高中英語語法核心點(diǎn)詳解part12被動時(shí)態(tài)1.主動及被動及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)beV+p.p.beV管時(shí)態(tài)p.p.管被動例如1.Tomrepairsbikes.Tom修理自行車。例如2.BikesarerepairedbyTom.自行車被Tom修理。Be動詞（表時(shí)態(tài)）＋過去分詞（表被動）被動語態(tài)的形式例如1.ThesongissungbyJolin.這首歌被Jolin唱。例如2.IhearthesongsungbyJolin.我聽到這首歌被Jolin唱例如3.EnglishandFrencharespokeninCanada.在加拿大說英文和法文。主動及被動轉(zhuǎn)換主動Hepraisedme.他夸獎我。被動Iwaspraisedbyhim.注意：及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)，但是有些“不及物動詞＋介詞”可被視為及物動詞短語，所以可用被動詞。例如1.Ilistentomusic.我聽音樂。(可被動)例如2.SomethinghappenedtoMark.Mark發(fā)生了一些事情。(不可被動)例如3.Hetakescareofthenewcomertotheclub.他照顧俱樂部新來的人。被動:Thenewcomertotheclubistakencareofbyhim.例如4.Thewindhadblownawaytheballoonsbeforetheycame.被動:Theballoonshadbeenblownawaybythewindbeforetheycame.2.各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形成→beV＋P.P.現(xiàn)在式+被動→am/is/are+p.p.過去式+被動→was/were+p.p.未來式+被動→willbe+p.p.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式+被動→am/is/are+being+p.p.過去進(jìn)行式+被動→was/were+beingp.p.未來進(jìn)行式+被動→willbebeingp.p.現(xiàn)在完成式+被動→have/hasbeenp.p.過去完成式+被動→hadbeenp.p.未來完成式+被動→willhavebeenp.p.現(xiàn)在式的被動語態(tài)→am/are/is/＋P.P.例如1.Bettykeepsfivenewborncatsathome.Betty在家中養(yǎng)了新生5只小貓。被動:FivenewborncatsarekeptbyBettyathome.例如2.全世界的人都在看奧運(yùn)。PeopleallovertheworldwatchtheOlympics.→TheOlympicsiswatchedbypeopleallovertheworld.例如3.在火車上禁止使用手機(jī)。Theydonotpermittalkingoncellphonesinthetrain.→Talkingoncellphonesisnotpermitted(bythem)inthetrain.過去式的被動語態(tài)→was/were＋P.P.例如1.Theysoldmanykindsofchildseatsattheshop.他們在店里賣各種各樣的兒童座椅。被動:Manykindsofchildseatsweresold(bythem)atshop.例如2.Thepoliceranafterthethiefinthestreet.警方在街上追捕小偷。被動:Thethiefwasrunafterbythepoliceinthestreet.例如3.Tom在休息時(shí)玩紙飛機(jī)。Tomthrewthepaperplaneduringthebreak.ThepaperplanewasthrownbyTomduringthebreak.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的被動語態(tài)→am/are/is＋being＋P.P.例如1:Workersarebuildingthenewshoppingcenter.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式)工人們正在建筑新的購物中心。被動:Thenewshoppingcenterisbeingbuiltbyworkers.例如2.老師正在數(shù)學(xué)生人數(shù)。Theteacheriscountingthenumberofstudents.→Thenumberofstudentsisbeingcountedbytheteacher.過去進(jìn)行式的被動語態(tài)→was/were＋being＋P.P.例如:Mr.Smithwasprintingtheexampapers.史密斯那時(shí)正在印刷考卷。被動:TheexampaperswerebeingprintedbyMr.Smith.未來式的被動語態(tài)→willbeP.P./(am/is/aregoingtobeP.P.)例如1.TheywillholdtheschoolsportsinOctober.10月份學(xué)校要舉辦運(yùn)動會。被動:Theschoolsportswillbeheld（bythem）inOctober.例如2.Ourclassaregoingtodiscusstheproblem.我們班人將要討論這個(gè)問題。被動:Theproblemisgoingtobediscussedbyourclass.例如3.這游泳選手將締造新紀(jì)錄。Thisswimmerwillmakeanewrecord.→Anewrecordwillbemadebythisswimmer.其他的助動詞，如can/must/should等的被動語態(tài)形成的方法和未來式的被動語態(tài)一樣的。例如1.Everyoneofusshouldfollowschoolrules.我們每一個(gè)人都要遵守校規(guī)。被動:Schoolrulesshouldbefollowedbyeveryoneofus.everyone→只能指“人”現(xiàn)在完成式的被動語態(tài)→have/hasbeen＋P.P.例如1.Theteacherhasalreadypunishedthenaughtyboy.老師已經(jīng)處罰了那個(gè)淘氣的男孩了。被動:Thenaughtyboyhasalreadybeenpunishedbytheteacher.過去完成式+被動→hadbeenp.p.例如1.在他們來之前氣球都被風(fēng)吹跑了。Thewindhadblownawaytheballoonsbeforetheycame.→Theballoonshadbeenblownawaybythewindbeforetheycome.（注意）動詞短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動詞，可作被動語態(tài)（當(dāng)一個(gè)動詞加上一個(gè)介詞有特定意義,可做被動語態(tài)）3.各句型的被動語態(tài)形式Y(jié)es/No問句→即beV/助動詞為首的問句例如1.DidJudymessupmyroom?是Judy把我的的房間弄亂的嗎？WasmyroommessedupbyJudy?我的房間是被Judy弄亂的嗎？例如2.MustItakethecoldmedicinethreetimesaday?我必須要一天吃3次感冒藥嗎？Mustthecoldmedicinebetakenbymethreetimesaday?tablet(s)藥錠capsule(s)膠囊例如3.你太太幫你做三餐嗎?Doesyourwifecookyourmeals?Areyourmealscookedbyyourwife?例如4.Didyourfatherbakethispizza?Wasthispizzabakedbyyourfather?例如5.Willyoufinishtheworktomorrow?Willtheworkbefinished(byyou)tomorrow?WH問句→即疑問句詞為首的問句例如1.Whatdidhecatch?他抓到什么了？被動:Whatwascaughtbyhim?什么東西被他抓到了？例如2.Whendidtheboybreakthewindow?男孩是什么時(shí)候打破窗戶的？Whenthewindowwasbrokenbytheboy?（×）被動:Whenwasthewindowbrokenbytheboy?例如3.WhatlanguageisspokeninSpain?西班牙是說什么語言呢？例如4.WhatdoyoucallthisinEnglish?Whatisthiscalled(byyou)inEnglish?例如5.Whatkindofprogramdoyoufavor?Whatkindofprogramisfavoredbyyou?(Who＋動詞)的疑問句→bywhom＋beV＋S＋P.P.?例如1.Whoboughtthesweater?誰買了這件毛衣呢？Thesweaterwasboughtbywhom.（×）Whomwasthesweaterboughtby?這件毛衣是由誰買的呢？或:Bywhomwasthesweaterbought?外國人是這樣說的。例如2.WhoproducedthisCD?Who(m)wasthisCDproducedby?BywhomwasthisCDproduced?文章體例如3.Whodothepolicesuspect?Whoissuspectedbythepolice?祈使句的被動語態(tài)(Don’t/Never)+原形動詞＋受詞→Let＋受詞＋be＋P.P.例如1.Openthedoor.把門打開。Thedoorisopened.（×）這樣的被動語態(tài)只是一般敘述句的被動語態(tài)Letthedoorbeopened.讓門就打開吧。這才是祈使句的被動語態(tài)例如2.Openthedooroftheroom.→Letthedooroftheroombeopened.注意let后使用be(原形)例如3.Don’tforgetthislesson.→Don’tletthislessonbeforgotten.→Letthislessonnotbeforgotten.Let＋O(人)＋原形動詞＋O(物)例如1.Letmetellthetruth.就讓我說實(shí)話吧。被動:Letthetruthbetoldbyme.實(shí)話就讓我說出來吧。例如2.Letmydaughterspackthethings.→Letthethingsbepackedbymydaughters.否定句否定句→主詞S＋beV（be動詞）＋not＋P.P.主詞S＋aux（助動詞）＋not＋be＋P.P.例如1.Theydon'tcollectrecyclablepapereveryday.他們并非每天都回收紙類。被動:Recyclablepaperisn'tcollectedbythemeveryday.notevery并非每天例如2.Wecan'tseeafullmoontonight.今晚我們不能看到滿月。被動:Afullmooncan'tbeseen(byus)tonight.4.特別注意的被動語態(tài)by+行為者的省略→一般人→未指明某人→含糊不清的某人注意:by+受詞可省的情形有三(1)動作者為一般人或泛指一類人時(shí)例如1.在這個(gè)地區(qū)隨處可看見野生猴子。Wildmonkeysareseenaroundthisarea.例如2.RiceisgrowninTaiwan.臺灣種植稻子。例如3.Thenovelwastranslatedintomanylanguages.(2)動作者不清楚時(shí)例如1.這個(gè)座位有人坐了。Thisseatistaken.(3)從前后文的關(guān)系可清楚動作者是誰時(shí)例如1.報(bào)紙約在早上五點(diǎn)送達(dá)。Thenewspapersaredeliveredaround5:00a.m.例如2.Myunclewaskilledinthewar.我的叔叔戰(zhàn)死沙場。不使用by的被動語態(tài)★★★表示“感情；情緒”的情緒動詞被動語態(tài)不能用bybedisappointedat(by)+事對...(事)感到失望bedisappointedin(with,about)+人對...(人)感到失望beknownto+人becoveredwith+物becrowdedwith+物with+道具,手段,物品as+身份by+動作者,行為者例如1.Englishinterestsme.Englishisinterestingtome.IaminterestedinEnglish.例如2.那男人的無禮使她震驚。Shewasshockedattheman’sbadmanners.例如3.她父母親對她的成績單感到滿意。Herparentsweresatisfiedwithherschoolreport.例如4.許多年輕學(xué)生久仰王老師的大名。Mr.Wangisknowntomanyyoungstudents.注意例如1.Thelanguageisknownbyeveryoneinthisclass.known+by+行為者everyone都實(shí)際學(xué)習(xí)了,是行為者beknownto為...所知beknownby通過...(了解到)例如2.Sheisknownasanexcellentpianist.身為...而聞名例如3.Mr.Jacksonisknowntopeopleinthistown.這個(gè)街上的人都知道Mr.Jackson.Taipeiisknownforitsgoodfoods.臺北以它的美食而聞名。Sheisknownasasuccessfulsinger.她身為一名歌手而成名。beknownto為（某人）所知beknownfor以....聞名（+特色）beknownas以...聞名（+身份）known可以換成famous例如3.那盒子被魔術(shù)師蓋上黑布。Theboxwascoveredwithablackclothbythemagician.例如4.許多人在那次墜機(jī)中身亡。Manypeoplewerekilledintheplanecrash.例如5.他熱衷于買賣房地產(chǎn)。Heisabsorbedinbuyingandsellingrealestate.realestate不動產(chǎn),房地產(chǎn)personalestate動產(chǎn)estateagent英/realtor美房屋中介例如6.Thosemountainsarecoveredwithsnow.那些山覆蓋著白雪。例如7.Theywerecaughtinashowerduringthebarbecue.他們烤肉時(shí)被一陣雨淋了。例如8.Shoesaremadeofleather.皮鞋是皮革做的。例如9.Breadismadefromflour.面包是面粉做的。成品原料物理變化用madeof由......制成成品原料化學(xué)變化用madefrom由......制成第四句型(SVOO)的被動語態(tài)授予動詞的主動：S+V+O（人）+O（物）S+V+O（物）+介詞+O（人）★★★（注意）該被動語態(tài)時(shí)受詞一次只能拿一個(gè)做變化。一次只用一個(gè)受詞做變化，物在前，被動介詞不能丟例如1.Theysentallthecustomersacardaboutthesale.→Allthecustomersweresent(bythem)acardaboutthesale.→Acardaboutthesalewassent(bythem)toallthecustomers.例如2.Theembassygavemeanewpassport.→Iwasgivenanewpassportbytheembassy.→Anewpassportwasgiventomebytheembassy.例如3.Mr.Whitetoldusthehistorystory.White先生告訴我們這個(gè)歷史故事。被動:WeweretoldthehistorystorybyMr.White.被動:ThehistorystorywastoldtousbyMr.White.這個(gè)歷史故事是被White先生告訴我們的。例如4.Myfatherboughtmeamotorcycle.→Iwasboughtamotorcyclebymyfather.（少用）→Amotorcyclewasboughtformebymyfather.例如5.Momcookedusvegetablesoup.媽媽給我們做了蔬菜湯。被動:VegetablesoupwascookedforusbyMom.蔬菜湯是被我媽媽做給我們的。(注意)WewerecookedvegetablesoupbyMom.（×）注意:動詞buy,cook,get,make,read,sing,write,build,pass,choose等,其被動語態(tài),多不用間接受詞(人)當(dāng)主語注意:物在前，人在后時(shí)，介詞用to時(shí),可以省略第五句型(SVOC)的被動語態(tài)例如1.Theypaintedtheboardblue.他們把木板漆成了藍(lán)色。被動:Theboardwaspaintedbluebythem.板子被他們漆成了藍(lán)色。例如2.WeelectedJackchairperson.我們選Jack當(dāng)主席被動:Jackwaselectedchairpersonbyus.Jack被我們選為主席。例如3.HisgrandfathernamedthebabyDoris.ThebabywasnamedDorisbyhisgrandfather.例如4.Theypaintedthewallblue.Thewallwaspaintedbluebythem.例如5.Johnpersuadedmetogotothedentist.Iwaspersuadedtogothedentistbyjohn.使役動詞和感官動詞的被動語態(tài)使役動詞Imadehimdoit.Imadeitdone.Ilethimdoit.Iletitbedone.Igothimtodoit.Igotitdone.例如1.Mybrothermademerunerrandsforhim.我的哥哥叫我?guī)退芡?。有點(diǎn)強(qiáng)迫的。Mybrotherhadmerunerrandsforhim.一般的口氣Mybrotherletmerunerrandsforhim.Mybrothergetmetorunerrandsforhim.例如2.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.我昨天剪了我的頭發(fā)。被動語態(tài)例如3.Letitbedoneatonce.立刻去做這件事吧。被動語態(tài)例如4.Mr.Linmademedothework.Lin先生叫我去做這個(gè)工作。（前面林先生叫我主動，后面我做工作主動；前主后主）例如5.Mr.Linmadetheworkdonebyme.Lin先生叫我做了這個(gè)工作。（前面林先生使得工作主動，后面工作被我做；前主后被）例如6.IwasmadetodotheworkbyMr.Lin.我被Lin先生叫去做這個(gè)工作。（前被后主）感官動詞例如1.Isawhimbeat/beatingthelittleboy.我看見他打一個(gè)小男孩。例如2.Isawthelittleboybeatenbyhim.我看見一個(gè)小男孩被打。（被動）例如3.Hewasseen(tobeat)/(beating)thelittleboybyme.他打小男孩被我看見。重點(diǎn)：使役動詞及感官動詞的被動語態(tài)使役V+O+VR→beV+使役P.P.+toV感官V+O+VR/Ving→beV+感官P.P.+toV/Ving例如1.Theymadethestudentswaitinline.Thestudentsweremadetowaitinline.例如2.Heheardhisdogbark/barkingatacat.Hisdogwasheardtobark/barkingatacat(byhim).例如3.Isawamanjump/jumpingintotheriver.Amanwasseentojump/jumpingintotheriverbyme.具有被動語態(tài)功能的過去分詞,有時(shí)可修飾名詞例如1.Thesearehome-madecakes.例如2.Excitedspectatorrushedintotheplayground.say,believe,expect,know,think,consider等的被動語態(tài)例如1.他們說打哈欠會傳染。Theysaythatyawnsarecatching.→Itissaid(bythem)thatyawnsarecatching.據(jù)說...→Yawnsaresaidtobecatching.Itissaid+that+S+V=SbeVsaidtoV例如2.Weexpectthattheplanewilllandontime.→Itisexpectedthattheplanewilllandontime.→Theplaneisexpectedtolandontime.例如3.Theythinkthatheisthebestfootballplayeroftheyear.→Itisthoughtthatheisthebestfootballplayeroftheyear.→Heisthoughttobethebestfootballplayeroftheyear.不定詞,動名詞也可用于被動toV→tobep.p.Ving→beingp.p.例如1.我不喜歡成為別人的話題Idon’tliketobetalkedabout.例如2.沒有人喜歡被捉弄。Nobodylikesbeingmadefunof.被動語態(tài),有時(shí)表示動作,有時(shí)表示狀態(tài)例如1.Thestreetlightsareswitchedonatsunset.動作Thestreetlightsareswitchednow.狀態(tài)例如2.Mylittlebrotherisdressedbymymother.動作Mylittlebrotherisdressedinredpantstoday.狀態(tài)bedressed/dressonself注意：有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動作,經(jīng)常用become,get,grow代替be動詞例如1.Shegotdressedveryquickly.穿衣服很快注意：有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài),會用lie,stand,remain,stay等代替be動詞例如1.Thecityliesburiedunderthesand.例如2.Thedoorremainedcloseduntilmorning.主動語態(tài)表示被動例如1.Chickendoesn’tbakewell.例如2.Yourpaperreadslikeanovel.你的報(bào)告例如3.Longusehaswornhisglovesatthetips.長久的使用使他手套的指尖部分磨損了。例如4.Redwinestainsdon’twashouteasily.例如5.Thedoordoesn’tlock.例如6.Thistoughsteakdoesn’tcuteasily.經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的被動語態(tài)have/get+O+p.p.→被害例如1.Ihadmyhouseb