2025年考研醫(yī)學基礎醫(yī)學英語專項訓練試卷（含答案）考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______注意事項：1.請將答案寫在答題紙上。2.所有答案必須寫在答題紙上，寫在試卷上無效。3.字跡必須工整、清晰。一、詞匯與結構（每題0.5分，共10分）從下列每個句子四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題紙上將對應的字母涂黑。1.Thestudyaimsto__________therelationshipbetweengeneticmutationsandthedevelopmentofcertaincancers.A.exploreB.estimateC.enhanceD.exhibit2.Cellularrespirationisacomplexprocessthat__________glucoseandoxygentoproduceenergy,carbondioxide,andwater.A.consumesB.conservesC.createsD.curtails3.Theendothelium,theinnerliningofbloodvessels,playsacrucialrolein__________bloodflowandpreventingclotformation.A.regulatingB.deterioratingC.facilitatingD.disrupting4.Thismedicationisprimarily__________forthetreatmentofhypertensionandanginapectoris.A.indicatedB.influencedC.involvedD.isolated5.DNAreplicationisessentialfor__________cellstodivideandensuresthateachnewcellreceivesanidenticalsetofgeneticinstructions.A.permittingB.damagingC.preservingD.promoting6.Thereceptorproteinsonthecellsurfaceareresponsiblefor__________signalsfromtheextracellularenvironment.A.transmittingB.transformingC.terminatingD.tolerating7.Duringmusclecontraction,actinandmyosinfilaments__________andslidepasteachother,generatingforce.A.extendB.relaxC.overlapD.separate8.Thecentralnervoussystem(CNS)iscomposedofthebrainandthespinalcord,which__________andcoordinatemostofthebody'sactivities.A.segregateB.dominateC.integrateD.inhibit9.Immunecells,suchasTlymphocytes,__________foreignantigensanddestroyinfectedorabnormalcells.A.recognizeB.replicateC.resistD.regulate10.Enzymesarebiologicalcatalyststhat__________chemicalreactionswithinthecell,oftenbyloweringtheactivationenergyrequired.A.initiateB.inhibitC.stabilizeD.accelerate二、閱讀理解（每題2分，共30分）閱讀下面的文章，回答問題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，在答題紙上將對應的字母涂黑。TheRoleofMicroRNAsinCellularRegulationMicroRNAs(miRNAs)aresmallnon-codingRNAmoleculesapproximately21-23nucleotidesinlength.Discoveredinthelate1990s,theyhavesincebeenrecognizedascriticalregulatorsofgeneexpressionineukaryoticorganisms.Unlikeprotein-codinggenes,miRNAsdonotproduceproteinsbutinsteadfunctionbybindingtocomplementarysequencesontargetmessengerRNAs(mRNAs),typicallyresultingintranslationalrepressionormRNAdegradation.Thisprocesshelpscontrolthelevelsofvariousproteinswithinthecell,therebyinfluencingnumerousbiologicalprocesses,includingdevelopment,differentiation,metabolism,andapoptosis.MiRNAsaregeneratedfromlongerRNAtranscriptscalledprimarymiRNAs(pri-miRNAs),whichareprocessedbytheenzymeDroshainthenucleustoproduceprecursormiRNAs(pre-miRNAs).Thesepre-miRNAsarethenexportedtothecytoplasmbytheexportin-5proteincomplex.Inthecytoplasm,anotherenzyme,Dicer,cleavesthepre-miRNAtoformthematuremiRNAduplex.OnestrandofthisduplexistypicallyselectedtoguidetheRNA-inducedsilencingcomplex(RISC),whiletheotherisdegraded.ThespecificityofmiRNAregulationdependsonthesequencecomplementaritybetweenthemiRNAanditstargetmRNA.Perfectornear-perfectcomplementarityoftenleadstoefficientmRNAdegradation,whereaspartialcomplementaritycanresultinreducedtranslationrateswithoutsignificantdegradation.ItisestimatedthatmiRNAscanregulatetheexpressionofhundreds,ifnotthousands,oftargetgenes,makingtheminvolvedinthecontrolofawidearrayofcellularfunctions.Forinstance,miR-124ishighlyabundantinthebrainandtargetsnumerousgenesinvolvedinneuronaldevelopment,whilemiR-21isoftenupregulatedincancercellsandcanpromotetumorgrowthbysuppressingtumorsuppressorgenes.DysregulationofmiRNAexpressionhasbeenimplicatedinvariousdiseases,particularlycancer.OverexpressionorunderexpressionofspecificmiRNAscanleadtoabnormalcellproliferation,survival,invasion,andmetastasis.Forexample,thelossofmiR-let-7,atumorsuppressormiRNA,isfrequentlyobservedinmultipletypesofcancerandisassociatedwithpoorprognosis.Conversely,somemiRNAs,likemiR-221/222,canactasoncogenesbytargetinggenesthatinhibitcellcycleprogression.UnderstandingthecomplexrolesofmiRNAsinhealthanddiseasehasopenedupnewavenuesfortherapeuticintervention.SmallmoleculeinhibitorsormimicsofmiRNAsarebeingexploredaspotentialdrugstotreatconditionssuchascancer,cardiovasculardisease,andviralinfections.1.WhatistheprimaryfunctionofmicroRNAsincellularprocesses?2.Accordingtothepassage,whatarethestepsinvolvedinthebiogenesisofmaturemiRNAs?3.HowdoesthedegreeofcomplementaritybetweenamiRNAanditstargetmRNAaffectregulation?4.IdentifyoneexampleofamiRNAanditsknownbiologicalrolementionedinthetext.5.WhatdoesthepassagesuggestabouttherelationshipbetweenmiRNAdysregulationandcancer?6.ThepassagementionstheexplorationofmiRNAsastherapeuticagents.Whatpotentialapplicationsarediscussed?7.Basedontheinformationprovided,whyaremiRNAsconsideredimportantregulators?8.Whatenzymeiscrucialforprocessingpri-miRNAsintopre-miRNAs?9.HowisthematuremiRNAselectedfromthemiRNAduplexafterDicerprocessing?10.ThepassageimpliesthatmiRNAscanhavedifferenteffectsdependingontheirtargets.Provideanexamplefromthetexttosupportthisstatement.三、翻譯（每題5分，共10分）將下列短文從英語翻譯成中文。Theprocessofcellularrespirationinvolvesseveralkeystages:glycolysis,thecitricacidcycle(alsoknownastheKrebscycle),andoxidativephosphorylation.Glycolysisoccursinthecytoplasmanddoesnotrequireoxygen.Duringthisstage,onemoleculeofglucoseisbrokendownintotwomoleculesofpyruvate,generatingasmallamountofATPandNADH.Ifoxygenispresent,pyruvateentersthemitochondria,whereitisconvertedintoacetyl-CoA.Acetyl-CoAthenentersthecitricacidcycle,aseriesofreactionsthatproduceATP,NADH,andFADH2.Thefinalstage,oxidativephosphorylation,takesplaceintheinnermitochondrialmembrane.Here,thehigh-energyelectronscarriedbyNADHandFADH2aretransferredthroughaseriesofproteincomplexesknownastheelectrontransportchain.Thistransferreleasesenergy,whichisusedtopumpprotonsacrossthemembrane,creatingaprotongradient.TheflowofprotonsbackacrossthemembranethroughanenzymecalledATPsynthasedrivesthesynthesisofalargeamountofATP,theprimaryenergycurrencyofthecell.將下列中文短文從中文翻譯成英語。高血壓是一種常見的慢性疾病，其特征是動脈血壓持續(xù)升高。長期高血壓會增加心臟病、中風、腎臟疾病等嚴重健康問題的風險。生活方式的調(diào)整，如改善飲食習慣、增加體育活動、保持健康體重、限制酒精攝入和戒煙，對于預防和控制高血壓至關重要。在某些情況下，醫(yī)生可能會建議使用藥物治療來幫助降低血壓。早期診斷和管理對于減輕高血壓帶來的長期并發(fā)癥風險具有重大意義。四、寫作（15分）假設你是一名醫(yī)學生，請根據(jù)以下提示寫一篇短文（約120詞）：1.你最近閱讀了一篇關于某種新型基因編輯技術（如CRISPR）在基礎醫(yī)學研究中有潛力的科學文章。2.簡要描述該技術及其在研究中的應用前景。3.探討這項技術可能帶來的倫理挑戰(zhàn)。---試卷答案一、詞匯與結構1.A解析：exploretherelationship意為“探索...的關系”，符合句意。estimate估計；enhance增強；exhibit展示。2.A解析：consumingglucoseandoxygen意為“消耗葡萄糖和氧氣”，符合細胞呼吸過程。conserve保存；creates創(chuàng)造；curtails削減。3.A解析：regulatingbloodflow意為“調(diào)節(jié)血流”，符合內(nèi)皮細胞功能。deteriorating惡化；facilitating促進；disrupting破壞。4.A解析：indicatedfor...意為“主要用于...的治療”，符合藥物說明。influenced影響；involved涉及；isolated分離。5.C解析：preservingcellstodivide意為“使細胞得以分裂”，符合DNA復制作用。permitting允許；damaging損害；promoting促進。6.A解析：transmittingsignals意為“傳遞信號”，符合受體蛋白功能。transforming轉(zhuǎn)換；terminating終止；tolerating忍受。7.C解析：overlapandslidepasteachother意為“相互重疊并滑動”，符合肌肉收縮過程。extend延伸；relax放松；separate分離。8.C解析：integrateandcoordinate意為“整合和協(xié)調(diào)”，符合中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能。segregate分離；dominate支配；inhibit抑制。9.A解析：recognizeforeignantigens意為“識別外來抗原”，符合免疫細胞功能。replicate復制；resist抵抗；regulate調(diào)節(jié)。10.D解析：acceleratechemicalreactions意為“加速化學反應”，符合酶的作用。initiate啟動；inhibit抑制；stabilize穩(wěn)定。二、閱讀理解1.B解析：根據(jù)第一段第一句“theyhavesincebeenrecognizedascriticalregulatorsofgeneexpression”，miRNA被認為是基因表達的臨界調(diào)節(jié)器。2.C解析：根據(jù)第二段，“pri-miRNAsareprocessedbytheenzymeDroshainthenucleustoproduceprecursormiRNAs(pre-miRNAs)”，pri-miRNA由Drosha酶在細胞核中加工產(chǎn)生pre-miRNA。3.D解析：根據(jù)第三段，“perfectornear-perfectcomplementarityoftenleadstoefficientmRNAdegradation,whereaspartialcomplementaritycanresultinreducedtranslationrateswithoutsignificantdegradation”，完全或接近完美的互補性通常導致mRNA高效降解，而部分互補性會導致翻譯速率降低。4.E解析：根據(jù)第四段，“miR-124ishighlyabundantinthebrainandtargetsnumerousgenesinvolvedinneuronaldevelopment”，miR-124在大腦中高度豐富，靶向參與神經(jīng)元發(fā)育的眾多基因，是其在神經(jīng)元發(fā)育中的生物作用。5.A解析：根據(jù)第四段，“DysregulationofmiRNAexpressionhasbeenimplicatedinvariousdiseases,particularlycancer.OverexpressionorunderexpressionofspecificmiRNAscanleadtoabnormalcellproliferation,survival,invasion,andmetastasis”，miRNA表達的失調(diào)與各種疾病有關，尤其是癌癥。特定miRNA的表達過高或過低會導致異常細胞增殖、存活、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。6.C解析：根據(jù)第四段最后一句，“SmallmoleculeinhibitorsormimicsofmiRNAsarebeingexploredaspotentialdrugstotreatconditionssuchascancer,cardiovasculardisease,andviralinfections”，小分子抑制劑或miRNA模擬物正在被探索作為治療癌癥、心血管疾病和病毒感染等疾病的潛在藥物。7.B解析：根據(jù)第一段，“miRNAs...playacrucialrolein...cellularregulation”，miRNA在細胞調(diào)控中起關鍵作用。8.B解析：根據(jù)第二段，“pri-miRNAsareprocessedbytheenzymeDroshainthenucleustoproduceprecursormiRNAs”，pri-miRNA由Drosha酶在細胞核中加工。9.A解析：根據(jù)第二段，“OnestrandofthisduplexistypicallyselectedtoguidetheRNA-inducedsilencingcomplex(RISC)”，雙螺旋中的一條鏈通常被選中來指導RNA沉默復合體（RISC）。10.B解析：根據(jù)第三段，“miR-21isoftenupregulatedincancercellsandcanpromotetumorgrowthbysuppressingtumorsuppressorgenes”，miR-21在癌細胞中常上調(diào)，并通過抑制腫瘤抑制基因來促進腫瘤生長，體現(xiàn)了不同miRNA對不同靶點的不同作用。三、翻譯將下列短文從英語翻譯成中文。微RNA（miRNA）是長度約為21-23個核苷酸的小型非編碼RNA分子。自1990年代末被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來，它們已被認為是真核生物中關鍵的基因表達調(diào)控因子。與蛋白質(zhì)編碼基因不同，miRNA不產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)，而是通過與靶標信使RNA（mRNA）上的互補序列結合來發(fā)揮作用，通常導致翻譯抑制或mRNA降解。這個過程有助于控制細胞內(nèi)各種蛋白質(zhì)的水平，從而影響多種生物學過程，包括發(fā)育、分化、代謝和細胞凋亡。miRNA的生物合成涉及幾個關鍵步驟：首先產(chǎn)生初級miRNA（pri-miRNA），這些pri-miRNA在細胞核中由Drosha酶加工成前體miRNA（pre-miRNA）。然后，pre-miRNA被exportin-5蛋白復合物運輸?shù)郊毎|(zhì)中。在細胞質(zhì)中，Dicer酶切割pre-miRNA形成成熟的miRNA雙螺旋。雙螺旋中的一條鏈被選中作為RNA沉默復合體（RISC）的引導鏈，而另一條鏈被降解。miRNA調(diào)控的特異性取決于miRNA與其靶標mRNA之間的序列互補性。完全或近乎完美的互補性通常會導致mRNA的高效降解，而部分互補性則可能導致翻譯速率降低而不會引起顯著的降解。據(jù)估計，miRNA可以調(diào)控數(shù)百甚至數(shù)千個靶標基因，使它們參與到廣泛的細胞功能調(diào)控中。例如，miR-124在大腦中高度豐富，靶向參與神經(jīng)元發(fā)育的眾多基因，而miR-21在癌細胞中常上調(diào)，并通過抑制腫瘤抑制基因來促進腫瘤生長。miRNA表達失調(diào)與多種疾病有關，尤其是在癌癥中。特定miRNA的表達過高或過低會導致異常細胞增殖、存活、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。例如，腫瘤抑制因子miR-let-7的丟失在多種癌癥中經(jīng)常觀察到，并與不良預后相關。相反，某些miRNA，如miR-221/222，可以作為原癌基因發(fā)揮作用，通過靶向抑制細胞周期進程的基因來促進細胞生長。對miRNA在健康和疾病中復雜作用的理解已開辟了新的治療途徑。miRNA的小分子抑制劑或模擬物正在被探索作為治療癌癥、心血管疾病和病毒感染等疾病的潛在藥物。將下列中文短文從中文翻譯成英語。Hypertensionisacommonchronicdiseasecharacterizedbypersistentlyelevatedarterialbloodpressure.Long-termhypertensionincreasestheriskofserioushealthproblemssuchasheartdisease,stroke,andkidneydisease.Lifestylemodifications,suchasimprovingdietaryhabits,increasingphysicalactivity,maintainingahealthyweight,limitingalcoholintake,andquittingsmoking,arecrucialforthepreventionandcontrolofhypertension.Insomecases,doctorsmayrecommendmedicationtohelplowerbloodpressure.Earlydiagnosisandmanagementareofsignificantimportanceinreducingthelong-termrisksofcomplicationsassociatedwithhypertension.四、寫作Assumingyouareamedicalstudent,writeashortes