2023年考研英語二試題2023年考研英語二試題第頁共14頁2023年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（二）試題SectionI UseofEnglishHere’sacommonscenariothatanynumberofentrepreneursfacetoday:you’retheCEOofasmallbusiness,andthoughyou’remakinganice 1 ,youneedtofindawaytotakeittothenextlevel.Whatyouneedtodois2growthbyestablishingagrowthteam.Agrowthteamismadeupofmembersfromdifferentdepartmentswithinyourcompany,anditharnessesthepowerofcollaborationtofocus3onfindingwaystogrow.Let’slookatareal-world4.Priortoformingagrowthteam,thesoftwarecompanyBitTorrenthad50employeesworkinginthe 5departmentsofengineering,marketingandproductdevelopment.Thisbroughtthemgoodresultsuntil2012,whentheirgrowthplateaued.The6wasthattoomanycustomerswereusingthebasic,freeversionoftheirproduct.And7improvementstothepremium,paidversion,fewpeopleweremakingtheupgrade.Thingschanged,8,whenaninnovativeproject-marketingmanagercameaboard,9agrowthteamandsparkedthekindof10perspectivetheyneeded.Bylookingatengineeringissuesfromamarketingpointofview,itbecameclearthatthe11ofupgradeswasn’tduetoaqualityissue.Mostcustomersweresimplyunawareofthepremiumversionandwhatitoffered.Armedwiththis12,themarketingandengineeringteamsjoinedforcestoraiseawarenessbyprominently13thepremiumversiontousersofthefreeversion. 14,upgradesskyrocketed,andrevenueincreasedby92percent.Butinorderforyourgrowthteamtosucceed,itneedstohaveastrongleader.Itneedssomeonewhocan15theinterdisciplinaryteamandkeepthemoncoursefortimeframeforthe17ofthesegoals.Thegrowthleaderisalso18forkeepingtheteamfocusedonmovingforwardandsteeringthemclearofdistractions.19attractive,newideascanbedistracting;theteamleadermustrecognizewhentheseideasdon’t20thecurrentgoalandneedtobeputonthebackburner.

1.[A]purchase[B]profit[C]connection[D]bet2.[A]define[B]predict[C]prioritize[D]appreciate3.[A]exclusively[B]temporarily[C]potentially[D]initially4.[A]experiment[B]proposal[C]debate[D]example5.[A]identical[B]marginal[C]provisional[D]traditional6.[A]rumor[B]secret[C]myth[D]problem7.[A]despite[B]unlike[C]through[D]besides8.[A]moreover[B]however[C]therefore[D]again9.[A]inspected[B]created[C]expanded[D]reformed10.[A]cultural[B]objective[C]fresh[D]personal11.[A]end[B]burden[C]lack[D]decrease12.[A]policy[B]suggestion[C]purpose[D]insight13.[A]contributing[B]allocating[C]promoting[D]transferring14.[A]Asaresult[B]Atanyrate[C]Bytheway[D]Inasense15.[A]unite[B]finance[C]follow[D]choose16.[A]share[B]identify[C]divide[D]broaden17.[A]announcement[B]assessment[C]adjustment[D]accomplishment18.[A]famous[B]responsible[C]available[D]respectable19.[A]Before[B]Once[C]While[D]Unless20.[A]serve[B]limit[C]summarize[D]alterSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1Inthequestfortheperfectlawn,homeownersacrossthecountryaretakingashortcut—anditistheenvironmentthatispayingtheprice.Abouteightmillionsquaremetresofplasticgrassissoldeachyearbutoppositionhasnowspreadtothehighestgardeningcircles.TheChelseaFlowerShowhasbannedfakegrassfromthisyear’sevent,declaringittobenotpartofitsethos.TheRoyalHorticulturalSociety(RHS),whichrunstheannualshowinwestLondon,saysithasintroducedthebanbecauseofthedamageplasticgrassdoestotheenvironmentandbiodiversity.EdHome,oftheRHS,said:“Welaunchedoursustainabilitystrategylastyearandfakegrassisjustnotinlinewithourethosandviewsonplastic.Werecommendusingrealgrassbecauseofitsenvironmentalbenefits,whichincludesupportingwildlife,alleviatingfloodingandcoolingtheenvironment.”TheRHS’sdecisioncomesascampaignerstrytoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfakegrasscauses.ATwitteraccount,whichclaimsto“cutthroughthegreenwash”ofartificialgrass,alreadyhasmorethan20,000followers.Itistryingtoencouragepeopletosigntwopetitions,onecallingforabanonthesaleofplasticgrassandanothercallingforan“ecologicaldamage”taxonsuchlawns.Theyhavegathered7,276and11,282signatures.However,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthatthereisalsoanenvironmentalimpactwithnaturallawns,whichneedmowingandthereforeusuallyconsumeelectricityorpetrol.Theindustryalsopointsoutthatrealgrassrequiresconsiderableamountsofwater,weedkillerorothertreatmentsandthatpeoplewholayfakegrasstendtousetheirgardenmore.Theindustryalsoclaimsthatpeoplewholayfakegrassspendanaverageof￡500ontreesorshrubsfortheirgarden,whichprovideshabitatforinsects.Inresponsetoanotherpetitionlastyearaboutbanningfakelawns,whichgathered30,000signatures,thegovernmentrespondedthatithas“noplanstobantheuseofartificialgrass”.Itadded:“Weprefertohelppeopleandorganisationsmaketherightchoiceratherthanlegislatingonsuchmatters.However,theuseofartificialgrassmustcomplywiththelegalandpolicysafeguardsinplacetoprotectbiodiversityandensuresustainabledrainage,whilemeasuressuchasthestrengthenedbiodiversitydutyshouldservetoencouragepublicauthoritiestoconsidersustainablealternatives.”

21.TheRHSthinksthatplasticgrass .[A]isharmfultotheenvironment[B]isahottopicingardeningcircles[C]isoverpraisedintheannualshow[D]isruiningtheviewofwestLondon22.ThepetitionsmentionedinParagraph3revealthecampaigners’ . [A]disappointmentwiththeRHS[B]resistancetofakegrassuse[C]angerovertheproposedtax[D]concernaboutrealgrasssupply23.InParagraph4,supportersoffakegrasspointout .[A]thenecessitytolowerthecostsoffakegrass[B]thedisadvantagesofgrowingrealgrass[C]thewaytotakecareofartificiallawns[D]thechallengesofinsecthabitatprotection24.Whatwouldthegovernmentdowithregardtoartificialgrass?[A]Urgelegislationtorestrictitsuse.[B]Takemeasurestoguaranteeitsquality.[C]Reminditsuserstoobeyexistingrules.[D]Replaceitwithsustainablealternatives.25.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatfakegrass .[A]isbeingimprovedcontinuously[B]hasseenamarketsharedecline[C]isbecomingincreasinglyaffordable[D]hasbeenacontroversialproduct

Text2It’seasytodismissasabsurdthefederalgovernment’sideasforpluggingthechronicfundinggapofournationalparks.CananyonereallythinkifsagoodideatoallowAmazondeliveriestoyourtentinYosemiteorfoodtruckstolineupundertheredwoodtreesatSequoiaNationalPark?Butthegovernmentisrightaboutonething:U.S.nationalparksareincrisis.Collectively,theyhaveamaintenancebacklogofmorethan$12billion.Roads,trails,restrooms,visitorcentersandotherinfrastructurearecrumbling.Butprivatizingandcommercializingthecampgroundswouldnotbeacure-all.Campgroundsareatinyportionoftheoverallinfrastructurebacklog,andbusinessesintheparkshandover,onaverage,onlyabout5%oftheirrevenuestotheNationalParkService.Moreover,increasedprivatizationwouldcertainlyundercutoneofthemajorreasonswhy300millionvisitorscometotheparkseachyear:toenjoynatureandgetabreakfromthecommercialdrumbeatthatoverwhelmsdailylife.Therealproblemisthattheparkshavebeenchronicallystarvedoffunding.Aneconomicsurveyof700U.S.taxpayersfoundthatpeoplewouldbewillingtopayasignificantamountofmoneytomakesuretheparksandtheirprogramsarekeptintact.Some81%ofrespondentssaidtheywouldbewillingtopayadditionaltaxesforthenext10yearstoavoidanycutstothenationalparks.ThenationalparksprovidegreatvaluetoU.S.residentsbothasplacestoescapeandassymbolsofnature.Ontopofthis,theyproducevaluefromtheirextensiveeducationalprograms,theirpositiveimpactontheclimatethroughcarbonsequestration,theircontributiontoourculturalandartisticlife,andofcoursethroughtourism.TheparksalsohelpkeepAmerica’spastalive,workingwiththousandsoflocaljurisdictionsaroundthecountrytoprotecthistoricalsitesandtobringthestoriesoftheseplacestolife.Theparksdoallthisonashoestring.Congressallocatesonly$3billionayeartothenationalparksystem—anamountthathasbeenflatsince2001(ininflation-adjusteddollars)withtheexceptionofaonetimeboostin2009.Meanwhile,thenumberofannualvisitorshasincreasedbymorethan50%since1980,andnowstandsat330millionvisitorsperyear.

26.WhatproblemareU.S.nationalparksfacedwith?[A]Declineofbusinessprofits.[B]Inadequatecommercialization.[C]Lackoftransportationservices.[D]Poorlymaintainedinfrastructure.27.Increasedprivatizationofthecampgroundsmay .[A]spoilvisitorexperience[B]helppreservenature[C]bringoperationalpressure[D]boostvisitstoparks28.AccordingtoParagraph5,mostrespondentsinthesurveywould .[A]gotothenationalparksonaregularbasis[B]advocateabiggerbudgetforthenationalparks[C]agreetopayextraforthenationalparks[D]supportthenationalparks’recentreforms29.Thenationalparksarevaluableinthatthey .[A]leadthewayintourism[B]havehistoricalsignificance[C]sponsorresearchonclimate[D]provideanincomeforthelocals30.Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthatthenationalparksystem .[A]isabletocopewithstaffshortages[B]isabletomeetvisitors’demands[C]isinneedofanewpricingpolicy[D]isinneedofafundingincrease

Text3TheInternetmaybechangingmerelywhatweremember,notourcapacitytodoso,suggestsColumbiaUniversitypsychologyprofessorBetsySparrow.In2011,Sparrowledastudyinwhichparticipantswereaskedtorecord40factoidsinacomputer(“anostrich’seyeisbiggerthanitsbrain,”forexample).Halfoftheparticipantsweretoldtheinformationwouldbeerased,whiletheotherhalfweretolditwouldbesaved.Guesswhat?Thelattergroupmadenoefforttorecalltheinformationwhenquizzedonitlater,becausetheyknewtheycouldfinditontheircomputers.Inthesamestudy,agroupwasaskedtorememberboththeinformationandthefoldersitwasstoredin.Theydidn’tremembertheinformation,buttheyrememberedhowtofindthefolders.Inotherwords,humanmemoryisnotdeterioratingbut“adaptingtonewcommunicationstechnology,”Sparrowsays.Inaverypracticalway,theInternetisbecominganexternalharddriveforourmemories,aprocessknownas“cognitiveoffloading.”Traditionally,thisrolewasfulfilledbydatabanks,libraries,andotherhumans.Yourfathermayneverrememberbirthdaysbecauseyourmotherdoes,forinstance.Someworrythatthisishavingadestructiveeffectonsociety,butSparrowseesanupside.Perhaps,shesuggests,thetrendwillchangeourapproachtolearningfromafocusonindividualfactsandmemorizationtoanemphasisonmoreconceptualthinking—somethingthatisnotavailableontheInternet.“Ipersonallyhaveneverseenallthatmuchintellectualvalueinmemorizingthings,”Sparrowsays,addingthatwehaven’tlostourabilitytodoit.StillotherexpertssayifstoosoontounderstandhowtheInternetaffectsourbrains.Thereisnoexperimentalevidenceshowingthatitinterfereswithourabilitytofocus,forinstance,wrotepsychologistsChristopherChabrisandDanielJ.Simons.Andsurfingthewebexercisedthebrainmorethanreadingdidamongcomputer-savvyolderadultsina2008studyinvolving24participantsattheSemelInstituteforNeuroscienceandHumanBehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.“TheremaybecostsassociatedwithourincreasedrelianceontheInternet,butI’dhavetoimaginethatoverallthebenefitsaregoingtooutweighthosecosts,”observespsychologyprofessorBenjaminStorm.“Itseemsprettyclearthatmemoryischanging,butisitchangingforthebetter?Atthispoint,wedon’tknow.”

31.Sparrow’sstudyshowsthatwiththeInternet,thehumanbrainwill . [A]analyzeinformationindetail[B]collectinformationefficiently[C]switchitsfocusofmemory[D]extenditsmemoryduration32.Theprocessofacognitiveoffloading” .[A]helpsusidentifyfalseinformation[B]keepsourmemoryfromfailing[C]enablesustoclassifytrivialfacts[D]lessensourmemoryburdens33.WhichofthefollowingwouldSparrowsupportabouttheInternet?[A]Itmayreformourlearningapproach.[B]Itmayimpactoursocietynegatively.[C]Itmayenhanceouradaptabilitytotechnology.[D]Itmayinterferewithourconceptualthinking.34.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thathowtheInternetaffectsourbrains . [A]requiresfurtheracademicresearch[B]ismoststudiedinolderadults[C]isreflectedinourreadingspeed[D]dependsonourweb-surfinghabits35.NeitherSparrownorStormwouldagreethat .[A]ourrelianceontheInternetwillbecostly[B]theInternetisweakeningourmemory[C]memoryexerciseisamustforourbrains[D]ourabilitytofocusdeclineswithage

Text4Teenagersareparadoxical.That’samildanddetachedwayofsayingsomethingthatparentsoftenexpresswithconsiderablystrongerlanguage.Buttheparadoxisscientificaswellaspersonal.Inadolescence,helplessanddependentchildrenwhohavereliedongrown-upsforjustabouteverythingbecomeindependentpeoplewhocantakecareofthemselvesandhelpeachother.Atthesametime,oncecheerfulandcompliantchildrenbecomerebelliousteenagerisk-takers.AnewstudypublishedinthejournalChildDevelopment,byEvelineCroneoftheUniversityofLeidenandcolleagues,suggeststhatthepositiveandnegativesidesofteenagersgohandinhand.Thestudyispartofanewwaveofthinkingaboutadolescence.Foralongtime,scientistsandpolicymakersconcentratedontheideathatteenagerswereaproblemthatneededtobesolved.Thenewworkemphasizesthatadolescenceisatimeofopportunityaswellasrisk.Theresearchersstudied“prosocial”andrebellioustraitsinmorethan200childrenandyoungadults,rangingfrom11to28yearsold.Theparticipantsfilledoutquestionnairesabouthowoftentheydidthingsthatwerealtruisticandpositive,likesacrificingtheirownintereststohelpafriend,orrebelliousandnegative,likegettingdrunkorstayingoutlate.Otherstudieshaveshownthatrebelliousbehaviorincreasesasyoubecomeateenagerandthenfadesawayasyougrowolder.Butthenewstudyshowsthat,interestingly,thesamepatternholdsforprosocialbehavior.Teenagersweremorelikelythanyoungerchildrenoradultstoreportthattheydidthingslikeunselfishlyhelpingafriend.Mostsignificantly,therewasapositivecorrelationbetweenprosocialityandrebelliousness.Theteenagerswhoweremorerebelliouswerealsomorelikelytohelpothers.Thegoodandbadsidesofadolescenceseemtodeveloptogether.Istheresomecommonfactorthatunderliestheseapparentlycontradictorydevelopments?Oneideaisthatteenagebehaviorisrelatedtowhatresearcherscall“rewardsensitivity.”Decision-makingalwaysinvolvesbalancingrewardsandrisks,benefitsandcosts.“Rewardsensitivity”measureshowmuchrewardittakestooutweighrisk.Teenagersareparticularlysensitivetosocialrewards—winningthegame,impressinganewfriend,gettingthatboytonoticeyou.Rewardsensitivity,likeprosocialbehaviorandrisk-taking,seemstogoupinadolescenceandthendownagainasweage.Somehow,whenyouhit30,thechancethatsomethingexcitingandnewwillhappenatthatpartyjustdoesn’tseemtooutweightheeffortofgettingupoffthecouch.36.AccordingtoParagraph1,childrengrowingintoadolescencetendto . [A]developoppositepersonalitytraits[B]seetheworldinanunreasonableway[C]havefondmemoriesoftheirpast[D]showaffectionfortheirparents37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatCrone’sstudy ..[A]exploresteenagers9socialresponsibilities[B]examinesteenagers’emotionalproblems[C]providesanewinsightintoadolescence[D]highlightsnegativeadolescentbehavior38.WhatdoesCrone’sstudyfindaboutprosocialbehavior?[A]Itresultsfromthewishtocooperate.[B]Itiscultivatedthrougheducation.[C]Itissubjecttofamilyinfluence.[D]Ittendstopeakinadolescence.39.Itcanbelearnedfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatteenagers .[A]overstresstheirinfluenceonothers[B]carealotaboutsocialrecognition[C]becomeanxiousabouttheirfuture[D]endeavortoliveajoyfullife40.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?[A]Whyteenagersareself-contradictory.[B]Whyteenagersarerisk-sensitive.[C]Howteenagersdevelopprosociality.[D]Howteenagersbecomeindependent.

PartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Net-ZeroRulesSettoSendCostofNewHomesandExtensionsSoaringTherules,whichcameintoeffectonWednesdayinEngland,arepartofgovernmentplanstoreducetheUK'scarbonemissionstonetzeroby2050.Theysetnewstandardsforventilation,energyefficiencyandheating,andstatethatnewresidentialbuildingsmusthavechargingpointsforelectricvehicles.Themovesarethemostsignificantchangetobuildingregulationsinyears,andindustryexpertssaytheywillinevitablyleadtohigherpricesatatimewhenashortageofmaterialsandhighlabourcostsarealreadydrivingupbills.BrianBerry,chiefexecutiveoftheFederationofMasterBuilders,saysthemeasureswillrequirenewmaterials,testingmethods,productsandsystemstobeinstalled.“Allthiscomesatanincreasedcostduringatimewhenpricesarealreadyskyhigh.Inevitably,consumerswillhavetopaymore,”hesays.GarethBelsham,ofsurveyorsNaismiths,sayspeoplewhoareupgrading,orextendingtheirhome,willbedirectlyaffected.“Thebiggestchangesrelatetoheatingandinsulation,”heexplains.“Therearenewrulesconcerningtheamountofglazingusedinextensions,andanynewwindowsordoorsmustbehighlyinsulated.”Windowsanddoorswillhavetoadheretohigherstandards,whiletherearenewlimitsontheamountofglazingyoucanhavetoreduceunwantedheatfromthesun.ThomasGoodman,ofMyJobQuote,saysthiswillbringinnewrestrictionsforextensions.“Glazingonwindows,doorsandrooflightsmustcovernomorethan25%ofthefloorareatopreventheatloss,”hesays.AstherulescameintoeffectlastWednesday,propertydeveloperswererushingtofileplansjustbeforethedeadline.Anyplanssubmittedbeforethatdateareconsideredtobeunderthepreviousrules,andcangoaheadaslongasworkstartsbefore15Junenextyear.Builderswhichhavecostedprojects,buthavenotfiledthepaperwork,mayneedtogobackandsubmitfreshestimates,saysMarcusJeffordofBuildAviator.Materialspricesarealreadyup25%inthelasttwoyears.Howmuchoverallpriceswillincreaseasaresultoftherulechangesisnotclear.“Whilstadmirableintheirintentions,theywilladdtothecostofhousebuildingatatimewhenmanyalreadyfeelthattheyarepricedoutofhomeownership,”saysJonathanRolandeoftheNationalAssociationofPropertyBuyers.“Anaverageextensionwillprobablyseearound￡3,000additionalcostthankstothenewregs.”JohnKelly,aconstructionlawyeratFreethslawfirm,believespriceswilleventuallycomedown.Butnotintheimmediatefuture.“Asthemarketplaceadaptstothenewrequirements,andthetechnologiesthatsupportthem,thescalingupofthesetechnologieswilleventuallybringcostsdown,butintheshortterm,wewillallhavetopaythepriceofthenecessarytransition,”hesays.However,thelong-termeffectsofthechangeswillbemorecomfortableandenergy-efficienthomes,addsAndrewMellor,ofPRParchitects.“Homeownerswillprobablyrecoupthatcostovertimeinenergybillsavings.Itwillobviouslybeveryvolatileatthemoment,buttheywillhavethatbenefitovertime.” [A]Theriseofhome