Unit

FiveEnvironmentLead-inA.Readthefollowingpassageforinformationaboutecotourism.Withadvancesintransportationandinformationtechnology,eventhemostremoteplacesonEartharewithinreachofthetraveler.Infact,tourismisnowtheworld'slargestindustry,withnaturetourismthefastestgrowingsegment.Peoplewanttoexperiencenatureandtheworld,butshouldtrytodosoinawaythatdoesn'timpactthenaturalenvironment.Inresponsetothisincreasingappreciationofnatureexperiences,anewtravelethichasarisencalledecotourism.A.Readthefollowingpassageforinformationaboutecotourism.WHATISECOTOURISM?TheNatureConservancyadoptsthedefinitionarticulatedbytheWorldConservationUnion:"Environmentallyresponsibletraveltonaturalareas,inordertoenjoyandappreciatenaturethatpromoteconservation,hasalowvisitorimpactandprovideforbeneficiallyactivesocio-economicinvolvementoflocalpeoples.“Mosttourisminnaturalareastodayisnotecotourismandisnot,therefore,sustainable.Ecotourismisdistinguishedbyitsemphasisonconservation,education,travelerresponsibilityandactivecommunityparticipation.Specifically,ecotourismpossessesthefollowingcharacteristics:A.Readthefollowingpassageforinformationaboutecotourism.﹒conscientious,low-impactvisitorbehavior﹒sensitivitytowards,andappreciationof,localculturesandbiodiversity﹒supportforlocalconservationefforts﹒sustainablebenefitstolocalcommunities﹒localparticipationindecision-making﹒educationalcomponentsforboththetravelerandlocalcommunitiesA.Readthefollowingpassageforinformationaboutecotourism.Increasedtourismtosensitivenaturalareaswithoutappropriateplanningandmanagementcanthreatentheintegrityofecosystemsandlocalcultures.Theincreaseofvisitorstoecologicallysensitiveareascanleadtosignificantenvironmentaldegradation.Likewise,localcommunitiesandindigenousculturescanbeharmedinnumerouswaysbyaninfluxofforeignvisitorsandwealth.Additionally,fluctuationsinclimate,currencyexchangerates,andpoliticalandsocialconditionscanmakeover-dependenceupontourismariskybusiness.However,thissamegrowthcreatessignificantopportunitiesforbothconservationandlocalcommunities.Ecotourismcanprovidemuch-neededrevenuesfortheprotectionofnationalparksandothernaturalareas--revenuesthatmightnotbeavailablefromothersources.Additionally,ecotourismcanprovideaviableeconomicdevelopmentalternativeforlocalcommunitieswithfewotherincome-generatingoptions.Moreover,ecotourismcanincreasethelevelofeducationandactivismamongtravelers,makingthemmoreenthusiasticandeffectiveagentsofconservation.conversation[k?ns?'ve??(?)n]n.保護(hù)degradation[,degr?'de??(?)n]n.退化indigenous[?n'd?d??n?s]a.本土的influx['?nfl?ks]n.匯集revenue['rev?nju?]

n.稅收segment['segm(?)nt]

n.部分sensitivity[sens?'t?v?t?]

n.敏感sustainable[s?'ste?n?b(?)l]a.可持續(xù)的viable['va??bl]a.可行的B.Trytoanswerthefollowingquestionsaboutecotourismbriefly.1.Whatisecotourism?2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenecotourismandothertourism?Key:Environmentallyresponsibletraveltonaturalareas,inordertoenjoyandappreciatenaturethatpromoteconservation,havealowvisitorimpactandprovideforbeneficiallyactivesocio-economicinvolvementoflocalpeoples.Key:Mosttourisminnaturalareastodayisnotecotourismandisnot,therefore,sustainable.Ecotourismisdistinguishedbyitsemphasisonconservation,education,travelerresponsibilityandactivecommunityparticipation.3.Whatarethemaincharacteristicsofecotourism?

4.Whatarethepotentialnegativeimpactsofecotourismonlocalcommunities?

Key:conscientious,low-impactvisitorbehaviorsensitivitytowards,andappreciationof,localculturesandbiodiversity

supportforlocalconservationefforts

sustainablebenefitstolocalcommunities

localparticipationindecision-makingeducationalcomponentsforboththetravelerandlocalcommunitiesKey:Increasedtourismtosensitivenaturalareaswithoutappropriateplanningandmanagementcanthreatentheintegrityofecosystemsandlocalcultures.Theincreaseofvisitorstoecologicallysensitiveareascanleadtosignificantenvironmentaldegradation.Likewise,localcommunitiesandindigenousculturescanbeharmedinnumerouswaysbyaninfluxofforeignvisitorsandwealth.Additionally,fluctuationsinclimate,currencyexchangerates,andpoliticalandsocialconditionscanmakeover-dependenceupontourismariskybusiness.IntensiveReadingClimateChangeAdaptation:ImplicationsforthePublicSectorStart-upquestionStudiesshowthatclimatechangehasbroughtaboutenormousimplicationsforthepublicsector.Whatdoyouknowabouttheimplications?Paragraph1Climatechangeisnolongeranabstractconcept,oraconcernforthedistantfuture.Thisyearisontracktobetheplanet’shottestinthemodernera,andbyaterrifyinglylargemargin.IntheUnitedStates,theeffectsarealreadyevidentinthefrequencyandseverityofwildfires,risingsealevels,intensedroughtsandfloods,andthespreadofinfectiousdiseases.infectious[?n'fek??s]a.傳染的era['??r?]n.

時代margin['mɑ?d??n]n.

邊緣concern[k?n's??n]n.

關(guān)心，擔(dān)心Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourunderstandingofthetext.Whataretheeffectsofourplanetgettinghotterthanbefore?key:IntheUnitedStates,theeffectsarealreadyevidentinthefrequencyandseverityofwildfires,risingsealevels,intensedroughtsandfloods,andthespreadofinfectiousdiseases.

CompletethesentencebyfillingintheblankwithoneortwocontentwordsusingtheChineseequivalentinthebracketasthereference.Climatechangeisnolongeranabstracta（概念）,orab（擔(dān)心）forthedistantfuture.key:a.concept b.concernCompletethefollowingsentencewithonefunctionword.IntheUnitedStates,theeffectsarealreadyevident________thefrequencyandseverityofwildfires,risingsealevels,intensedroughtsandfloods,andthespreadofinfectiousdiseases.key:inTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.今年是現(xiàn)代社會有記錄可追蹤到的最熱的一年，且溫度提升的量十分驚人key:Thisyearisontracktobetheplanet’shottestinthemodernera,andbyaterrifyinglylargemargin.Paragraph2Butcomplexityanduncertaintyconfoundeffectiveaction.Toalargedegree,wedon’tknowhowclimaticvariables—suchasprecipitation—willchangeatregionalandlocalscalesorwhatexactlycanbedonetoensureoursocialandnaturalsystemswillberesilientinthefaceofchange.Theremayalsobeunpredictablespill-overeffects;naturaldisastersorsealevelriseinoneregionmayspurmigrationtoanother.confound[k?n'fa?nd]v.使混亂precipitation[pr?,s?p?'te??(?)n]n.沉淀resilient[r?'z?l??nt]a.有彈力的spill-over[sp?l]['??v?]n.滿溢spur[sp??]n.鼓勵，刺激local['l??k(?)l]a.當(dāng)?shù)氐腁nswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourunderstandingofthetext.Whyisitdifficulttotakeeffectiveactionwhenfacingclimatechange?key:Complexityanduncertaintyconfoundeffectiveaction.

CompletethesentencebyfillingintheblankwithoneortwocontentwordsusingtheChineseequivalentinthebracketasthereference.Toalargedegree,wedon’tknowhowclimaticvariables—suchasprecipitation—willchangeatregionalandlocalscalesorwhatexactlycanbedonetoa（確保）oursocialandnaturalsystemswillbeb（適應(yīng)力強(qiáng)的）inthefaceofchange.key:a.ensure b.resilientTranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.也有可能會產(chǎn)生預(yù)料不到的外部效應(yīng)；一個地區(qū)的自然災(zāi)害或海平面上升會導(dǎo)致人口向另一個地區(qū)的遷徙。key:Theremayalsobeunpredictablespill-overeffects;naturaldisastersorsealevelriseinoneregionmayspurmigrationtoanother.Paragraph3

Inshort,theimplicationsforthepublicsectorareenormous.Howcanpublicorganizationssupportadaptationandcontinuetoprovidepublicvalueinaneraofrapidchange?implication[?mpl?'ke??(?)n]n.影響，可能的結(jié)果adaptation[?d?p'te??(?)n]n.適應(yīng)enormous[?'n??m?s]a.巨大的

Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourunderstandingofthetext.Whataretheimplicationsforthepublicsectorwhenfacingclimatechange?key:Publicsectorhastothinkabouthowtosupportadaptationandcontinuetoprovidepublicvalueinaneraofrapidchange.

Paragraph4Guptaetal.notethatclimatechangeadaptationrequiresresources.Italsodependsonthecapacityofinstitutionalactorstoreduceuncertaintybygeneratingandintegratingrelevantinformationintoplanninganddecision-makingprocessesatmultiplelevelsoforganization.Ontheonehand,publicmanagersneedtoknowhowtorespondtoexistingoremergentproblems.Thisrequiresflexibilityforeffectivedecision-making,butitalsodependsonthegenerationanddisseminationofknowledgeaboutwhatworks(ordoesn’t).Publicorganizationsalsoneedknowledgeandinformationtosupportproactiveadaptationbyreducingexistingvulnerabilities,orplanningforfutureimpacts.However,littleattentionhasbeengiventotheadministrativetoolsneededtoprogrammaticallysupporttheseobjectivesinpublicagencies.dissemination[d?,sem?'ne??n]n.散播emergent[?'m??d?(?)nt]a.緊急的institutional[?nst?'tju??(?)n(?)l]a.制度上的integrate['?nt?gre?t]v.整合vulnerability[v?ln?r?'b?l?t?]n.弱點(diǎn)impact['?mp?kt]v.影響proactive[pr??'?kt?v]a.有前瞻性的CompletethesentencebyfillingintheblankwithoneortwocontentwordsusingtheChineseequivalentinthebracketasthereference.Guptaetal.notethatclimatechangea（適應(yīng)）requiresresources.Italsodependsonthecapacityofinstitutionalactorstoreduceuncertaintybygeneratingandintegratingrelevantinformationintoplanningandb（決策）processesatmultiplelevelsoforganization.key:a.adaptation

b.decision-makingCompletethesentencebyfillingintheblankwithoneortwocontentwordsusingtheChineseequivalentinthebracketasthereference.Thisrequiresa（靈活性）foreffectivedecision-making,butitalsodependsonthegenerationandb（傳播）ofknowledgeaboutwhatworks.key:a.flexibility

b.disseminationCompletethefollowingsentencewithonefunctionword.Publicorganizationsalsoneedknowledgeandinformationtosupportproactiveadaptation____________reducingexistingvulnerabilities.key:byTranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.盡管有這些挑戰(zhàn)的存在，還是有若干管理策略可用來產(chǎn)生并整合知識，從而指導(dǎo)決策和規(guī)劃。key:Despitethesechallenges,thereareseveralimportantadministrativestrategiesforgeneratingandintegratingknowledgeintodecision-makingandplanningprocesses.Paragraph5Inmyownresearchonpubliclandmanagementagencies,Ihavefoundthereareseveralorganizationalchallengesassociatedwithimplementingstrategiesthatcanpromoteadaptation,particularlyattheunitlevel(i.e.,anindividualNationalForestorNationalPark).First,generatingcredibleinformationaboutwhatworks(ordoesn’t)dependsontherigorouscollectionandanalysisofdataassociatedwiththeoutcomesofmanagementactionsthatrespondorpromoteresiliencetochange.Secondly,inordertoreducevulnerabilitiesandplanforfuturechange,managersalsoneedtounderstandthelong-termtrendsassociatedwithclimaticpatternsandresourceconditions.Thisdependsonrobustsamplingandconsistentdatacollection,andtheabilitytoanalyzeandinterpretdatafromexternalsources.However,attheunitlevel,thereisoftenlimitedcapacity—intermsofexpertise,timeandfunding—toeffectivelyaccomplishthesetasks.credible['kred?b(?)l]a.可靠地expertise[,eksp??'ti?z]n.專門知識implement['?mpl?m(?)nt]v.實(shí)施promote[pr?'m??t]v.提升rigorous['r?g(?)r?s]a.有活力的Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourunderstandingofthetext.Whathasthewriterofthisarticlefoundinhisresearchonpubliclandmanagementagencies?key:Thewriterhasfoundthatthereareseveralorganizationalchallengesassociatedwithimplementingstrategiesthatcanpromoteadaptation,particularlyattheunitlevel.First,generatingcredibleinformationaboutwhatworks(ordoesn’t)dependsontherigorouscollectionandanalysisofdataassociatedwiththeoutcomesofmanagementactionsthatrespondorpromoteresiliencetochange.Secondly,inordertoreducevulnerabilitiesandplanforfuturechange,managersalsoneedtounderstandthelong-termtrendsassociatedwithclimaticpatternsandresourceconditions.CompletethesentencebyfillingintheblankwithoneortwocontentwordsusingtheChineseequivalentinthebracketasthereference.Inordertoreducea（脆弱性）andplanforfuturechange,managersalsoneedtounderstandtheb（長期的）trendsassociatedwithclimaticpatternsandresourceconditions.key:a.vulnerabilities b.long-termCompletethefollowingsentencewithonefunctionword.Generatingcredibleinformationaboutwhatworksdepends_______therigorouscollectionandanalysisofdata.key:onCompletethefollowingsentencewithonefunctionword.However,attheunitlevel,thereisoftenlimitedcapacity—________termsofexpertise,timeandfunding—toeffectivelyaccomplishthesetasks.key:inCompletethefollowingsentencebytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.First,___________________(產(chǎn)生可靠的信息)aboutwhatworks(ordoesn’t)dependsontherigorouscollectionandanalysisofdata.key:

generatingcredibleinformationCompletethefollowingsentencebytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.Inmyownresearchonpubliclandmanagementagencies,Ihavefoundthereareseveral_____________________(在戰(zhàn)略執(zhí)行方面組織面臨的挑戰(zhàn))thatcanpromoteadaptation.key:

organizationalchallengesassociatedwithimplementingstrategiesCompletethefollowingsentencebytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.However,attheunitlevel,thereisoftenlimitedcapacity—__________________(在專業(yè)知識，時間和資金等方面)—toeffectivelyaccomplishthesetasks.key:

intermsofexpertise,timeandfundingParagraph6Therearealsofewprogrammaticincentives.Managementperformancemeasuresemphasize“outputs,”suchasthenumberofmanagementactionsaccomplished,ratherthanoutcomes.Asaresult,managersoftenhaveahardtimededicatingfundingfor“l(fā)earning”ratherthan“doing,”especiallyinlightofdecreasingbudgets,andpoliticalpressuresforsubstantiveactions.Knowledgegenerationandtransmissionalsodependsoneffectivedatamanagement,particularlyacrossdifferentunits.However,manyadministrativedatabasesareoftendifficulttouse,anddatacollection,qualitycontrolandassessmentprotocolsareofteninconsistentlyapplied.Asaresult,dataisoftenstoredonharddrivesorisn’tcredible,limitingtheabilityofanorganizationtoeffectivelyanalyzeandgenerateinformationacrossmultipleunits.Finally,inordertobeeffectivelyintegratedintodecision-makingprocesses,informationneedstoberelevantandcommunicatedtodecision-makersandstakeholdersinawaythatiseasilyunderstood.dedicate['ded?ke?t]v.奉獻(xiàn)substantive['s?bst(?)nt?v]a.有實(shí)質(zhì)的，大量的incentive[?n'sent?v]a.激勵的protocol['pr??t?k?l]n.協(xié)議Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourunderstandingofthetext.Isthereanythingwrongwithmanagementperformancemeasures?key:Yes.Managementperformancemeasuresemphasize“outputs,”suchasthenumberofmanagementactionsaccomplished,ratherthanoutcomes.Asaresult,managersoftenhaveahardtimededicatingfundingfor“l(fā)earning”ratherthan“doing,”especiallyinlightofdecreasingbudgets,andpoliticalpressuresforsubstantiveactions.CompletethefollowingsentencebytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.Asaresult,managersoften___________________(很難決定將資金投入到)for“l(fā)earning”ratherthan“doing.”key:haveahardtimededicatingfundingCompletethefollowingsentencebytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.最后，為了信息能夠有效地整合到?jīng)Q策過程中，應(yīng)該將信息以明確易懂的方式傳遞給決策者和利益相關(guān)者。key:Finally,inordertobeeffectivelyintegratedintodecision-makingprocesses,informationneedstobecommunicatedtodecision-makersandstakeholdersinawaythatiseasilyunderstood.Paragraph7Despitethesechallenges,thereareseveralimportantadministrativestrategiesforgeneratingandintegratingknowledgeintodecision-makingandplanningprocesses.Oneapproachistocentralizefundingforknowledgemanagementathigherlevelsofanorganization,withdedicatedstafffordatacollection,datamanagement,analysisandcommunication.TheNationalParkService(NPS),forinstance,hasdevelopedanationalprogram,withregional“networks”dedicatedtotrackinglong-termtrendsinclimateandnaturalresourceconditionsacrossseveraldifferentNationalParks.Importantly,fundingfortheprogramisdistinctfromParkoperations,andapproximately30percentoftheprogrambudgetisdedicatedtodatabasemanagement.Thisensureseffectiveandconsistentdatacollectionandanalysisovertime,andhascreatedsignificantefficienciesintermsofhumanandfinancialresources.TheNPSalsodedicatesstafftosciencecommunication,anddeliversinformationtopublicstakeholders,managers,andCongressinavarietyofdifferentformats.effective[?'fekt?v]a.有效的approximately[?'pr?ks?m?tl?]adv.大約Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourunderstandingofthetext.Pleaselistoneoftheadministrativestrategiesforgeneratingandintegratingknowledgeintodecision-makingandplanningprocesses.key:Oneapproachistocentralizefundingforknowledgemanagementathigherlevelsofanorganization,withdedicatedstafffordatacollection,datamanagement,analysisandcommunication.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourunderstandingofthetext.WhatdoyouknowaboutthenationalprogramdevelopedbytheNationalParkService?key:TheNationalParkService(NPS),forinstance,hasdevelopedanationalprogram,withregional“networks”dedicatedtotrackinglong-termtrendsinclimateandnaturalresourceconditionsacrossseveraldifferentNationalParks.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

方法之一就是在組織的高層集中財(cái)力于知識管理的工作，分配專門的人員做數(shù)據(jù)收集，數(shù)據(jù)管理，分析和溝通的工作。key:Oneapproachistocentralizefundingforknowledgemanagementathigherlevelsofanorganization,withdedicatedstafffordatacollection,datamanagement,analysisandcommunication.Paragraph8Inlightofresourcescarcity,collaborationandcoordinationwithothergovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizationsisalsoacriticaltoolforgeneratingknowledgeandsharingbestpractices.Inordertoensureeffectiveintergovernmentalcoordination,“ServiceFirst”agreements,inwhichfederalagenciessharestaffandpoolresources,areparticularlyusefultoolsforleveragingresources,andsharingknowledgeacrossagencies.LongtermcontractualagreementswithresearchinstitutesorNGOswithexpertiseinmonitoring,predictivemodeling,structureddecision-making,andscenarioplanningcanalsosupportreliablescienceintegrationovertime.collaboration[k?l?b?'re??n]n.合作coordination[k?????.d??ne?.??n]n.協(xié)調(diào)contractual[k?n'tr?kt???l]a.合同的scarcity['ske?s?t?]n.缺乏scenario[s?'nɑ?r???]n.方案，設(shè)想Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourunderstandingofthetext.Whatdoyouknowabout“ServiceFirst”agreements?key:Inordertoensureeffectiveintergovernmentalcoordination,“ServiceFirst”agreements,inwhichfederalagenciessharestaffandpoolresources,areparticularlyusefultoolsforleveragingresources,andsharingknowledgeacrossagencies.CompletethefollowingsentencebytranslatingtheChinesegiveninthebrackets.Inlightofresourcescarcity,_______________________________(與政府部門和非政府組織的協(xié)同合作)isalsoacriticaltoolforgeneratingknowledgeandsharingbestpractices.key:collaborationandcoordinationwithothergovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizationsTranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Inlightofresourcescarcity,collaborationandcoordinationwithothergovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizationsisalsoacriticaltoolforgeneratingknowledgeandsharingbestpractices.Inordertoensureeffectiveintergovernmentalcoordination,“ServiceFirst”agreements,inwhichfederalagenciessharestaffandpoolresources,areparticularlyusefultoolsforleveragingresources,andsharingknowledgeacrossagencies.LongtermcontractualagreementswithresearchinstitutesorNGOswithexpertiseinmonitoring,predictivemodeling,structureddecision-making,andscenarioplanningcanalsosupportreliablescienceintegrationovertime.Key：由于資源匱乏，與其它政府、非政府組織之間展開合作對于知識的生成和最佳實(shí)踐方法的分享是至關(guān)重要的。為了確保有效的政府間協(xié)作，以分享聯(lián)邦政府員工和整合資源為宗旨的“服務(wù)第一”協(xié)定已成為部門之間均衡資源，分享知識的極其有效的工具。長期與研究機(jī)構(gòu)或非營利組織的簽約合作也會促進(jìn)可靠的科學(xué)知識整合。這些機(jī)構(gòu)和組織在監(jiān)控、預(yù)測模型、結(jié)構(gòu)化決策和情景規(guī)劃等方面具有專業(yè)知識。Paragraph9Whiletheseexamplesandconsiderationsaredrawnfromnaturalresourcemanagementagencies,theyarealsorelevantforawiderangeofpublicsectororganizations,frommunicipalplanningdepartments,tostatepublichealthagencies.Scholarsinthefieldofpublicadministrationarewellplacedtoinvestigatethepolicyandadministrativeaspectsofclimatechangeadaptation.Thefutureofpublicserviceprovisionmaydependonit.provision[pr?'v??(?)n]n.準(zhǔn)備，供應(yīng)ExtendedReadingDelhi:megacity,megatraffic,andmegapollutionA.Questionsfordiscussion.1.WhyisDelhicalledmegacity?Delhiispredictedtohaveapopulationof36millionpeopleby2030.2.WhatarethemainproblemsDelhiisfacingnow?Populationexplosion.3.Whichcityisthemostpollutedcityintheworld?Delhiisthemostpollutedcityoftheworld.4.WhatistheSupremeCourt’sresponsetoM.C.Mehta’spetition?TheSupremeCourtofIndiagavealandmarkjudgmenton20July1998.5.WhentheWorldHealthOrganizationreportedthatDelhihastheworstlevelofairpollutionofanycityintheworld,howdidtheIndianofficialsrespond?TheofficialsbristledandrespondedthattheUNagencyhadoverestimatedthepollutionlevelsinthecapital.B.Preparea10-minutepresentationonthemajorissuesDelhiisfacingnow.ListeningA.Listentotheshorttalkabouthowtoadapttoclimatechange,andwriteyouranswersinprovidedspace.Overourlifetimes,we'veallcontributed

toclimatechange.Actions,choicesandbehaviorswillhaveledtoanincreaseingreenhousegas

emissions.AndIthinkthatthat'squiteapowerfulthought.Butitdoeshavethepotentialtomakeusfeelguiltywhenwethinkaboutdecisionswemighthavemadearoundwheretotravelto,howoftenandhow,abouttheenergythatwechoosetouseinourhomesorinourworkplaces,orquitesimplythelifestylesthatweleadandenjoy.Butwecanalsoturnthatthoughtonitshead,andthinkthatifwe'vehadsuchaprofound

butanegativeimpactonourclimatealready,thenwehaveanopportunitytoinfluencetheamountoffutureclimatechangethatwewillneedto

adaptto.

B.Listentothefollowingtalkaboutgrowingaforestinone’sbackyard,andwriteyouranswersinprovidedspace.tostartwithsoilWetouch,feelandeventasteittoidentifywhatpropertiesitlacks.Ifthesoilismadeupofsmallparticlesitbecomescompact--socompact,thatwatercannotseepin.Wemixsomelocalbiomassavailablearound,whichcanhelpsoilbecomemoreporous.toaddnutritionWedon'tjustaddnutritiondirectlytothesoil.Thatwouldbetheindustrialway.Itgoesagainstnature.Weinsteadaddmicroorganismstothesoil.Theyproducethenutrientsinthesoilnaturally.tosurveythenativetreespeciesWesurveyanationalparktofindthelastremainsofanaturalforest.Wesurveythesacredgroves,orsacredforestsaroundoldtemples.Andifwedon'tfindanythingatall,wegotomuseumstoseetheseedsorwoodoftreesexistingtherealongtimeago.todividethetreesinfourdifferentlayersWedividetheminfourdifferentlayers:shrublayer,sub-treelayer,treelayerandcanopylayer.Wefixtheratiosofeachlayer,andthenwedecidethepercentageofeachtreespeciesinthemix.C.ListentothespeechmadebytwosistersabouttheircampaigntobanplasticbagsinBaliandanswerthefollowingquestions.ThereasonsforthetwosisterstolaunchsuchacampaignInBali,peoplegenerate680cubicmetersofplasticgarbageaday.Andwhenitcomestoplasticbags,lessthanfivepercentgetsrecycled.AlmostallplasticbagsinBaliendupinthedrainsandtheninriversandthenintheocean.Sothetwosistersdecidedtodosomethingtosaynotoplasticbagsontheirhomeisland.Thebestschoolonearth:GreenSchool,BaliGreenSchoolisnotonlydifferentinthewaythatitisbuiltoutofbamboo,butalsointhewaythatitteaches.Kidsaretaughttobecomeleadersoftoday,somethinganormaltextbookcannotmatch.ByeByePlasticBagsCampaignThetwosisterswerereallyinspiredbytheeffortstosaynotoplasticbagsinmanyotherplaces,fromHawaiitoRwandaandtoseveralcitieslikeOaklandandDublin.Sotheideaturnedintothelaunchof"ByeByePlasticBags”campaign.SpeakingA.Ourclimateisworseningveryfastdaybyday.Sothepressingneedistoraiseawarenessonthisissuetoletpeopleknowwhattheycandotomitigatethisalarmingsituation.Readthefollowingslogansandcreateyourownones.1.Climatechangeisaslowpoison.2.Foolsaysit’saclimate,wisesaysit’sclimatechange3.Betyoucan’tbeatclimatechangealone.4.Sharetheharmsofclimatechange.5.Climatechangeneverletsyoulivehappily.6.Climatechange,there’snoworstwaytodisaster.7.Unzipunawarenessonclimatechange.8.Climatechangeleadstohell.B.Finishthefollowingadviceonhowtobeeco-friendly.1.FindoutabitmoreabouttheenvironmentandtheEarth'snaturalsystems,sothatyouknowjustwhatisgoingonaroundyou.Booksandtheinternetaregoodplacestofindinformation,andtheycanprovideloadsofgoodtipstoo.Be