BulkCarrierDevelopedinthe1950stocarrylargequantitiesofnon-packedcommoditiessuchasgrains,coalandironore.Bulkcarrieroperatorsmustbeawareofthespecificsafetyconcernsrelatedtothistypeofship.Loadingofcargomustbedonecarefully,toensurecargocannotshiftduringavoyageleadingtostabilityproblems.Largehatchcoversmustbewatertightandsecure.Handysize

Size:10,000-30,000dwtsmallbulkcarriersthatmakeupthemajorityoftheworld'sshorthaulfleet.Handymax

Size:30,001-50,000dwtalargerversionoftheHandysizevesselsandpopularforbothbulkandcrudecarriers.PanamaxSize:50,001-80,000dwtthemaximumsizeshipthatcanpassthroughthelocksofthePanamaCanal.Locksare1000ftlongby110ftwideand85ftdeep.Panamaxdimensionsare:LOA965ft(290m);beam106ft(32.3m);draft39.5ft(12.04m).Capesize

Size:80,001-199,000dwtvesselsaretoolargetopassthroughthelocksofeitherthePanamaorSuezCanals.Asaresult,thesevesselsmusttravelaroundtheCapeofGoodHopeinSouthAfricaorCapeHorninSouthAmericatotheirdestinations.Thesevesselsalsorequiredeep-waterports.VLOC(VLOreCarriers)Size:200,000+dwtthelargestbulkcarriersandalsocannotpassthrougheitherthePanamaorSuezcanals.Angleofrepose(靜止角)Thenaturalanglebetweentheconeslopeandthehorizontalplanewhenbulkcargoisemptiedontothisplaneinidealconditions.Thevalueisusedasameansofregisteringthelikelihoodofacargoshiftduringthevoyage.Anangleofreposeof35°istakenasbeingthedividinglineforbulkcargoesoflesserorgreatershiftinghazardandcargoeshavinganglesofreposeofmoreorlessthanthefigureareconsideredseparately.Ⅰ.DefinitionsandTerminologyConcentrates(濃度)thesearethematerialsthathavebeenderivedfromanaturalorebyphysicalorchemicalrefinement,orpurificationprocesses.Theyareusuallyinsmallgranularorpowderform.Moisturecontent（水分含量）

meansthatportionofarepresentativesampleconsistingofwater,iceorotherliquidexpressedasapercentageofthetotalwetmassofthatsample.Flowstate(流態(tài))meansastateoccurringwhenamassofgranularmaterialissaturatedwithliquidtosuchanextentthat,undertheinfluenceofprevailingexternalforcessuchasvibration,impactionorship’smotion,itlosesitsinternalshearstrengthandbehavesasifthewholemasswasinliquidform.Flowmoisturepoint（流動水分點）

meansthepercentageofmoisturecontent(wetmassbasis)atwhichaflowstatedevelopsundertheprescribedmethodoftestinarepresentativesampleofthematerial.Transportablemoisturelimit-TML(適用水分限)themaximummoisturecontentofacargothatmayliquefyatlevelwhichisconsideredsafeforcarriageinshipsotherthanthoseshipswhich,becauseofdesignfeaturesofspecializedfittings,maycarrycargowithamoisturecontentoverandabovethislimit.Moisturemigration（水分滲移）

meansthemovementofmoisturecontainedinacargobysettlingandconsolidationofthecargoduetovibrationandship’smovement.Waterisprogressivelydisplaced,whichmayresultinsomeportionsorallofthecargodevelopingaflowstate.Pour（裝貨量/perhatch）meansthequantityofcargopouredthroughonehatchopeningasonestepintheloadingplan,i.e.fromthetimethespoutispositionedoverahatchopeninguntilitismovedtoanotherhatchopening.Trimming(平艙)amanualormechanicallyachievedadjustmenttothesurfaceleveloftheform/shapeofabulkstowinacargospace.Itmayconsistofalteringthedistributionorchangingthesurfaceangletothepoint,perhapsoflevelingsomeorallofthecargo,followingloading.Ⅱ.TypesofBulkCargoes

Cargoeswhichmayliquefy(groupA)Cargoesmayappeartobeinarelativelydrygranularstatewhenloaded,andyetmaycontainsufficientmoisturetobecomefluidunderthestimulusofcompactionandthevibrationwhichoccursduringavoyage.meanscargoeswhicharesubjecttomoisturemigrationandsubsequentliquefactionifshippedwithamoisturecontentinexcessofthetransportablemoisturelimitMaterialspossessingchemicalhazard(GroupB)

Solidbulkcargoeswhichmaypossessachemicalhazardduringtransport,becauseoftheirchemicalnatureorproperties.SomeofthesematerialsareclassifiedasdangerousgoodsandothersareMaterialsHazardousonlyinBulk(MHB).Cargoeswhichneitherliabletoliquefynortopossesschemicalhazards(GroupC)

Normalbulkcargoes,may

possesscertainhazardsaswell,butlessdangerousthangroupAandgroupB.Ⅲ.BulkCargoDistributionsHomogeneousholdloadingconditions(FullyLoaded)均質(zhì)裝載狀態(tài)Ahomogeneousholdloadingconditionreferstothecarriageofcargo，evenlydistributedinallcargoholds.usuallyadoptedforthecarriageoflight(lowdensity)cargoes，suchascoalandgrain.heavy(highdensity)cargoessuchasironoremaybecarriedhomogeneously.Homogeneousholdloadingcondition(fullyloaded)

Alternateholdloadingconditions

(FullyLoaded)隔艙裝載狀態(tài)Heavycargo，suchasironore，isoftencarriedinalternatecargoholdsonbulkcarriers.Itiscommonforlargebulkcarrierstostowhighdensitycargoinoddnumberedholdswiththeremainingholdsempty.stowhighdensitycargo;raisetheship'scentreofgravityAlternateholdloadingcondition(Fullyloaded)Blockholdloadingconditions組合艙裝載Partholdloadingconditions不滿艙裝載Ablockholdloadingconditionreferstothestowageofcargoinablockoftwoormoreadjoiningcargoholdswiththecargoholdsadjacenttotheblockofloadedcargoholdsempty.partlyloaded;notusuallydescribedintheship'sloadingmanual;avoidover-stressingofthehullstructureBlockholdloadingcondition5.OnboardLoadingGuidanceInformationItisastatutoryrequirementoftheInternationalLoadLineConventionthat，notingexemptions，theMasterofeverynewvesselbesuppliedwithsufficientinformation，inanapprovedform，toenablehimtoarrangefortheloadingandballastingofhisshipinsuchawayastoavoidthecreationofanyunacceptablestressesintheship'sstructure.InternationalMaritimeSolidBulkCargoesCode(IMSBCCode)TheIMSBCCodeandamendmentstoSOLASchapterVItomaketheCodemandatory,wereadoptedbytheMaritimeSafetyCommittee(MSC),85thsession,in2008.Theamendmentsenteredintoforceon1January2011.ItreplacestheCodeofSafePracticeforSolidBulkCargoes(BCCode),whichwasfirstadoptedasarecommendatorycodein1965andhasbeenupdatedatregularintervalssincethen.highlightsthedangersassociatedwiththeshipmentofcertaintypesofbulkcargoes;givesguidanceonvariousprocedureswhichshouldbeadopted;liststypicalproductswhichareshippedinbulk;givesadviceontheirpropertiesandhowtheyshouldbehandled;describesvarioustestprocedureswhichshouldbeemployedtodeterminethecharacteristiccargoproperties.containsanumberofgeneralprecautionssaysitisoffundamentalimportancethatbulkcargoesbeproperlydistributedthroughouttheshipsothatthestructureisnotoverstressedandtheshiphasanadequatestandardofstability.SOLASChapterXIIAdditionalSafetyMeasuresforBulkCarriersFollowingthe1998publicationofthereportintothesinkingofthebulkcarrierDerbyshire,theMaritimeSafetyCommitee(MSC)initiatedafurtherreviewofbulkcarriersafety,involvingtheuseofFormalSafetyAssessment(FSA)studiestohelpassesswhatfurtherchangesinregulationsmightbeneeded.Theregulationsstatethatallnewbulkcarriers150metresormoreinlength(builtafter1July1999)carryingcargoeswithadensityof1,000kg/m3andaboveshouldhavesufficientstrengthtowithstandfloodingofanyonecargohold,takingintoaccountdynamiceffectsresultingfrompresenceofwaterintheholdandtakingintoaccounttherecommendationsadoptedbyIMO.Forexistingships(builtbefore1July1999)carryingbulkcargoeswithadensityof1,780kg/m3andabove,thetransversewatertightbulkheadbetweenthetwoforemostcargoholdsandthedoublebottomoftheforemostcargoholdshouldhavesufficientstrengthtowithstandfloodingandtherelateddynamiceffectsintheforemostcargohold.Cargoeswithadensityof1,780kg/m3andabove(heavycargoes)includeironore,pigiron,steel,bauxiteandcement.Lightercargoes,butwithadensityofmorethan1,000kg/m3,includegrainssuchaswheatandrice,andtimber.6.OperationsLiquidBulkCargoesOilTankers:

astheirnamesuggestscarryoilandit’sbyproducts.Oiltankerhowever,isagenericterminologyandincludesnotonlycrudeoilbutalsopetrol,gasoline,keroseneandparaffin.Oiltankersarefurthersub-dividedintotwomaintypes:producttankersandcrudetankers:–

Producttankers

areusedtotransporttheabovementionedpetroleumbasedchemicals–

Crudetankers

arespecificallyusedtotransportcrudeoilfromtheexcavationsitetothecrudeoilrefiningindustrialplantⅣ.TankersandIGCCodeLNGCarrier:

arethosetankershipsthatareusedtocargoLNGorLiquefiedNaturalGas.Thesetypesoftankersrequirecarefulanddelicatehandlingowingtotheprecariousnessofthematerialtheycarry.Statisticallyspeaking,therearearound193LNGtankersthatarecurrentlyunderoperation.SlurryTankers:

Slurryreferstoallthosematerialsthatdonotdisperseordissolveinwater–otherwiseregardedaswastematerials.Slurryisusedasafertiliserandtheslurrytankershelptohaulslurrytoareaswheretheycanbeputtoproductiveuse.

HydrogenTankers:

Asthenamesuggests,hydrogentankersarecargotankersusedfortheshippingandtransportationofliquefiedhydrogengas.JuiceTankers:

Juicetankersormorespecificallyorangejuicetankerswhichareusedforthecargocarryingoforangejuiceinmassquantities.OneofthebiggestjuicetankersistheBraziliantankerCarlosFischer.

WineTankers:

Transportingwinehasbecomequitesimplerandfeasibleincontemporarytimesassleektankershavecomeupwhichareusedspecificallytocarrywinetotheirintendeddestinations.

ITB(IntegratedTugBarges)

ITBsareprominentlyusedintheeasterncoastoftheUnitedStates.Thesetankersaremainlytugsattachedtobargesleadingtotheformationofasinglecargocarryingunit.ClassificationofTankersPanamax

50,001-80,000dwtApproximate32.2mbeamlimitationPanamaCanal:1000ftlong,110ftwide,85ftdeep.Panamaxdimensions:overalllength(LOA)of965ft(290m);beamof106ft(32.3m);draft39.5ft(12.04m).Suezmax

20,000dwt-150,000dwtThisisthemaximumsizecrudeoilshipthatcanpassthroughtheSuezCanalinEgypt.Aframax

80,000-120,000dwtAFRA(AverageFreightRateAssessment)a

tanker

ratesystemcreatedin1954by

ShellOil

tostandardiseshippingcontractterms.Aframax

is

thelargestcrudeoiltankersizeinthissystemwitha

breadth

ofgreaterthan32.31mandthereforeisunabletopassthroughtheoriginalPanamacanal,mainlyusedintheMediterranean,ChinaSeaandtheBlackSea..VLCC(VeryLargeCrudeCarrier)Size:150,000-320,000dwt,itispossibletoballastthesevesselsthroughtheSuezCanal.ULCC(UltraLargeCrudeCarrier)Size:321,000+dwtsailthelongestroutes,typicallyfromtheGulftoEurope,theUnitedStatesandAsia.Theyaresolargethattheyrequirecustom-builtterminalsforloadingandunloading.TankerOpera