為聽話人"I"）變?yōu)?I"；時(shí)態(tài)"know"變?yōu)?knew"；疑問語序調(diào)整為陳述語序"Iknew"。5.Marywonderedwhereshecouldfindarestroom.*點(diǎn)評：特殊疑問句用疑問詞"where"引導(dǎo)；人稱"I"隨主句主語Mary變?yōu)?she"；時(shí)態(tài)"can"變?yōu)?could"；疑問語序調(diào)整為陳述語序"shecould"。6.Thereporteraskedthepresidentwhenhewouldannouncethenewpolicy.*點(diǎn)評：特殊疑問句用疑問詞"when"引導(dǎo)；人稱"you"隨主句賓語"thepresident"變?yōu)?he"；時(shí)態(tài)"will"變?yōu)?would"；疑問語序調(diào)整為陳述語序"hewould"。練習(xí)三：祈使句轉(zhuǎn)化7.Themothertoldherchildtocleanhis/herroom.*點(diǎn)評：肯定祈使句用"toldsb.todosth."結(jié)構(gòu)；人稱"your"隨賓語"herchild"變?yōu)?his/her"。8.Thedoctoradvisednottosmoketoomuch./Thedoctoradvisedus/themnottosmoketoomuch.(若語境明確，可加上賓語)*點(diǎn)評：否定祈使句用"advised(sb.)nottodosth."結(jié)構(gòu)。四、總結(jié)與注意事項(xiàng)直接引語與間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)化是英語語法中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，也是一個(gè)容易出錯(cuò)的難