2025年大學(xué)《梵語(yǔ)巴利語(yǔ)》專業(yè)題庫(kù)——梵巴語(yǔ)法片斷理解技巧考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、句子成分與結(jié)構(gòu)分析閱讀以下梵語(yǔ)（或巴利語(yǔ)）句子，請(qǐng)逐一分析并說(shuō)明各詞語(yǔ)的詞性、在句中的語(yǔ)法功能（如有主、謂、賓、定、狀語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)標(biāo)明；名詞請(qǐng)標(biāo)明格，動(dòng)詞請(qǐng)標(biāo)明時(shí)態(tài)、體、語(yǔ)態(tài)、人稱、數(shù)），以及整個(gè)句子的主要語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。1.???????????????????????2.????????????????????????????????????????3.?????????????????????????????????????????4.???????????????????????????????二、詞形分析與語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象說(shuō)明分析以下梵語(yǔ)（或巴利語(yǔ)）單詞或短語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)，說(shuō)明其詞性，并解釋其中體現(xiàn)的特定語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象或規(guī)則。1.???????2.????????-3.????-??????4.????????????三、語(yǔ)法規(guī)則應(yīng)用與辨析1.說(shuō)明動(dòng)詞“????”(gacch)在句子“??????????????????????”中呈現(xiàn)何種時(shí)態(tài)和體，并解釋其含義。2.比較以下兩個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)在格、數(shù)、性上的異同，并說(shuō)明其語(yǔ)法功能可能存在的差異：*????????????????????????*???????????????????????3.解釋動(dòng)詞詞尾“-??”(te)在不同語(yǔ)境下（如：命令式、現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)、現(xiàn)在時(shí)第二人稱單數(shù)等）可能表達(dá)的含義或語(yǔ)法功能。四、翻譯將以下梵語(yǔ)（或巴利語(yǔ)）語(yǔ)法片段翻譯成英語(yǔ)或現(xiàn)代印地語(yǔ)，注意保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法成分的準(zhǔn)確性。1.????????????????????????,????????2.?????????????????????????????????????????????????????五、句子結(jié)構(gòu)綜合分析分析以下包含復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或復(fù)雜修飾的梵語(yǔ)（或巴利語(yǔ)）句子，說(shuō)明其主要結(jié)構(gòu)，各組成部分的功能，以及關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)的運(yùn)用。1.?????????????????????????????????????????????????2.??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????試卷答案一、句子成分與結(jié)構(gòu)分析1.???????????????????????*???(idam):????(Compoundword);????????(Instrumentalcase,singular);????(Attribute);功能：??????(Exclamatoryparticle),alsoimplies'this'.(This)*???????????(gacchāmyaham):????(Compoundword);??????????(Verbformderivedfromroot'gam',meaning'go');??????'???'(Sanskritmarker);?????(Mediopassive,1stpersonsingularpresentactive);功能：?????(Agent/Subject),alsoimplies'wewillgo'.(Wewillgo)*????????(upasyyate):???????????????????(Verbformderivedfromroot'āpi',meaning'visit,approach');??????'???'(Sanskritmarker);??????-?????(Futuretense,3rdpersonsingular);功能：??????(Object),implies'isvisited/approached'.(isvisited)*?????????????????(CompleteStructure):[Subject(Agent)][Verb(Future,Mediopassive)][Object].Thecompound'???????????'actsasthesubject,performingtheactionof'visiting'(????????)on'this'(???).2.????????????????????????????????????????*?????????(brāhma?a?):???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,singular);????(Attribute);功能：?????????????????(Subjectoftheverb'goes').(ABrahmin)*??????(putra?):???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,singular);功能：?????????????????(Subjectoftheverb'goes').(Son)*?????????(svāmīnā?):???(Noun);?????-?????(Dativecase,dual);功能：??????(Exclamatoryparticle),implies'tothemasters'.(tothemasters)*??????(kutra?):???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,singular);功能：??????(Exclamatoryparticle),implies'where'.(where)*??????(gacchati):???????????????????(Verbformderivedfromroot'gam',meaning'go');??????'???'(Sanskritmarker);??????'??'(Sanskritmarkerforpresenttense);??????????????(Strongverbform);????????(Presenttense);??????-?????(3rdpersonsingular);功能：??????(Verb,Object).(goes)*???(asmi):???????????????????(Verbformderivedfromroot'bhū',meaning'be');??????'???'(Sanskritmarker);??????'???'(Sanskritmarkerforimperfecttense);??????????????(Strongverbform);???????????(Imperfecttense);功能：??????(Verb,auxiliary).(was)*?????????????????(CompleteStructure):[Subject(Nominative:???????????????)][Verb(Present,3rdsg:??????)][Object(Accusative:??????)][Instrumental(Dative:?????????)][AuxiliaryVerb(Imperfect,3rdsg:???)].ThecorestructureisSubject-Verb-Object.Theinstrumental'?????????'modifiestheverb'goes'(specifying*where*or*towhom*).3.?????????????????????????????????????????*??????(tasyā?):????(Compoundword);???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,singular);功能：?????????????????(Subjectoftheverb'gives').(His/Its)*??????????(sundarīyā?):????(Compoundword);???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,plural);功能：?????????????????(Subjectoftheverb'gives').(Beautifulones)*??????(kānte):???(Noun);?????-?????(Dativecase,singular);功能：??????(Exclamatoryparticle),implies'tothebeloved'.(tothebeloved)*???????(?reyas):???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,singular);功能：??????(Object).(Happiness/Well-being)*??????(sampada?):???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,singular);功能：??????(Object).(Wealth)*?????(dādāti):???????????????????(Verbformderivedfromroot'dā',meaning'give');??????'???'(Sanskritmarker);??????'??'(Sanskritmarkerforpresenttense);??????????????(Strongverbform);????????(Presenttense);??????-?????(3rdpersonsingular);功能：??????(Verb,Object).(gives)*?????????????????(CompleteStructure):[Subject(Nominative:????????????????)][Verb(Present,3rdsg:?????)][DirectObject(Accusative:???????)][IndirectObject(Dative:??????)][AccusativeObject(Accusative:??????)].ThecorestructureisSubject-Verb-DirectObject.TheDative'??????'andthesecondAccusative'??????'areobjectsoftheverb'gives'.4.???????????????????????????????*???????(asmāka?):????(Compoundword);???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,dual);功能：?????????????????(Subjectoftheverb'is').(Our)*??????????(durbhāgya?):???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,dual);功能：?????????????????(Subjectoftheverb'is').(Misfortune)*????(bhavati):???????????????????(Verbformderivedfromroot'bhū',meaning'be');??????'???'(Sanskritmarker);??????'??'(Sanskritmarkerforpresenttense);??????????????(Strongverbform);????????(Presenttense);??????-?????(3rdpersondual);功能：??????(Verb,linking).(is)*?????????(cāturye?a?):???(Noun);??????-?????(Accusativecase,singular);功能：??????(Cause/Agent).(bycraft/cunning)*?????????????????(CompleteStructure):[Subject(Accusative:?????????????????)][Verb(Present,3rddu:????)][Cause/Agent(Accusative:?????????)].ThecorestructureisSubject-Verb.TheAccusativesubject'?????????????????'islinkedbytheverb'is'(????)withthecausestatedintheAccusative'?????????'.二、詞形分析與語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象說(shuō)明1.???????(ahamkā?)*結(jié)構(gòu)分析:???(aham)+????(kā?)*詞性:????(Compoundword);???(Noun)*語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象:'???'isapronoun(1stpersonsingular,subject);'????'isanounderivedfromroot'k?'withthesuffix'-kā'.Thecompounddenotes'egoism,arrogance'.Itexhibitstheformationofabstractnounsfrompronounsandverbs.2.????????-(prathama?adi-)*結(jié)構(gòu)分析:?????(prathama)+???(-adi)*詞性:????(Compoundword);???(Noun)or??????????????????(Prefix)*語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象:'?????'means'first';'???'isaprefixmeaning'from,since,becauseof'.When'?????'iscombinedwith'???'(oftenwrittenas'????????-'),itfunctionsasasingleadverbialprefix,meaning'fromthebeginning,firstofall'.Thisdemonstratesthecombinationofanumeraladjectiveandaprefixtoformameaningfulunit.3.????-??????(vina-yukta?)*結(jié)構(gòu)分析:????(-vina)+??????(yukta?)*詞性:????(Compoundword);???(Noun)*語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象:'????'isaprefixmeaning'without';'??????'isanounderivedfromroot'yuj'withthesuffix'-ta',meaning'connected,joined'.Thecompound'????-??????'means'unconnected,disjoined'.Thisillustratestheformationofnounsusinganegativeprefixcombinedwithaverbalderivativetoexpressabsenceofaquality.4.????????????(aj?ātavārta?)*結(jié)構(gòu)分析:??????(aj?āta)+??????(vārta?)*詞性:????(Compoundword);???(Noun)*語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象:'??????'isanounmeaning'unknown';'??????'isanounmeaning'news,report,conversation'.Thecompound'????????????'means'unknownnews'.Thisshowstheformationofnounsbycombininganadjective(oradjective-likeword)withanoun,wherethefirstpartmodifiesthesecondpart.三、語(yǔ)法規(guī)則應(yīng)用與辨析1.動(dòng)詞“????”(gacch)在句子“??????????????????????”中的語(yǔ)法分析:*時(shí)態(tài)/體:????????(PresentTense),??????'??'(Strongverbformmarker).Theverbisinthepresenttense.*語(yǔ)態(tài):?????(Mediopassivevoice).Theverbform'??????'impliesthesubjectisperformingtheactionuponitselfortheactionishappeningtothesubject(likeareflexiveorpassivesense).*人稱/數(shù):??????-?????(3rdperson),???????(singular).Theverbagreeswiththesingular3rdpersonsubject'???????'(Mahābhāga?).*含義:"??????"togetherwiththemediopassiveform'???????????'(from'gacch')inthepreviousexampleimplies"willgo"or"isgoing".Here,itsimplymeans"goes".Themeaningis"Thegreatonegoesproperly/fully".2.名詞短語(yǔ)比較:*????????????????????????:'????????'(Nominative,singular);'????????'(Dative,plural);'????????'(Accusative,plural).ThestructureisNominative+Dative+Accusative.Thesubjectis'oneman';theDative'????????'specifiesthelocation'inhowmanyassemblies';theAccusative'????????'specifiesthetypeofassemblies'inassemblies'.Thephraselikelydescribesthelocationrelatedto'oneman'attending'assemblies'.*???????????????????????:'???????'(Nominative,plural);'????????'(Dative,plural);'????????'(Accusative,plural).ThestructureisNominative+Dative+Accusative.Thesubjectis'men,persons(plural)';theDative'????????'specifiesthelocation'inhowmanyassemblies';theAccusative'????????'specifiesthetypeofassemblies'inassemblies'.*異同點(diǎn)(Differences):Themaindifferenceisthenumberofthesubject(singularvs.plural).'????????'indicatesreferencetoonemaleperson,while'???????'indicatesreferencetomultiplemalepersons.Thisdifferencechangesthesubjectoftheverb(ifany)andtheoverallreferenceofthephrase.TheDativeandAccusativephrasesremainstructurallyandgrammaticallythesameinbothcases.3.動(dòng)詞詞尾“-??”(te)的語(yǔ)法功能與含義:*命令式(Imperative):Whenattachedtoaverbstem(especiallymonosyllabicstemsorstemsendinginvowels),'-te'formsthe2ndpersonsingularimperative(命令式,????????????).Example:?????-+-te=??????(Go!).Itcarriesacommandorrequest.*現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)(PresentTense,3rdpersonsingular):Forcertainverbstems(oftenthoseendinginconsonants,especiallyretroflexes),'-te'formsthe3rdpersonsingularpresentactiveindicative(?????????,??????-?????).Example:??-+-te=????(He/Itis).Itindicatesanongoingstateoractionbythe3rdpersonsingularsubject.*現(xiàn)在時(shí)第二人稱單數(shù)(PresentTense,2ndpersonsingular):Forsomeroots,'-te'canformthe2ndpersonsingularpresentactiveindicative(?????????,????????-?????).Example:????-+-te=??????(Yougo-informalsingular).Itindicatesanongoingactionbythe2ndpersonsingularsubject.*含義:Themeaningchangessignificantlybasedontheverbstemandthegrammaticalperson/numberitagreeswith.Asanimperative,it'sacommand.Asapresenttensemarker,itindicatesanongoingactionbythe3rdpersonsingularorsometimesthe2ndpersonsingular.四、翻譯1.???????????????????????,????????*翻譯(English):"Forus,thegoal(or:purpose,highestgood)ishappiness,not(and)wealth."*翻譯(Hindi):"???????????????????,???????"(Hamārelīye?reyaskāmhai,nacaarth.)*解析思路:'???????'=Forus;'???????'=happiness,welfare,purpose,highestgood(oftentranslatedas'Shreyas');'????'=is(linkingverb);'?????'=thegoal/purpose;'??'=notalso(negativeconjunction);'?????'=wealth,materialgain.Thesentencecontrasts'Shreyas'(spiritualgoal/purpose/happiness)with'Arth'(materialwealth),statingthattheformeristhegoalfor'us'.2.?????????????????????????????????????????????????????*翻譯(English):"Indeed,ifthereissomeonewhowantstoknowthewisdom(or:knowledge),thennowistheverytime."*翻譯(Hindi):"?????????,??????????????????????????,?????????????"(Vāstavamein,kisikochāhiyebudhikoj?ātum,toabhihīsamayhai.)*解析思路:'???????'=ofanyoneperson;'????'=if;'??????????'=thewisdom,theknowledge(nominalizationof'budhi');'??????????'=ofknowledge(instrumentalcaseof'praj?ā');'????????'=tobeknown(infinitive);'????'=here,now,thisvery;'????'=time,opportunity;'?????'=exists,is.Thesentenceisaconditionalstatementexpressingthatthecurrentmomentistherighttimeforseekingknowledge/wisdom.五、句子結(jié)構(gòu)綜合分析1.?????????????????????????????????????????????????*結(jié)構(gòu)分析:[Subject(Nominative:???????)][Adverbial(?????)][Instrumental(???????????)][Instrumental(??????????)][Conjunction(?)][Verb(Present,3rdsg:????)].*主要結(jié)構(gòu):NominativeSubject+Adverbial+InstrumentalPhrase1+InstrumentalPhrase2+Conjunction+Verb.*語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)運(yùn)用:*'???????'isthemainsubject.*'?????'(itself)modifies'???????',emphasizinghispresence.*'???????????'(inBrahmins)and'??????????'(inscholars)arebothinstrumentalphrasesindicatingthelocationorcontextofhispresence.Theymodifytheverb'????'(is).*'?'(and)connectsthetwoinstrumentalphrases,indicatingpresenceinbothgroupssimultaneouslyorcumulatively.*'????'(is)isthepresenttenseverbagreeingwiththesingular3rdpersonsubject'???????'.*整體含義:"Nārāya?aispresentbothintheBrahminsandthescholarshimself."2.??????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????*結(jié)構(gòu)分析:[NounPhrase1(Subject/Topic:??????