PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledTheWaytoSuccessbycommentingonAbrahamLincoln'sfamousremark,"Givemesixhourstochopdownatree,andIwillspend,thefirstfoursharpeningtheaxe."Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.TheWaytoSuccess注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.Google'sPlanforWorld'sBiggestOnlineLibrary:PhilanthropyOrActofPiracy?Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardtomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope-includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"organizetheworld'sinformation",soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."Thisreallyisn'taboutmakingmoney.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:"Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropic(慈善旳)exercise."Google'scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"hesays."Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheet(電子數(shù)據(jù)表)outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'sfounders."Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion.ButGoogle'sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshaveleveledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDanton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredin(陷入)alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJaundiceandJaundicecaseinCharlesDickens'BleakHouselookstraightforward.Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor'slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'sheirstobenefit.(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andthelastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"publicdomain"(workssuchastheBodleian'sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch).But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefense,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"fairuse".Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy."Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"saysPiersBluffed,oftheSheilaLandliteraryagencyinLondon."Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtask."In,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuit(集團(tuán)訴訟)againstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarecomplicated-thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosummarizeitisnoeasytask."Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"saysBluffed,oneofthesettlement'smostvocalBritishcritics.Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletocompensateauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached(includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks).Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.ThissettlementhandsGooglethepower-butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicense.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'smostcontroversialaspect.Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."Google'sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"pointsoutJamesGrimmelman,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'sprovisions,Googlecouldbecomeasignificantforceinbookselling.Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"orphan"works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder–thesemakeupanestimated5-10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned.Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividualbuyersundertheconsumerlicense.Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbeenacted(執(zhí)行)–itisthesubjectoffairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,GooglewillineffectbeoffthehookasfarascopyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythisandthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld'slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGerick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,pointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn'tevenknowitself.Butwhatiscertainisthat,insomewayorother,Google'sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhaveasignificantimpactonthebookworldintheyearstocome.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡1上作答。Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld'sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____.A)toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublicB)toencouragereadingaroundtheworldC)tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibrariesD)topromoteitscorebusinessofsearchingAccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google'sbook-scanningprojectwill_____.broadenhumanity'sintellectualhorizonsB)helpthebroadmassesofreadersC)revolutionizetheentirebookindustryD)makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengine3.OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld'sbooksshouldbecontrolledby_____.non-profitorganizationsB)theworld'sleadinglibrariesC)multinationalcompaniesD)theworld'stechgiants4.Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored_____.A)thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooksB)thecopyrightofthebooksitscannedC)theinterestoftraditionalbooksellersD)thedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooksGoogledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat_____.itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontentitiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholdersmakingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyrighttheonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuseWhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.B)Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation.C)ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestsofAmericanpublishers.D)Itcouldleadtomoreout-of-courtsettlementsofsuchdisputes.Whatremainedcontroversialaftertheclassactionsuitended?Thecompensationforcopyrightholders.B)ThechangeinGoogle'sbusinessmodel.C)Google'sfurtherexploitationofitsdatabase.D)Thecommercialprovisionsofthesettlement.While_____,Googlemakesmoneybysellingadvertising.Bookswhosecopyrightholdersarenotknownarecalled_____.10.Google'sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwilltremendously_____inthefuture.PartIIISectionAListeningComprehension(35minutes)Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。A)Cancelthetriptoprepareforthetest.B)ReviewhisnotesoncehearrivesinChicago.C)Listentotherecordednoteswhiledriving.D)Prepareforthetestafterthewedding.A)Thewomanwillhelpthemanrememberthelines.B)Themanlacksconfidenceinplayingthepart.C)Themanhopestochangehisroleintheplay.D)Thewomanwillpromptthemanduringtheshow.A)Preparationsforanoperation.B)Acomplicatedsurgicalcase.C)Arrangingabedforapatient.D)Rescuingthewoman'suncle.A)Heisinterestedinimprovinghiseditingskills.B)Heiseagertobenominatedtheneweditor.C)HeissuretodoabetterjobthanSimon.D)Heistoobusytoacceptmoreresponsibility.A)Hehaslefthispositioninthegovernment.B)Hehasalreadyreachedtheretirementage.C)Hemadeastupiddecisionatthecabinetmeeting.D)HehasbeensuccessfullyelectedPrimeMinister.A)Thisyear'sshuttlemissionisabigstepinspaceexploration.B)Themaniswellinformedaboutthespaceshuttlemissions.C)Theshuttleflightwillbebroadcastliveworldwide.D)Themanisexcitedatthenewsoftheshuttleflight.A)Atanautorescuecenter.B)Atacarrentingcompany.C)Atasuburbangarage.D)Atamountaincamp.A)Hegothisspeakersfixed.B)Hewentshoppingwiththewoman.C)HelistenedtosomeseriousmusicD)Heboughtastereosystem.Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Providingaidtothedisabled.B)Printinglabelsformanufacturedgoods.C)Promotingproductsformanufacturers.D)Sellingproductsmadeforleft-handers.A)Mostofthemarespeciallymadeforhisshop.B)Allofthemaremanufacturedinhisownplant.C)Thekitchenwareinhisshopisofuniquedesign.D)Abouthalfofthemareunavailableonthemarket.A)Theyspecializeinoneproductonly.B)TheyhaveoutletsthroughoutBritain.C)TheyrunchainstoresincentralLondon.D)Theysellbymailorderonly.Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Itpublishesmagazines.B)Itsponsorstradefairs.C)Itrunssalespromotioncampaigns.D)Itisengagedinproductdesign.A)Theadspecificationshadnotbeengivenindetail.B)Thewoman'scompanymadelast-minutechanges.C)Thewoman'scompanyfailedtomakepaymentsintime.D)Organizingthepromotionwasreallytime-consuming.A)Extendthecampaigntonextyear.B)Cutthefeebyhalfforthisyear.C)Runanotherfour-weekcampaign.D)Givehera10percentdiscount.A)Stopnegotiatingforthetimebeing.B)Calmdownandmakepeace.C)ReflectontheirrespectivemistakesD)Improvetheirpromotionplans.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。PassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theylookspotlesslycleanthroughouttheirlives.B)Theyarelookedafterbyanimal-careorganizations.C)Theysacrificetheirlivesforthebenefitofhumans.D)Theyarelabeledpetanimalsbytheresearchers.A)Theymayaffecttheresultsofexperiments.B)Theymaybehaveabnormally.C)Theymaybreedoutofcontrol.D)Theymaycausedamagetotheenvironment.A)Whentheybecomeescapees.B)Whentheyarenolongeruseful.C)Whentheygettooold.D)Whentheybecomeill.29.A)Whilelaunchinganimalprotectioncampaigns,theyweretrappingkitchenmice.B)Whileholdingaburialceremonyforapetmouse,theywerekillingpestmice.C)Whileadvocatingfreedomforanimals,theykepttheirpetmouseinacage.D)Whilecallingforanimalrights,theyallowedtheirkidstokeeppetanimals.PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theytakeitforgranted.B)Theyarecrazyaboutit.C)Theycontributemosttoit.D)Theyoftenfindfaultwithit.A)Heatandlight.B)Economicprosperity.C)Historicalcontinuity.D)Tidalrestlessness.A)Theyfindthecityalientothem.B)Theyareadventurersfromallovertheworld.C)Theylackknowledgeofthecultureofthecity.D)Theyhavedifficultysurviving.PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.A)Apoliticaldebate.B)Afootballgame.C)Adocumentary.D)Amurdermystery.A)Itenhancesfamilyrelationships.B)Itisasheerwasteoftime.C)Ithelpsbroadenone’shorizons.D)Itisunhealthyfortheviewers.A)HewatchesTVprogramsonlyselectively.B)Hecan'tresistthetemptationofTVeither.C)Hedoesn'tlikewatchingsportsprograms.D)Heisnotamanwhocankeephispromise.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。Inthepast,oneofthebiggestdisadvantagesofmachineshasbeentheirinabilitytoworkonamicro-scale.Forexample,doctorsdidnothavedevicesallowingthemtogoinsidethehumanbodyto(36)_____healthproblemsortoperform(37)_____surgery.Repaircrewsdidnothaveawayof(38)_____brokenpipeslocateddeepwithinahigh-rise(39)_____building.However,that'sabouttochange.Advancesincomputersandbiophysicshavestartedamicrominiature(超微)(40)_____thatallowsscientiststoenvision–andinsomecasesactuallybuild–microscopicmachines.Thesedevicespromiseto(41)_____changethewayweliveandwork.Micromachinesalreadyaremakinganimpact.AtCaseWesternReserveUniversityinCleveland,Ohio,researchscientistshavedesigneda4-inchsiliconchipthatholds700tiny(42)_____motors.AtLucasNovaSensorinFremont,California,scientistshaveperfectedtheworld'sfirstmicroscopicblood-pressuresensor.Threadedthroughaperson'sblood(43)_____,thesensorcanprovidebloodpressurereadingsatthevalveoftheheartitself.______________________________________________________________________.Automanufacturers,forexample,aretryingtousetinydevices_______________________________________________________(45)___________________________________________________________________________.Somefuturistsenvisionnanotechnology(納米技術(shù))alsobeingusedtoexplorethedeepseainsmallsubmarines,oreventolaunchfinger-sizedrocketspackedwithmicrominiatureinstruments.Thereisanexplosionofnewideasandapplications.So,(46)_____________________________.PartIVSectionAReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Leadershipisthemostsignificantwordintoday'scompetitivebusinessenvironmentbecauseitdirectsthemanagerofabusinesstofocusinwardontheirpersonalcapabilitiesandstyle.Expertsonleadershipwillquicklypointoutthat"howthingsgetdone"influencesthesuccessoftheoutcomesandindicatesarightwayandawrongwaytodothings.Whenanotedleaderontheartofmanagement,PeterDracker,coinedthephrase"Managementisdoingthingsright;leadershipisdoingtherightthings,"hewasseekingtoclarifythedistinctionsheassociateswiththeterms.WhenStephenCovey,founderanddirectoroftheLeadershipInstitute,exploredleadershipstylesinthepastdecade,hefocusedonthehabitsofagreatnumberofhighlyeffectiveindividuals.HisSevenHabitsofHighlyEffectivePeoplebecameapopularbestsellerveryquickly.Hisideasforcedareexaminationoftheearlyleadershipparadigm(范例),whichheobservedcenteredontraitsfoundinthecharacterethicandthepersonalityethic.Theformerethicsuggestedsuccesswasfoundedonintegrity,modesty,loyalty,courage,patience,andsoforth.Thepersonalityethicsuggesteditwasone'sattitude,notbehavior,thatinspiredsuccess,andthisethicwasfoundedonabeliefofpositivementalattitude.Incontrasttoeachoftheseideas,Coveyadvocatesthatleadersneedtounderstanduniversalprinciplesofeffectiveness,andhehighlightshowvitalitisforleaderstofirstpersonallymanagethemselvesiftheyaretoenjoyanyhopeofoutstandingsuccessintheirworkenvironments.Toachieveadesiredvisionforyourbusiness,itisvitalthatyouhaveapersonalvisionofwhereyouareheadedandwhatyouvalue.Businessleadershipmeansthatmanagersneedto"putfirstthingsfirst,"whichimpliesthatbeforeleadingothers,youneedtobeclearonyourownvalues,abilities,andstrengthsandbeseenastrustworthy.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。Tobegoodleaders,managersmustpaycloseattentiontotheirown_____.AccordingtoPeterDracker,leadersshouldbegoodat_____.Thepersonalityethicsuggeststhatpeoplearelikelytosucceediftheyhave_____.AccordingtoStephenCovey,leaderswhohopetoachieveoutstandingsuccessneedfirstofallto_____.51.Goodleadershiprequiresonetoknowone'sownstrengthsandbeabletowinpeople's_____.SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.What'stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollegegraduate?China"}India!Brazil!Howabouttrade!WhentheCommerceDepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJuneapproached$50billion,itsetoffanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthetradedeficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycouldcontributetoslowergrowth.Butthere'sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthepasttwoyears,thefiguresonimportsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-diprecession–areneweddeclineinthebroadlevelofeconomicactivityintheUnitedStates–butaneconomicexpansion.Therisingvolumeoftrade–moregoodsandservicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnitedStates–isgoodnewsformanysectors.Companiesengagedinshipping,trucking,railfreight,delivery,andlogistics(物流)haveallbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therisingnumberssignifygrowingvitalityinforeignmarkets–whenweimportmorestuff,itputsmorecashinthehandsofpeoplearoundtheworld,andU.S.exportsarerisingbecausemoreforeignershavetheabilitytobuythethingsweproduceandmarket.Therisingtideoftradeisalsogoodnewsforpeoplewhoworkintrade-sensitivebusinesses,especiallythosethatproducecommoditiesforwhichglobaldemandsetstheprice–agriculturalgoods,mining,metals,oil.Andwhileexportsalwaysseemtolag,U.S.companiesarebecomingmoreinvolvedintheglobaleconomywitheachpassingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsinChinaasinAmericaeachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports,itdoeshelpGM'sbalancesheet–andhencemakesthejobsofU.S.-basedexecutivesmorestable.OnegreatchallengefortheU.S.economyisslackdomesticconsumerdemand.Americansarepayingdowndebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.That'stobeexpected,givenwhatwe'vebeenthrough.Butthere'sabiggerchallenge.CanU.S.-basedbusinesses,largeandsmall,figureouthowtogetapieceofgrowingglobaldemand?UnlessyouwanttopickupandmovetoIndia,orBrazil,orChina,thebestwaytodothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseemobvious,butit'snolongerenoughsimplytodobusinesswithourfriendsandneighborshereathome.Companiesandindividualswhodon'thaveastrategytoexportmore,ortogetmoreinvolvedinforeignmarkets,ortoplayaroleinglobaltrade,areshuttingthemselvesoutofthelion'sshareofeconomicopportunityinourworld.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。52.HowdopessimistsinterprettheU.S.tradedeficitinJune?A)ItreflectsAmericans'preferenceforimportedgoods.B)ItsignifiesachangeinAmericaneconomicstructure.C)ItistheresultofAmerica'sgrowingfocusondomesticmarket.D)Itcouldleadtoslowergrowthofthenationaleconomy.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthetradedataofthepasttwoyears?ItindicatesthateconomicactivitiesintheU.S.haveincreased.B)ItshowsthatU.S.economyisslippingfurtherintorecession.C)Itsignalsdecreasingdomesticdemandforgoodsandservices.D)Itreflectsthefluctuationsintheinternationalmarket.54.Whoparticularlybenefitfromtherisingvolumeoftrade?A)Peoplewhohaveexpertiseininternationaltrade.B)Consumerswhofavorimportedgoodsandservices.C)Producersofagriculturalgoodsandrawmaterials.D)Retailersdealinginforeigngoodsandservices.WhatisoneofthechallengesfacingtheAmericaneconomy?Competitionfromoverseas.B)People'sreluctancetospend.C)Slacktradeactivities.D)Decreasingproductivity.Whatistheauthor'sadvicetoU.S.companiesandindividuals?Toimportmorecheapgoodsfromdevelopingcountries.B)Tomovetheircompaniestowherelaborischeaper.C)Toincreasetheirmarketshareoverseas.D)Tobealerttofluctuationsinforeignmarkets.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ArecurringcriticismoftheUK'suniversitysectorisitsperceivedweaknessintranslatingnewknowledgeintonewproductsandservices.Recently,theUKNationalStemCellNetworkwarnedtheUKcouldloseitsplaceamongtheworldleadersinstemcellresearchunlessadequatefundingandlegislationcouldbeassured.Weshouldtakethisconcernseriouslyasuniversitiesarekeyinthenationalinnovationsystem.However,wedohavetochallengetheunthinkingcomplaintthatthesectordoesnotdoenoughintakingideastomarket.ThemostrecentcomparativedataontheperformanceofuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsinAustralia,Canada,USAandUKshowsthat,fromarelativelyweakstartingposition,theUKnowleadsonmanyindicatorsofcommercializationactivity.Whenviewedatthenationallevel,thepolicyinterventionsofthepastdecadehavehelpedtransformtheperformanceofUKuniversities.EvidencesuggeststheUK'spositionismuchstrongerthanintherecentpastandisstillshowingimprovement.Butnationaldatamaskstheverylargevariationintheperformanceofindividualuniversities.Theevidenceshowsthatalargenumberofuniversitieshavefallenoffthebackofthepack,afewperformstronglyandtherestchasetheleaders.ThistypeofunevendistributionisnotpeculiartotheUKandismirroredacrossothereconomies.IntheUK,researchisconcentrated:lessthan25%ofuniversitiesreceive75%oftheresearchfunding.ThesesameuniversitiesarealsotheinstitutionsproducingthegreatestshareofPhDgraduates,sciencecitations,patentsandlicenseincome.Theeffectofpoliciesgeneratinglong-termresourceconcentrat