考向25閱讀理解之應(yīng)用文類

【命題趨勢(shì)】

I.考點(diǎn)趨勢(shì)：今后對(duì)語(yǔ)篇領(lǐng)悟能力的檢測(cè)仍是高考的重點(diǎn)和基本點(diǎn)，同時(shí)還需關(guān)注對(duì)主旨大意題和文章結(jié)

構(gòu)題的考查。

2.理解層次趨勢(shì)：表層意義理解題減少，深層含義理解題增多?？疾殡y度有所增加，由簡(jiǎn)單尋找信息向多

層次細(xì)節(jié)推理的趨勢(shì)比較明顯。

3.信息量和詞匯量：閱讀理解材料信息濃縮，詞匯總量減少，但對(duì)詞匯量的考杳在加大，非考綱詞匯有所

增加（主要為詞根加上前、后綴或有詞義轉(zhuǎn)化的詞）。旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握詞匯的合成、派生和轉(zhuǎn)化，讓考生能通過

上下文或構(gòu)詞法來理解詞匯的含義。《考試說明》中"根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞利短語(yǔ)的含義”這一新要求預(yù)示對(duì)能

力要求有所提高。

4.句子的難度：長(zhǎng)句增多，句子難度加大。復(fù)合句、省略句、倒裝句和插入語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象普遍。

5.體裁和題材：繼續(xù)體現(xiàn)體裁利題材多樣化，并彰顯英語(yǔ)國(guó)家語(yǔ)言與文化特點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)化文化意識(shí)的滲透。題

材涉獵廣泛，體現(xiàn)"語(yǔ)言是文化的載體“這一理念。

【應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)】

應(yīng)用文是最貼近FI常生活的文體，它包括通知、廣告、便條、申請(qǐng)書、個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)介、商品說明與介紹、新聞報(bào)

道等，形式多樣，題材各異，如圖示、表格等。英語(yǔ)《考試說明》對(duì)“讀”的能力要求之一是：要求考生讀懂一

股性詁題的簡(jiǎn)短文字材料，例如公告、說明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、朵志中的簡(jiǎn)短文章并能識(shí)別小同文體的特征。研

讀近生全國(guó)各地的高考試題可以看出，應(yīng)用文是高考閱讀理解命題的重要體裁之一?，F(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)要介紹應(yīng)用文的特點(diǎn)、

類型和解題技巧。

一、應(yīng)用文閱讀試題的文體特點(diǎn)

應(yīng)用文不同于其他文體的文章，其目的是為了向讀者傳輸信息，措辭簡(jiǎn)潔明了，直截了當(dāng)。一般說來，應(yīng)用

文英語(yǔ)閱讀試題具有以下特點(diǎn)：

1.選材特點(diǎn)

信息量大，文句精煉，形式靈活，用最少的篇幅表達(dá)最大量的信息。

2.內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)

生活化，實(shí)用化，多樣化，如產(chǎn)品宣傳、服務(wù)介紹、通知、海報(bào)、啟示、招生招聘等。

3.形式特點(diǎn)

標(biāo)題醒目，重點(diǎn)突出，條理清晰，常用粗體字或各類項(xiàng)目符號(hào)使文章的結(jié)構(gòu)更鮮明。

4.語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)

人名、地名、專有名詞多；生詞多；縮略詞、祈使句、省略句多；結(jié)構(gòu)不完整。

5.命題特點(diǎn)

主要考查考生提取信息和處理信息的能力，既注重特定細(xì)節(jié)的啼選、類比、綜合，又注重推理判斷題的考查，

題目設(shè)置相對(duì)較容易。

二、應(yīng)用文語(yǔ)篇主要類型

應(yīng)用文的類型主要有：同主題廣告，混合型廣告，規(guī)則、通知、咨詢問答、注意事項(xiàng)等，指南，書評(píng)、問卷

調(diào)杳、告示、參觀須知、申請(qǐng)書、個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)介等。

三、應(yīng)用文解題技巧點(diǎn)撥

高考應(yīng)用文閱讀理解設(shè)題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，因此，閱讀這類文章時(shí)，應(yīng)該在整體把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)的前提下,

主要注意細(xì)節(jié)信息。細(xì)節(jié)題的題干都是相應(yīng)原文的變形（如同義改寫、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等），因此要找到答案一定要找到

題干在原文中的出處，再把原文和選項(xiàng)相比較。

做題時(shí)，根據(jù)所提問題用尋讀、跳讀的方法可達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。

同時(shí)，在閱讀時(shí)也要特別注意文中以粗體、大寫、下劃線等方式加以提示的文字，因?yàn)檫@很有可能是文章的

核心或某一部分內(nèi)容的概括。具體答題策略如下：

1.先題后文

先讀試題，了解試題考點(diǎn)；明確目的，快速捕捉，獲取信息。

2.題干定向

根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞到文中定位答案范圍，按照題目順序依次而下：?jiǎn)栴}與材料相同一對(duì)號(hào)入座：?jiǎn)栴}與原文相

同一同義替換、歸納事實(shí)等。

3.生詞模糊

遇到生詞；如與答題無關(guān)，直接跳過；涉及答題，則根據(jù)語(yǔ)境、構(gòu)詞法等猜詞。

4.信息補(bǔ)全

對(duì)于影響理解的省略句，可根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，將其補(bǔ)全。

總之，應(yīng)用文類型的閱讀文章一般說來比較易理解，文章類型以廣告形式居多，設(shè)問根據(jù)文章的段落秩序,

多以細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)理解為主，答案的尋找可以根據(jù)問題中的關(guān)鍵字順藤摸瓜，輔以適當(dāng)?shù)耐评砼袛唷Ａ私饬藨?yīng)用文的

措辭和內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)，我們?cè)趯?shí)踐中總給出解答應(yīng)用文試題的關(guān)鍵是：抓信息。

提示：應(yīng)用文閱讀題做完后，不可輕易改答案，要相信第一感覺。因?yàn)轶室淮谓忸}時(shí)思路最清晰，假如沒I

分把握，以不改為好，防止弄巧成拙。

全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)考試說明確指出，要求考生讀懂一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文字材料，例如公告、說明、廣告以及書、

報(bào)、雜志中的簡(jiǎn)短文章，這說明了應(yīng)用文文體在高考英語(yǔ)中的重要性。這個(gè)特點(diǎn)在歷年高考試題中有明顯的印證，

不管是全國(guó)高考卷，還是省區(qū)高考卷中基本每年都涉及應(yīng)用文文體的考查，這充分體現(xiàn)了

”為月而學(xué)，學(xué)以致用”的新課程理念。因此，考生很有必要認(rèn)真研讀閱讀理解中應(yīng)用文的特征和命題特點(diǎn)，并

掌握一定的解題方法。本文擬結(jié)合近年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷閱讀理解中所涉及的應(yīng)用文文體，幫助考生提高閱讀理解

的解題能力。

應(yīng)用文是在日常工作和生活中使用的文體，通常以實(shí)用性為FI的、以真實(shí)性為基礎(chǔ)、以時(shí)效性為根本、以規(guī)

范性為準(zhǔn)則。該文體一般可分為兩大類：一類是說明性應(yīng)用文，包括廣告、啟事、海報(bào)、守則、公告、指南、個(gè)

人簡(jiǎn)歷、備忘錄、摘要等；另一類是敘述性應(yīng)用文，如書信、日記、便條、報(bào)告、請(qǐng)?zhí)?。目的都是向讀者傳輸

信息。高考試題主要涉及宣傳廣告、公告類應(yīng)用文，偶爾也會(huì)有書信類文章出現(xiàn)。從近三年高考全國(guó)卷閱讀理解

中應(yīng)月文的話題分布情況可知，前一類是應(yīng)用文命題的首選題材，其中包括廣告、海報(bào)和指南等。

在高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中應(yīng)用文體的考查主要有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

1.就文體特點(diǎn)而言，應(yīng)用文主要是為了向讀者傳遞信息，措辭簡(jiǎn)潔明了，一般來說，和所述問題無關(guān)的文字不

會(huì)出現(xiàn)。例如很多文章沒有標(biāo)題，甚至通篇沒有一個(gè)完整的句子，而是用詞、數(shù)字、縮寫、短語(yǔ)等來替代。

2.就選材特點(diǎn)來說，信息量大，文句精練，形式靈活，用最小的篇幅表述最大量的信息。其中書信，招聘和

商品銷售等廣告，交通運(yùn)輸時(shí)刻表，日記等的比例較大。其內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)為：生活化，錠用化，多樣化。

3.就形式特點(diǎn)而言，標(biāo)題醒目，重點(diǎn)突出，條理清晰，常用粗體字或各類項(xiàng)目符號(hào)使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更鮮明。

4.就語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)來說，文章充斥大量冗長(zhǎng)而生僻的專有名詞，如人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)名、組織名、書籍名、作品名

等等，而且沒有漢語(yǔ)注釋?？s略詞、祈使句、省略句多。

5.在行文方式方面，應(yīng)用文的每種文體都有固定的格式。敘述性應(yīng)用文采用一般記敘文的寫作方法，無特別之

處；說明性應(yīng)用文的行文呈排列式，即以小標(biāo)題為單位逐一下行排列。

6.就命題特點(diǎn)來說，高考英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文的設(shè)問一般是按照文章段落的順序依次設(shè)置，主要考查考生提取信息和處

理信息的能力，既考查對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的選取、排除、類比、綜合，又注重推理判斷題的考查，題目設(shè)置相對(duì)容易。

具體講來主要有四大類：（1）細(xì)節(jié)理解題，即要求考生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。這一題

型常見的命題方式有事實(shí)認(rèn)定題、圖形辨認(rèn)題、數(shù)字運(yùn)算題等。（2）推理判斷題。這類題主要考查考生根據(jù)文

章的字面意思，通過分析語(yǔ)篇的邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判斷

題屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題。（3）主旨大意題。該類題主要考查考生對(duì)所讀材料中心思想的概括。

其考查形式有很多，如概括標(biāo)題、主題、中心思想等。（4）詞義猾測(cè)題，即要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文猜測(cè)生

見的主旨大意題的題干表達(dá)方式有“Theposterintroducesusto.”“Thee-mailmainlytellsusabout

_______例如：

Theadvertisementmainlymakepeople.

A.givehelptothoseinneed

B.notthrowawayusedclothes

C.knowabouttheorganization

D.learn（heuseofdonatedclothes

這是一個(gè)主旨大意題，由表格一中的"Don，tthrowawayusedclothes.Usethemtohelpchangethelivesof

others,"可知答案應(yīng)該選A。

3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題

作者往往通過海報(bào)、廣告等形式的應(yīng)用文表明自己對(duì)于某事的態(tài)度，也可以通過通知、倡議書、邀請(qǐng)函等形

式暗示自己對(duì)某次活動(dòng)的看法和態(tài)度。常見的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題的題干表達(dá)方式有“Whaiistheauthortsaltitude

towards...wuWhatdoestheauthorthinkofthe...?”例如:

InAllison'sopinion,otherkidsofheragemaytheirparents.

A.haveproblemswith

B.getonwellwith

C.liketotalkto

D.liketolistento

這是一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題,從信中的第一段中4<kidssaytheydon*tgetonwellwiththeirsw可知答案應(yīng)該選A。

4.推理判斷題

與記敘文和說明文有所不同，應(yīng)用文閱讀中出現(xiàn)的推理判斷題?？疾槲恼碌某鎏幓蛘邅碓?，常見的題干表達(dá)

方式有“Youcanfindthead.”"Wherewouldyouprobablyreadthenotice?”例如：

Wccaninfer（推斷）fromtheadvertisementsthat.

A.noneoftheorganizationacceptchildren'sclothes

B.peoplecandonateusedclothesthroughouttheUSA

C.someorganizationneedmoneytohelpsomepeopleD.somedonatedclotheswillbegiventocancer

patients

這是一個(gè)推理判斷題，由表格二中第二句"Sales（銷售額）ofyourusedclolheswillsupport，"，由表格三

中第二句"Salesfromusedclotheswillbenefit（有助于）"，由表格四中第二句"Salefromdonatedclotheswillhelp

theBoysandGirlsClubinVenice,CA.”可知答案應(yīng)該選Co

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Whetheryouwanttostayinaconvertedbeerfactory,aluxuryhotelontheharbouroranadvancedloft-styleroom,

Sydneyhasahugerangeoftop-qualityhotels.

1.THEOLDCLAREHOTEL

LocatedintheheartofSydney'sCentralParkdistrict,TheOldClareHotel,providingluxurious(豪華的)rooms

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restoredbyPengLoh,aSingaporeanbusinessmanwithapassionforredecoratingheritageproperties.

2.HILTONSYDNEY

ThisisluxuryaccommodationrightinthecentreofSydney,withv/orld-classrestaurants,oneofthecity'sbestbars.

JustupstairssitsGlass,theaward-winningsmallrestaurantbycelebritychefLukeMangan.DownstairsliesTheMarble

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1().Whichofthefollowinghotelshousesarestaurantbyafamouschef?

A.TheLangham.B.HiltonSydney.

C.TheOldClareHotel.D.TheFourSeasonsHotelSydney.

11.WhatprivilegecanguestsenjoyinTheLangham?

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5

Hibernationisacomplexsolutiontoasimpleproblem.Inwinter,foodisscarce.Tosurvivethisseasonalstarvation.

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THREAT:Stroke

INSIGHT:Bloodflowinthebrainofahibernatingarcticgroundsquirreldropstoatenthofnormal.Typicallysuch

oxygenshortagewouldcauseastroke.Butthesesquirrelscansurviveallwinterbecausetheirmetabolismlowersto2

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THREAT:Diabetes

INSIGHT:Peoplewhogainalotofweightoftenstoprespondingtoinsulin,whichregulatestheamountofglucose

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THREAT:Osteoporosis

INSIGHT:Ifahumanweretoliestillforlongperiodswithoutfood,hisorherboneswouldslowlydegrade.A

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THREAT:HeartDisease

INSIGHT:Duringheartsurgery,apatientbecomesshortofoxygenwhentheheartslopsbeating.Tocope,thebody

switchesfromaerobictoanaerobicmetabolism.Unfortunately,(hechangecreateslacticacid,whichcankillcellsifit

buildsup.Damageofthiskinddoesnotoccurinhibernatingarcticgroundsquirrels,likelybecausetheybreakdown

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14.Howgrizzlybearsprocesssugarintheautumnmaygiveinsightsintohowtodealwith.

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15.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.Metabolismusuallyconsumesasmallamounlofoxygen.

B.Faicellsarelesssensitivetoinsulin(hanothercells.

C.Lyingstillforalongtimewillaffectbonedensity.

D.Doctorsareseekingwaystokeeppatients'heartsbeatinginsurgery.

6

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7

Comments

TurkishTreats

HelloLondonfoodies!

SouthLondonMum

I'mkickingoffthisweek'sblogbytalkingabouta

10October

fantasticnewTurkishrestaurantinSohocalledModa.Ican't

Hi-regardingyourlastpoint,I've

rememberevereatingbetterdeImaorhummus—itwasso

foundthesamethingrecently.Iread

delicious!Infact,thisisoneofthethingswhichthe

somewherethattheaverage'shopping

restaurantpridesitselfon-thefreshnessandauthenticityofbasket'hasalreadyincreasedby20%this

theingredients.Apparently,thechefinsiststhatthefruitandyear.Thepriceshavegoneupsomuch,

vegetablesarebroughtovereverydayfromhishomeregionbecauseoftheawfulweatherwe'vebeen

inTurkey—andfromnowhereelse.Hemaybeahaving,andtheymaygoupevenmore.

perfectionist,butitwassodeliciousthatIcan'tcomplain.Howarewemeanttofeedourfamilies?

Modaisn'tcheap,butit'sdefinitelywortheverypenny.

Ecovore

AndI'vegotgreatnewsforyou.WhenItoldhimthatI

1()October

writeafoodblog,hesaidhe'dgiveallmyreadersa10%

I'mnotsureweshouldbesupporting

discount!Justmentionthisblogwhenyoubook.

restaurantslikeModa.Theyarcverybad

Averydifferentrestaurant,whereIhadlunchlast

fortheenvironment.Whataboutallthe

Monday,isChezFitz.SituatednearLeicesterSquare,its

extracarbonemissionsfromthe4food

mainsellingpointisthatitsfoodisalllocallysourced

miles'createdbybringingoverthose

(within30kilometresoftherestaurant).MyfriendsandI

ingredientsfromTurkey?

werecompletelyamazed—wehadnoideathatsomuch

couldbegrownsoclosetocentralLondon.Butitturnsout

Anonymous

thattherearepocketsofgreenalloverthecity—youjust

11October

needtoknowwheretolook.

Iknowwhatyou'resaying.Ecovore,

Onefinalpoint:Icouldn'tbelievehowpriceymy

butdon'thaveagoatrestaurantslike

weeklyshopwasthisweek.Normallyifsabout￡40,butthis

Moda.Ifwegrowexoticvegetablesinthe

weekitwasmorethan￡55formoreorlessthesameamount

UK.thenwehavetouseheated

offood.Anyideaswhy?

greenhousesand(hatprobablyuseseven

MoreinacoupleofweeksasI'mgoingawayonmy

moreenergy.

holidaystomorrow!

19.WhydoesthebloggerlikeModa?

A.Itoffersitscustomersadiscount.

B.ItprovidestypicalTurkishfood

C.IthiresachefwhocomesfromTurkey.

D.Ittransportsingredientsfromallovertheworld.

20.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.ChefFitzislocated30kilometersfromLeicesterSquare.

B.Thebloggerisangryihathespendssomuchonfoodthisweek.

C.SouthLx)ndonMumisworriedabouttheeverworseningweather

D.Ecovoredoesn'tthinkofModainthesamewayasthebloggerdoes.

21.Theword“exotic”(inAnonymous'scomments)isclosestinmeaningto.

A.localB.foreign

C.fruitfulD.fruitless

8

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