2025年大學(xué)《波蘭語(yǔ)》專(zhuān)業(yè)題庫(kù)——波蘭月語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論體系考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、名詞解釋1.Fonem2.Alfa3.Morfema4.Zdanie5.Normaj?zykowa二、簡(jiǎn)答題1.簡(jiǎn)述JanBaudouindeCourtenay音位學(xué)理論的核心觀(guān)點(diǎn)。2.概述KazimierzNitsch在波蘭語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中的主要貢獻(xiàn)。3.簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明JanMi?kiewicz的“波蘭語(yǔ)元音推移”理論的基本內(nèi)容。4.比較波蘭功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)與生成語(yǔ)法在研究語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)上的主要區(qū)別。三、論述題1.試述波蘭社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的主要研究議題及其在波蘭語(yǔ)境下的意義。2.論述TadeuszKotarbinski“詞的飽和”理論的主要思想及其哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。3.結(jié)合波蘭語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的具體實(shí)例，分析語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論在解釋語(yǔ)言變異中的作用。四、分析與評(píng)價(jià)題評(píng)述JanKury?owicz關(guān)于語(yǔ)言普遍性的理論貢獻(xiàn)，特別是其“普遍語(yǔ)法”思想的體現(xiàn)，并分析其理論在解釋屈折語(yǔ)言（如波蘭語(yǔ)）結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)的優(yōu)勢(shì)和局限性。試卷答案一、名詞解釋1.Fonem:ThesmallestunitofsoundinPolishthatcandistinguishmeaningbetweenwords(e.g.,/p/vs./b/in"pi?tro"vs."bie?o").Ithasdistinctivefeaturesandisabstract,contrastingwithconcretesounds(phones/fonemy).**解析思路:*Focusonthedefinitionofaphonemeasaminimalmeaningfulunitinthespecificlanguage(Polish),mentioningitsabstractnature,distinctivefeatures,andthecontrastwithphones(specificsoundoccurrences).ProvideaPolishexampleillustratingthephonemiccontrast.2.Alfa:AtermoftenusedinPolishlinguisticstorefertoamorphemethatcarriesgrammaticalmeaningbutdoesnottypicallyformafreewordonitsown.Itisacomponentoflargerwords,contributingtotheirinflectionalorderivationalclass.**解析思路:*Define'alfa'asatypeofmorpheme,emphasizingitsgrammaticalfunction(inflexionalorderivationalmeaning),itsboundnature(notfree-standing),anditsroleinwordformationwithinPolish.It'sdistinctfromafreemorpheme.3.Morfema:Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage,whichcanbeeitherfree(standingalone,like"water")orbound(mustbeattachedtoothermorphemes,likethePolishpluralsuffix"-y"in"karty").Allwordsarecomposedofoneormoremorphemes.**解析思路:*Providethefundamentaldefinitionofamorphemeasthesmallestmeaningfulunit.Crucially,explainthetwomaintypes:freeandbound,usingaclearexamplefromPolishfortheboundmorpheme(e.g.,thepluralsuffix).4.Zdanie:Aunitoflanguagelargerthanaphrase,possessingcompletesyntacticandsemanticstructure,typicallyexpressingacoherentthought,statement,question,command,orexclamation,andhavingasubject-predicatestructureinmanylanguages,includingPolish.**解析思路:*Defineasentenceasaself-containedcommunicativeunit.Highlightitssyntactic(e.g.,subject-predicate)andsemanticcompleteness.Mentionitsvariousfunctions(statement,question,etc.)anditsroleastheprimaryvehicleformeaninginPolishcommunication.5.Normaj?zykowa:Asystemofsociallyacceptedstandardsforlanguageuse,encompassingpronunciation(pronunciationnorms),grammar(morphology,syntax),andvocabulary.Itguideslanguagebehaviourandisoftencodifiedindictionariesandstyleguides,thoughitalsoincludesunwrittenconventions.**解析思路:*Define'normaj?zykowa'astheacceptedstandardoflanguageuse.Specifyitsscope(phonetic,morphological,syntactic,lexical).Mentionitsnatureassociallyconstructedandoftencodified,butalsoincludingimplicit,unwrittenrulesthatgovernlanguageproficiencyandacceptability.二、簡(jiǎn)答題1.簡(jiǎn)述JanBaudouindeCourtenay音位學(xué)理論的核心觀(guān)點(diǎn)。**解析思路:*Thecoreideaisphonemicstructure.Courtenayfocusedontheinternalstructureofthephoneme,proposingtheconceptof'features'(or'components').Hebelievedsoundswereorganizedintosystemsbasedonsharedfeatures,forming'phonemicclusters'or'colorations'(szatafonemowa).Thisapproachaimedtounderstandphonemicrelationshipssystematically,movingbeyondsimplebinaryoppositions.Mentionthebinaryfeaturemodel([+voice],[-voice]etc.)aspartofhisanalysis.2.概述KazimierzNitsch在波蘭語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中的主要貢獻(xiàn)。**解析思路:*NitschwasakeyfigureinPolishdialectologyandhistoricallinguistics.Hismajorcontributionsinclude:pioneeringlarge-scaleatlasprojectstodocumentPolishdialectssystematically;developingmethodsforclassifyingdialectsbasedoninternalrelationships(geneticgrouping);conductingdetailedhistoricalphoneticandmorphologicalstudiesofPolish,particularlyitsSlavicorigins;andsignificantlyadvancingthestudyofPolishhistoricalgrammarandetymology.3.簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明JanMi?kiewicz的“波蘭語(yǔ)元音推移”理論的基本內(nèi)容。**解析思路:*JanMi?kiewiczproposedthatPolishunderwentasystematicchainshiftinitsvowels,particularlyaffectingtheshortvowels/e/,/o/,/y/,and/i/inthe16th-18thcenturies.Thisshiftalteredtheirqualityandoftentheirarticulatoryposition,leadingtonewsoundmergersanddistinctions.Forexample,theoriginalshort/o/raisedto/?/(or/u/insomecontexts),while/e/lowered.ThetheoryexplainsmanyirregularitiesinthemodernPolishvowelsystembytracingthembacktothishistoricalshift.4.比較波蘭功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)與生成語(yǔ)法在研究語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)上的主要區(qū)別。**解析思路:*Themaindifferenceliesintheirfundamentalgoalsandmethodology.Functionallinguistics(e.g.,inPolandassociatedwithTadeuszKotarbinskiandlaterresearchers)emphasizesthemeaning-anduse-orientednatureoflanguagestructure.Itseekstoexplainhowgrammarservescommunicationandinformationstructure,viewinggrammarasdynamicandcontext-dependent.Incontrast,generativegrammar(especiallyChomsky'sversion)aimsforapurelyformal,abstractdescriptionoftheunderlyingmentalgrammar(competence),focusingonuniversalprinciplesandrules,oftendetachedfrompragmaticorfunctionalconsiderations.Functionalapproachesaremoreconcernedwith'how'languageisused,whilegenerativeapproachesfocuson'what'theunderlyingsystemis.三、論述題1.試述波蘭社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的主要研究議題及其在波蘭語(yǔ)境下的意義。**解析思路:*PolishsociallinguisticstypicallyfocusesonhowlanguagevariesandfunctionsinrelationtosocialfactorswithinPoland.Keytopicsinclude:languagevariationlinkedtoregionaldialectsvs.standardlanguage;theroleofsocio-economicstatus,educationlevel,andageinshapinglanguageuse(e.g.,formality,style);languageandnationalidentity,especiallyinthecontextofhistoricaleventsandthepost-communistera;bilingualismandcode-switching(e.g.,Polish-English);languagepolicyandthestatusofminoritylanguages(likeUkrainian,Belorussian,German);languagechangeanditssocialdrivers.ThesignificanceliesinunderstandingthediverselinguisticlandscapeofPoland,itshistoricalcomplexities,socialinequalities,andthedynamicsofidentityformationandlanguagemaintenance/drift.2.論述TadeuszKotarbinski“詞的飽和”理論的主要思想及其哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。**解析思路:*Kotarbinski's'saturationtheory'(Teorianasycenia)proposesthatlanguage,particularlyvocabulary,tendstowardsastateof'saturation'wherenewmeaningsareexpressedthroughmodificationsorcontextualshiftsofexistingwordsratherthantheconstantcreationofnewones.Thishappensbecauselanguageusersseekeconomyandclarity.ThetheoryisrootedinKotarbinski'sbroaderphilosophicalpragmatism,whichemphasizesthefunctional,contextual,andcreativeaspectsoflanguageuse.Itsuggeststhatmeaningisnotjustinherentinwordsbutisactivelyconstructedincommunication.Thetheoryhasimplicationsforunderstandingsemanticchange,wordformation,andthelimitsoflexicalcreativity.3.結(jié)合波蘭語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的具體實(shí)例，分析語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論在解釋語(yǔ)言變異中的作用。**解析思路:*Languagevariation(e.g.,regionalaccents,differentlexicalchoices,syntacticstyles)canbeexplainedbyvariouslinguistictheories.ForPolish,theorieslikeLabov'ssociolinguistictheorycanexplainhowvariables(e.g.,pronunciationof/sz/vs./s/)correlatewithsocialfactorslikeage,gender,orsocialclass,oftenshowinga'trough'pattern.Historicallinguistics(e.g.,Mi?kiewicz'svowelshifts)explainssystematicsoundchangesthatcreatevariationacrossthelanguage.Phonologicaltheory(e.g.,featureanalysis)explainswhycertainsoundcombinationsarestableorundergochange.Morphologicaltheoryexplainsvariationsinwordforms(e.g.,diminutives).Theoreticalmodelshelpidentifypatterns,predicttrends,andunderstandtheinterplaybetweentheunderlyinggrammar,socialcontext,andindividualspeakerbehaviourinshapingthediversewaysPolishisspokenandwritten.四、分析與評(píng)價(jià)題評(píng)述JanKury?owicz關(guān)于語(yǔ)言普遍性的理論貢獻(xiàn)，特別是其“普遍語(yǔ)法”思想的體現(xiàn)，并分析其理論在解釋屈折語(yǔ)言（如波蘭語(yǔ)）結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)的優(yōu)勢(shì)和局限性。**解析思路:*JanKury?owiczmadesignificantcontributionstounderstandingtheuniversalsoflanguage,particularlythroughhis'theoryofuniversalsyntax'(Teoriauniwersalnejsyntakty)andhisconceptof'componentialanalysis'(thoughdevelopedfurtherbyothers).Hiskeyideawasthatwhilelanguagesdifferinsurfaceforms,theirunderlyingstructuressharefundamentalcomponentsor'buildingblocks'(e.g.,Subject-V