第05講閱讀理解之詞義猜測(cè)題目錄01TOC\o"13"\h\u考情解碼·命題預(yù)警 202體系構(gòu)建·思維可視 203核心突破·靶向攻堅(jiān) 3考點(diǎn)一題型特征 3知識(shí)點(diǎn)1詞義猜測(cè)題的命題特征 3知識(shí)點(diǎn)2詞義猜測(cè)題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式 4考點(diǎn)二利用上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義 4知識(shí)點(diǎn)1定義法 4知識(shí)點(diǎn)2舉例法 4知識(shí)點(diǎn)3重述法 4知識(shí)點(diǎn)4同義詞或近義詞法 5知識(shí)點(diǎn)5反義詞法 5考向1利用定義法解題 5考向2利用舉例法解題 5考向3利用重述法解題 6考向4利用同義詞或近義詞解題 6考向5利用反義詞解題 6考點(diǎn)三根據(jù)上下文邏輯猜測(cè)詞義 6知識(shí)點(diǎn)1轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 7知識(shí)點(diǎn)2對(duì)比關(guān)系 7知識(shí)點(diǎn)3類比關(guān)系 7考向1利用轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系解題 7考向2利用對(duì)比關(guān)系解題 7考向3利用類比關(guān)系解題 8考點(diǎn)四根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義 8考向利用構(gòu)詞法解題 8考點(diǎn)五根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞義 9考向利用上下文語(yǔ)境解題 904真題溯源·考向感知 9考點(diǎn)要求考察形式2025年2024年2023年詞義猜測(cè)題選擇題非選擇題3月，B篇，1道3月，C篇，1道3月，C篇，1道考情分析：猜測(cè)詞義題基本上是閱讀理解每年必考的題型。此類題型旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的本意或外延含義的能力，既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新意，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。除了直接命題的生詞外，閱讀文章時(shí)，常常也會(huì)遇到一些過(guò)去未見(jiàn)過(guò)的詞，但這類生詞的詞義大都可以通過(guò)上下文推斷出來(lái)。復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)：1.掌握利用上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義的解題方法；2.掌握根據(jù)上下文邏輯猜測(cè)詞義的解題方法；3.掌握根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義的解題方法；4.掌握根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞義的解題方法?？键c(diǎn)一題型特征知識(shí)點(diǎn)1詞義猜測(cè)題的命題特征詞義猜測(cè)題著重考查利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)篇上下文等理解生詞的能力。英語(yǔ)中有一句很經(jīng)典的話：Nocontext，notext.它表達(dá)的意思是：脫離了上下文，就不能正確理解單詞的意義。這充分說(shuō)明上下文語(yǔ)境對(duì)于理解詞義的重要性。詞義猜測(cè)題主要考查以下兩個(gè)方面：一是要求根據(jù)閱讀材料，結(jié)合學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)判斷生詞、詞組或熟詞在特定語(yǔ)境中的含義以及一些句子的意思；二是代詞指代題也是詞義猜測(cè)題的?？碱愋汀ＶR(shí)點(diǎn)2詞義猜測(cè)題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式主旨大意題常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式：①Whatdoestheunderlinedword“...”...Paragraph...mean？②Whatdoestheunderlinedword“...”...refergraph...referto？③Whichofthefollowingwordscanreplacetheunderlinedword“...”...Paragraph...？④WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph...suggest？⑤Theunderlinedword“...”inParagraph...isclosestinmeaningto“”.⑥Whatistheunderlinedword“...”inParagraph...closestinmeaningto？考點(diǎn)二利用上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義知識(shí)點(diǎn)1定義法作者有時(shí)會(huì)通過(guò)給某些詞匯下定義來(lái)幫助讀者理解詞義，尤其是在一些科普類、社科類以及與專業(yè)內(nèi)容相關(guān)的文章中。此時(shí)，常使用的信號(hào)詞匯有i.e.、is、are、is/arecalled、mean、referto、knownas等。知識(shí)點(diǎn)2舉例法有時(shí)，畫線詞后會(huì)跟一些具體的例子，這些例子能幫助學(xué)生理解該詞的詞義。此時(shí)常出現(xiàn)的信號(hào)詞匯有suchas、forexample、forinstance、like、including、especially等。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3重述法作者為了使某一復(fù)雜難懂的詞或術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義更清楚，通常會(huì)使用常用的、簡(jiǎn)明的詞或詞組對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋，這就是重述。重述部分通過(guò)逗號(hào)（有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)或括號(hào)）與句子的其他部分隔開(kāi)或用信號(hào)詞引導(dǎo)。常見(jiàn)的信號(hào)詞匯有or、namely、thatis、inotherwords、thatistosay、tobemoreexact、toputitanotherway等。知識(shí)點(diǎn)4同義詞或近義詞法有時(shí)，在畫線單詞或短語(yǔ)的上下文會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞匯，它往往暗示了該詞或短語(yǔ)的含義，這時(shí)就可以根據(jù)同義、近義的替代關(guān)系推知生詞或短語(yǔ)的含義。同義詞、近義詞常見(jiàn)的信號(hào)詞匯有and、or、like、aswell、similarly、too、also、either等。知識(shí)點(diǎn)5反義詞法有時(shí)作者會(huì)用表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞連接意思相反的兩個(gè)詞或句子，這時(shí)就可以根據(jù)反義詞線索猜測(cè)詞義。常見(jiàn)的表示對(duì)比或反義的信號(hào)詞匯有（whether...）or、unlike、but、yet、however、while、although、nevertheless、instead、ratherthan、incontrast、onthecontrary、ontheotherhand等?？枷?利用定義法解題例1（2021·全國(guó)甲卷）Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon’tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(橫桿),Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe!”Andthat’swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe!Safe!Safe!”probablymean?A．Becareful! B．Welldone! C．Noway! D．Don’tworry!考向2利用舉例法解題例1（2024·北京卷）CertainformsofAIareindeedbeingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,selfdrivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraphIprobablymean?A．Enormousinquantity. B．Changeabledaily. C．Stableinquality. D．Presenteverywhere.考向3利用重述法解題例1（2023·新課表I卷）Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A．Clearup. B．Addon. C．Checkin. D．Takeover.考向4利用同義詞或近義詞解題例1（2023·浙江1月卷）Brilliantthoughitis,ProjectDebaterhassomeweaknesses.Ittakessentencesfromitslibraryofdocumentsandprebuiltargumentsandstringsthemtogether.Thiscanleadtothekindsoferrorsnohumanwouldmake.Suchwrinkleswillnodoubtbeironedout,yettheyalsopointtoafundamentalproblem.AsKristianHammond,professorofelectricalengineeringandputerscienceatNorthwesternUniversity,putit:“There’sneverastageatwhichthesystemknowswhatit’stalkingabout.”2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“wrinkles”inparagraph2referto?A．Arguments. B．Doubts. C．Errors. D．Differences.考向5利用反義詞解題例1（2020·新高考I卷）Accordingtoarecentstudyinthe

JournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingpanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthe

beanpoles

withbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A．Bigeaters. B．Overweightpersons. C．Pickyeaters. D．Tallthinpersons.考點(diǎn)三根據(jù)上下文邏輯猜測(cè)詞義知識(shí)點(diǎn)1轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系在猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)，兩個(gè)分句之間的邏輯關(guān)系往往給我們一些重要暗示，比如轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。知識(shí)點(diǎn)2對(duì)比關(guān)系有時(shí)，文中會(huì)對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，或出現(xiàn)與生詞意思相反的詞。因此，學(xué)生可以根據(jù)句中的對(duì)比關(guān)系來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3類比關(guān)系作為一種推理方法，類比關(guān)系是指類比各對(duì)象之間存在的一種相似性（共同特征），它通過(guò)比較不同對(duì)象間的某些相似屬性，從而推出另一屬性也可能相似。常見(jiàn)的表示類比關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞匯有similarly、like、also、justas、aswell等。考向1利用轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系解題例1（2024·全國(guó)甲卷）Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcats

takethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動(dòng)物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!3.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A．Performappropriately. B．Movefaster. C．Actstrangely. D．Dobetter.考向2利用對(duì)比關(guān)系解題例1（2024·新課標(biāo)II卷）Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveasplicatedtoprocessastheputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.1.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?A．Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated. B．Ifreviewedbysomeoneillintentioned.C．Ifwrittenbysomeonelesspetent. D．Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.考向3利用類比關(guān)系解題例1（2023·全國(guó)乙卷）Inadditiontotheproblemofmisprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsidercontact(聯(lián)系)betweenliterateandnonliteratesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirsthandaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthat

conversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conversation”inparagraph3referto?A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.考點(diǎn)四根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義很多情況下，我們?cè)陂喿x理解中遇到的生詞是派生詞或合成詞。根據(jù)這些詞的前綴、后綴、詞根或所構(gòu)成合成詞的意思，熟練運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法來(lái)判斷生詞的含義是一種十分快速且有效的閱讀技巧?？枷蚶脴?gòu)詞法解題例1（2020·新課標(biāo)II卷）Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit.......MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.Sometimes.studentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway—sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usually

theoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelonging.2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"theoffender"inparagraph8referto?A．Thestudent'sparent. B．ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.C．Theauthor'sgrandchild. D．Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.考點(diǎn)五根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)詞義對(duì)于詞匯或短語(yǔ)的理解，離不開(kāi)特定的語(yǔ)境。因此毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)上下文語(yǔ)境是進(jìn)行詞義猜測(cè)最重要的線索。考向利用上下文語(yǔ)境解題例1（2023·全國(guó)甲卷）TerriBoltonis

adabhand

whenitestoDIY(doityourself).Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.ShecreditstheseskillstoherlategrandfatherandbuilderDerekLloyd.Fromtheageofsix,Terri,now26,acpaniedDerektoworkduringherschoolholidays.Aday’sworkwasrewardedwith￡5inpocketmoney.Shesays:“I’msureIwasn’tmuchofahelptostartwith,paintingtheroomsandputtingdowntheflooringthroughoutthehouse.Ittookweeksanditwasbackbreakingwork,butIknowhewasproudofmyskills.”1.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1?A．Anartist. B．Awinner. C．Aspecialist. D．Apioneer.Passage1（2024·天津·高考真題）Humanshaveevolved(進(jìn)化)tospendlongperiodsdoingphysicalexercise.Butwhydoesn’teveryoneenjoyexercising?Theplexityofthehumanbrainistoblame.Evolvinganabilitydoesn’tautomaticallymeanwe’llwanttouseit.Whilephysicalexerciseisn’tthatbad,it’sstilltypicallyunpleasant.Ithastobe:you’repushingyourbodytoitsphysicallimits,whichleadstosignificantdisfort.Anotherissueisthatthehumanbrainishighlysensitivetowastedeffort.Studieshaveshownthatitcalculatestheeffortrequiredforactionsandtendstostopusfromsquanderingvitalresourcesonfruitlessefforts,likewalkingover30kmforahandfulofberries.Thethingis,regularexercisetoget“inshape”requiresconstantandconsiderableeffort—allforgradualprogressanduncertainrewards.So,yourbrain’stendencytoask,“Isitworthit?”willbehardtoquieten.Thisparticularfeaturealsomeanswetypicallypreferthingswhichofferminimumeffortformaximumreward.Thankfully,thehumanbrainisaplexorgan.Itisn’truledbyitsmoreprimitivedrives.Whilemanyspecies’thoughtprocessesarelimitedto“Food,eatit!”,“Danger,run!”,“Pain,avoid!”,we’veevolvedbeyondthat.Ourbrainscanformmultiplelongtermgoalsandambitions.Wecanimagineadesirablefuturescenario(情況),figureouthowwe’dachieveit,anddojustthat.Oratleastworktowardit.Thisdirectlyimpactshowourbrainprocessesmotivationandwillpower.Itmakesuscapableofdelayedgratification(滿足):wecanrecognizethatrejectingarewardnowcanleadtoagreaterrewardlater,andactaccordingly.Sohowdoesthebrainprocessmotivation?Theselfdiscrepancy(自我差異)theorysuggestswehaveseveral“selves”activeinourmindsatanygiventime:our“actual”self,our“ideal”self,andour“ought”self.Your“actual”selfishowyouarerightnow.Your“ideal”selfiswhatyouwanttobe.Andyour“ought”selfistheselfthatdoeswhatyououghttobedoingtobeeyour“ideal”self.So,ifyour“ideal”selfisaprofessionalfootballer,andyour“actual”selfisn’t,your“ought”selfistheonethatspendsalotoftimetraining,exercising,andgettingbetteratfootball.Asfarasyourbrainisconcerned,thereareprocessesthatdiscourageexercise,andprocessesthatencourageit.Ideally,you’llendupputtingmoreweightonthelatterthantheformer.1．Whatcanbelearntfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Somepeoplearebornphysicallyweakerthanothers.B．Somepeopledislikedrivingthemselvestoohardphysically.C．Mostpeoplehavethehabitofdoingphysicalexercise.D．Mostpeopledophysicalexerciseforfortandpleasure.2．Whichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“squandering”inParagraph3?A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing.3．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingParagraph4?A．Toraiseaquestion. B．Toprovideadefinition.C．Tomakeaparison. D．Tofurtherexplainapoint.4．Accordingtotheauthor,howarehumansdifferentfrommanyotherspecies?A．Humansareabletopictureafavorablefuture.B．Humansbenefitmorefrompainfulexperiences.C．Humanscaremoreaboutimmediaterewards.D．Humansareskilledatavoidingdangers.5．Accordingtotheselfdiscrepancytheory,whopresentsthemostactive“ought”self?A．Afootballerdreamingofbeingamoviestar.B．AstudenteatingpotatochipswhilewatchingTV.C．Aprofessionaldancerperformingatatheatre.D．AswimmertrainingtowinanOlympicmedal.Passage2（2023·天津·高考真題）Ilovemakingartandlookingatartworks.I’vefoundmyselfwonderinghowwegainpleasurefromart.Andnowneuroaesthetics,abinationofneuroscience(神經(jīng)科學(xué))andaesthetics(美學(xué)),mayprovideananswer.Neuroaestheticsisarelativelyyoungfieldofresearchonwhathappensinthebrainwhenwemakeaestheticassessments.Researchersusebrainimagingtechniquetoseewhichbrainareaslightupwhenweviewpaintingsthatweconsiderbeautiful.Similarresearchhasbeendonetounderstandthe“neuronalfireworks”thatoccurwhenwelookatinspiringsculptures,attractivefaces,impressivedance,etc.Butwhydowefindsomeartbeautifulandotherartugly?Accordingtoresearch,itallesdowntothe“aesthetictriad(三元組合)”.Thefirstpartofthetriadissensorymotor.Thisinvolvesperceivingthingslikecolours,shapesandmovements.Movementinarthasaninterestingrole.Ifyouseeapaintingofamovement,likeofamanpullinghisarmawayafterbeingbittenbyadog,youfeellikegoingthroughasimilarexperience.Thepartofyourbrainthatcontrolsyourownmovementslightsupinresponse.Secondisemotionvaluation.Thisishowapieceofartmakesyoufeel,andwhetherornotyouappreciateorenjoythatfeeling.Thepartofthebrainrelatedtopleasureisactivatedinresponsetosomethingwefindbeautiful.Thissystemcanbeaffectedinfascinatingways,asfoundbyresearchusingtranscranialmagneticstimulation(TMS)(經(jīng)顱磁刺激).IfTMSisappliedtoaspecificpartofyourbrainbehindyourforeheadthatisparticularlyimportantfordecisionmaking,yousuddenlylikedifferentkindsofart.Suchstimulationproducessignificantchangesinaestheticappreciationoffaces,bodiesandartworks.Thethirdpartismeaningknowledge.Thisistodowithhowwecanconnectwithapieceofartandwhatmeaningwecancreateinit.Artisdeeplypersonal,becausewhentwopeopleseethesameartwork,ourperceptioncancreatevastlydifferentexperiencesofmeaning.Ifwefindmeaning,thenweoftenfindpleasure.Wealsogetenjoymentfromtheknowledgeofhowsomethingwasmade.Fortheimagesthatanartistcreates,viewerswillprobablygetfarmoreenjoymentoncetheyknowtheprocessusedtocreatethem.Informedbyneuroaesthetics,thenexttimeIcreatemyartIwillvaluetheprocessevenmore,enjoyingtheactivationoftheaesthetictriadinmybrainasIadmirethevividimagesthatIhavecreated.1．Whatdoes“neuronalfireworks”inParagraph2referto?A．Abeautifulpaintingorsculpture.B．Thelightingupofspecificbrainareas.C．Anadvancedbrainimagingtechnology.D．Theaestheticassessmentofmodernart.2．Whateffectdoesmovementinartproduceontheviewers?A．Certainpartoftheirbrainisactivated.B．Theirexperienceofpainisreduced.C．Theiraestheticsenseissharpened.D．Theirbodyreactionsaredelayed.3．TheapplicationofTMStothebraindescribedinParagraph5leadsto__________.A．raisedmemorycapacityB．enhancedpaintingskillsC．changedartistictasteD．improveddecisionmakingability4．Accordingtotheauthor,whatincreasesourenjoymentofapieceofart?A．Knowinghowitiscreated.B．Havingapleasantpersonality.C．Learninghowsciencedevelops.D．Understandingthemeaningoflife.5．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A．Toproposeanabstracttheoryofartmaking.B．Torevealthebeautyofscienceinanartisticway.C．Tosharesomepersonalunderstandingofartworks.D．Tointroduceanewresearchfieldforartappreciation.Passage3（2017·天津·高考真題）Preschoolchildrenwhospendtimetogethertakeononeanother'spersonalities,anewresearchhasfound.Thestudyshowsthatenvironmentplaysakeyroleinshapingpeople'spersonalities.Whilegeneticsstillformsthecentralpartofthehumanpsyche(心理),theresearchfindsthatpersonalitytraits(特征)are"contagious"(傳染的)amongchildren."Ourfindingfliesinthefaceofmonassumptionsthatpersonalitycan'tbechanged,"saidDr.JenniferNeal,coauthorofthestudy.Theresearchersstudiedthepersonalitiesandsocialnetworksoftwopreschoolclassesforafullschoolyear.Oneoftheclasseswasasetofthreeyearolds,andtheotherasetoffouryearolds.Childrenwhosefriendswerehardworkingoroutgoinggraduallytookonthesepersonalitytraitsovertime.PsychologyexpertDr.EmilyDublinsaidkidsarehavingafarbiggereffectoneachotherthanpeoplemayrealize.Thenewstudyisnotthefirsttoexplorethecontagiouseffectsofpersonalitytraits.A2015psychologystudyfoundthatrudenessatworkcanbecontagiousasittravelsfrompersontoperson"likeadisease".Thestudyfoundthatseeingabossbeingrudetoanemployeewasenoughtocausepeopletoberudetothosearoundthem.Theresearchersquestioned6,000peopleonthesocial"climate"intheirworkplaces,whichincludedoffices,hotelsandrestaurants.Theyfound75percentofthosewhotookpartsaidtheyhadbeentreatedrudelyatleastonceinthepastyear.Andthestudyalsosuggeststhatmerelyseeingotherpeoplebeingsubjectedtorudenessmadeitmorelikelythatapersonwouldtreattheircolleaguesinthesameway.Rudenesscouldincludeleavingsomeoneoffaninvitetoapanyevent,sendingunkindemails,findingfaultwithothersorfailingtogivepraise.Dr.Torkelsonbelievespaniesneedtobemoreawareoftheharmthatrudenessintheworkplacecandoasitcandamagetheworkingenvironment.Shesaidbettertrainingcouldhelptofightagainsttheproblem.1．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart"fliesinthefaceof"inParagraph1mean?A．Leadsto. B．Resultsfrom.C．Goesagainst. D．Agreeswith.2．AccordingtoParagraph2,whohavethegreatestimpactonchildren'spersonality?A．Theirparents. B．Theirfriends.C．Theresearchers. D．Thepsychologists.3．Whichofthefollowingisconsideredrudeattheworkplace?A．Ignoringthefaultsofcoworkers.B．Notsendingemailstoworkmates.C．Seekingpraisefromcolleaguesandbosses.D．Notinvitingacolleaguetoapanyparty.4．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．One'spersonalityishardtochange.B．One'spersonalityisshapedbygenes.C．One'spersonalitytraitscanspreadtoothers.D．One'spersonalitytraitscanchangeovernight.5．Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom________.A．a(chǎn)sciencereport B．a(chǎn)studyguideC．a(chǎn)schooltextbook D．a(chǎn)technicaljournalPassage4（2021·天津·高考真題）Aboutfiveweeksago,Inoticedtheskinofourpetlizardwasgrowingdusty.Itworriedme.Ireportedthestrangesurfaceontheskinofthelizardtomyhusbandandchildrenthenextmorning.Secondslater,ourlizardemergedfromitstankwithitsoldskinflowingbehindit.Ididn'tthinkaboutitmuchuntilamorninglastweekwhenIknockedmyfavoriteteapotoffthetable.Itburstintohundredsofpieces.AsIsweptupthemess,Iwonderedwhywehadbeenbreakingsomanythingsoverthemonths.Thedestructionstartedthreemonthsago.Itwasmyhusband'sbirthday.Hehadjustlosthisjob.Theuncertaintywasstartingtowearonus,soIwantedtodosomethingspecial.“Let'smakeacakeforDad!”Icried.Mykidsscreamedwithjoy.Webaked,icedandsprinkledformostoftheday.Candlesonthecake!Balloonsonthewalls!Flowersonthetable!Twohoursbeforemyhusbandcamebackhomefromanotherjobinterview,mydaughterclimbeduptograbaglassvasefromahighshelf.Itfellandcrashedbesidethecake.Tinypiecesofglasswereeverywhere.ShesobbedloudlyasIthrewthecakeaway.Myhusbandhadbananapuddingforhisbirthday.Threedaysago,thelightinourlivingroomsuddenlywentout.Afterseveralfrustratinghoursofunsuccessfulattemptstofixit,myhusbandsuggestedwatchingtheMichaelJordandocumentaryseriesTheLastDance.ThepoignancyofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwithabaseballuniform,Isawhimleavingbehindthelayerthatnolongerservedhim,justasourlizardhad.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.Humansdonotshedskinaseasilyasotheranimals.Thebeginningofchangeisupsetting.Theprocessistiring.Damagechangesusbeforeweareready.Iseeourlizard,rawandnearlynew.Jordansaidthatnomatterhowitends,itstartswithhope.Withourtender,hopefulskin,thatiswherewebegin.1．WhatcanwelearnaboutthepetlizardfromParagraph1?A．Itstankgrewdirty. B．Itsoldskincameoff.C．Itgotaskindisease. D．Itwentmissing.2．Whydidtheauthor'shusbandhavebananapuddingforhisbirthday?A．Thebirthdaycakewasruined. B．Theauthormadegoodpuddings.C．Puddingwashisfavoritedessert. D．Theycouldn'taffordabirthdaycake.3．WhydoestheauthormentionTheLastDanceinthepassage?A．Toproveatheory. B．Todefineaconcept.C．Todevelopthetheme. D．Toprovidethebackground.4．Theunderlinedpart"leavingbehindthelayer"inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas.A．lettinggoofthepast B．lookingforanewjobC．gettingridofabadhabit D．givingupanopportunity5．Whatdoestheauthormostlikelywanttotellus?A．Loveoffamilyhelpsussurvivegreathardships. B．It'snottheendoftheworldifwebreakthings.C．Weshouldmoveonnomatterwhathappens. D．Pastexperiencesshouldbetreasured.Passage5（2020·天津·高考真題）Studyingasubjectthatyoufeelpointlessisneverafunoreasytask.Ifyou'restudyinghistory,askingyourselfthequestion"whyishistoryimportant"isaverygoodfirststep.Historyisanessentialpartofhumancivilization.Youwillfindsomethingherethatwillarouseyourinterest,orgetyouthinkingaboutthesignificanceofhistory.Historygroundsusinourroots.Historyisanimportantandinterestingfieldofstudy,andlearningthehistoryofourhomecountrycangiveusadeeper,moremeaningfulglimpse（一瞥）intoourancestralpasts,andhowwegottowherewearetoday.Manypeoplefeelliketheyneedasenseofculturalbelonging,whichissomethingthatstudyingyourrootsandbeingopenmindedtotheevolutionofyourculturecanprovide.Historyenrichesourexperience.Readinghistoryisanamazingexperiencebecauseitenablesustoreflectonthesocialandeconomiclifeofthepeoplelivinglongtimeago.Accordingtotheexperts,problemsfacedbypeopleregardlessofthepastandpresentarethesame.Withtheinformationabouttheancestors,onecanbeemoreexperiencedinhandlingchallengesoflife.Historymakesusmoreempathetic（具有共情能力的）,Studyinghistorycangiveusinsight（洞察力）intowhyourculturedoescertainthings,andhowthepasthasshapeditintowhatweknownow.Italsoprovidesaratherstrongfoundationforempathyacrosscultures.Fearandhateforothersisusuallycausedbyignorance（無(wú)知）.We'rescaredofthethingsthatwedon'tunderstand.Historyhasthepotentialtobreakdownthoseboundariesbyofferingusinsightintoentireworldsthatwouldotherwisebeforeigntous.Historycaninspireustolearnmore.what'sfantasticabouthistoryisthewayitbroadensourhorizons.It'salmostimpossibletolearnaboutonehistoricalperiodwithouthavingdozensofquestionsaboutrelatedconcepts.Studythe19thcenturyEngland,andyoumightcatchaglimpseofCharlesDickens'OliverTwist.LookupCharlesDickens,andyoumightlearnathingortwoaboutrealism.Ormaybeyouendupswitchingyourattentionawayfromnovels,anddiscoverthehistoryofromanticpoetsinEngland.Itcangoanywhere,andthereissomethinginthereforabsolutelyanybody.Thevalueofhistorycannotbeunderestimated.Wedon'thavetoliveinthepast,butwecandefinitelydobetterbylearningfromitandusingthelessonslearnttoleadmoremeaningfullives.1．Theunderlinedpart"wherewearetoday"inPara.2probablymeans__________.A．theturningpointinourhistoryB．thepresentstateofournationC．thelocationofourhomelandD．thetotalareaofourcountry2．Accordingtotheexperts,whyishistoryusefulforpeopletohandlechallengesoflife?A．Theproblemsatpresentaresimilartothoseinthepast.B．Ancientpeoplelaideconomicfoundationsforpeopletoday.C．Thecurrentchallengesoflifewerepredictedbytheancestors.D．Peoplelivinglongtimeagoknewmoreabouthowtosolveproblems.3．WhatcanbeconcludedfromPara.4?A．Itisdifficulttogetridofculturalbarriers.B．Peoplearewillingtoacceptforeigncultures.C．Culturalconflictsinhistoryaredifficulttoignore.D．Historyhelpsusimproveourcrossculturalawareness.4．WiththeexampleinPara.5,thewriterintendstoshowthat______________.A．CharlesDickenscontributesmuchtoBritishliterature.B．OliverTwistcansatisfyourcuriosityforromanticpoets.C．readingnovelsisawaytolearnaboutahistoricalperiod.D．studyinghistorycanarousepeople'sinterestinotherfields.5．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．HowtoBuildCulturalIdentityB．WhyStudyingHistoryMattersC．KnowthePast,KnowthePresentD．History:aWaytoBroadenHorizonsPassage6（2019·天津·高考真題）WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman?Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning,andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheavenknowswhatmotives,hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes,andthebookwasDonQuixote（《堂吉訶德》）.Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendofthe