2025年專升本英語專業(yè)閱讀理解沖刺押題試卷（含答案）考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______第一部分閱讀理解PassageOneTheinternethasfundamentallyalteredhowwework,play,andcommunicate.Whileofferingunprecedentedconvenienceandaccesstoinformation,ithasalsointroducedsignificantchallenges,particularlyintherealmofmentalhealth.Oneofthemostinsidiouseffectsisthephenomenonknownas"comparisonculture."Onsocialmediaplatforms,individualsoftenpresenthighlycuratedversionsoftheirlives,showcasingachievements,idealizedvacations,andperfectrelationships.Thiscreatesanunrealisticbenchmarkagainstwhichmanypeoplemeasuretheirownordinaryexperiences.Constantlyviewingothers'highlightreelscanfosterfeelingsofinadequacy,envy,andlowself-esteem.Thehumanbrainiswiredtocompare,butthedigitalagehasamplifiedthistendencyexponentially.Individualsmayfeeltheyaremissingoutonexperiences(FOMO-FearOfMissingOut),constantlycheckingtheirfeedstoseewhatothersaredoing,living,andachieving.Thisongoingcomparisoncanleadtoanxiety,depression,andaskewedperceptionofreality.Theconstantneedforvalidationthroughlikesandsharesfurthercontributestomentaldistress,asindividualsseekexternalapprovaltofeelworthy.Furthermore,theinternetfacilitatestherapidspreadofmisinformationandnegativenewscycles,whichcannegativelyimpactmoodandoutlook.Exposuretodistressingeventsorinflammatorycontentonlinecanincreasefeelingsofanxietyandhopelessness.Theaddictivenatureofmanyplatforms,designedforinfinitescrollingandvariablereward,canalsoleadtoneglectingreal-worldinteractionsandresponsibilities,exacerbatingfeelingsofisolationanddisconnect.Whiletheinternetoffersvaluabletoolsforconnectionandlearning,itiscrucialtodevelopdigitalliteracyandmindfulusagehabits.Settingboundariesforscreentime,curatingone'ssocialmediafeedtoprioritizepositiveandauthenticcontent,andengaginginregularofflineactivitiesareessentialsteps.Recognizingthecuratednatureofonlineportrayalsandpracticingself-compassioncanhelpmitigatethenegativepsychologicalimpactsoftheconstantcomparisonculturefosteredbythedigitalage.Questions:1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?2.Accordingtothepassage,howdoes"comparisonculture"primarilyaffectpeople'smentalhealth?3.Theterm"insidious"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:4.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestasapotentialconsequenceofthe"FearOfMissingOut"(FOMO)?5.Howmightexposuretonegativenewsonline,asmentionedinthepassage,influenceanindividual'smood?PassageTwoSustainableurbandevelopmenthasbecomeacriticalfocusforcityplannersandpolicymakersglobally,drivenbytheneedtoaddressenvironmentaldegradation,resourcedepletion,andthechallengesofrapidurbanization.Atitscore,sustainableurbanismseekstocreatecitiesthatareenvironmentallysound,sociallyequitable,andeconomicallyviableforcurrentandfuturegenerations.Thisholisticapproachrecognizestheinterconnectednessofurbansystemsandaimstominimizenegativeimpactswhilemaximizingpositiveoutcomes.Keycomponentsofsustainableurbandevelopmentincludepromotingrenewableenergysources,enhancingenergyefficiencyinbuildingsandtransportation,anddevelopinggreeninfrastructure.Forinstance,incorporatingsolarpanelsintobuildingdesigns,encouragingtheuseofpublictransitorelectricvehicles,andcreatingextensivegreenspaceslikeparksandcommunitygardenscontributesignificantly.Thesemeasuresnotonlyreducecarbonfootprintsbutalsoimproveairandwaterquality,offeringahealthierlivingenvironmentforresidents.Socialequityisanothercornerstoneofsustainableurbanplanning.Itinvolvesensuringthatallcitydwellers,regardlessofincome,race,orbackground,haveaccesstoessentialservices,safehousing,qualityeducation,andhealthcare.Thisrequiresthoughtfullandusepoliciesthatpreventsegregation,investmentinaffordablehousinginitiatives,andthedevelopmentofinclusivepublicspaceswherediversecommunitiescaninteract.Sustainablecitiesshouldbeplaceswheresocialcohesionisstrengthened,notweakened.Finally,economicviabilityiscrucialforthelong-termsuccessofsustainableurbanprojects.Thisinvolvescreatingopportunitiesforgreenjobs,supportinglocaleconomies,andensuringthatdevelopmentinitiativesarecost-effectiveanddonotplaceanundueburdenontaxpayers.Sustainableurbandevelopmentisnotmerelyanenvironmentalresponsibility;itisaneconomicimperativethatfostersresilience,innovation,andahigherqualityoflife,ensuringthatcitiesremainattractiveandlivableplacesforall.Questions:6.Whatisthecentralconceptexploredinthepassage?7.Accordingtothepassage,whataresomespecificexamplesofpromotingrenewableenergyandgreeninfrastructureinurbanareas?8.Whyissocialequityconsideredafundamentalaspectofsustainableurbandevelopment?9.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestismeantbysustainableurbandevelopmentbeingan"economicimperative"?10.Basedonthepassage,whatbenefitdogreenspaceslikeparkscontributetosustainablecities?PassageThreeTheconceptof"hygge"(pronouncedhoo-gah)originatesfromDenmark,acountryoftenrankedamongthehappiestintheworld.Whiledifficulttotranslateperfectly,"hygge"encompassesafeelingofcoziness,comfort,warmth,andwell-being.Itisaboutcreatingaatmosphereofcomfortandhappinessthroughsimplicity,equality,andtogetherness.Duringthelong,darkwinters,Danesembracehyggeasawaytomaintainoptimismandfostersocialbonds.Hyggeisnotaboutlavishnessormaterialpossessions;instead,itfocusesonsimplepleasuresandthequalityofexperiences.Itcanbefoundinsmall,intimategatheringswithlovedones,wheretheemphasisisonconversation,sharedfood,anddrinkslikemulledwine.Candles,softlighting,warmblankets,andcomfortableseatingarecommonphysicalelementsthatcontributetothehyggeambiance.Thecoreideaistocreateasenseofsanctuaryandbelongingwithinone'sownhomeandcommunity.Practicinghyggeinvolvesintentionalchoicesaimedatenhancingeverydaylife.Itencouragespeopletoslowdown,appreciatethepresentmoment,andconnectwithothersonadeeperlevel.Thisfocusonmindfulnessandsocialconnectionalignswithpsychologicalresearchsuggestingthatstrongrelationshipsandasenseofpurposearekeycontributorstooverallhappinessandlifesatisfaction.HyggeisnotjustaDanishculturaltrend;itoffersapracticalphilosophyforcultivatingwell-beinginanysetting.Theglobalpopularityofhyggeinrecentyearsreflectsagrowingdesireformeaningfulconnectionsandacounterpointtotheconstanthustleandbustleofmodernlife.Byprioritizingcomfort,community,andsimplepleasures,hyggeprovidesareminderthathappinesscanbefoundinthesmall,everydaymomentssharedwithothers,fosteringasenseofcontentmentandresilience.Questions:11.WhatistheprimarymeaningoftheDanishword"hygge"asdescribedinthepassage?12.Accordingtothetext,howdoeshyggehelppeople,particularlyduringchallengingtimeslikewinter?13.Whatdistinguisheshyggefromsimplyenjoyingmaterialwealthorluxury?14.Thepassagesuggeststhatpracticinghyggecancontributetohappiness.Whattwoelementsmentionedinthetextarelinkedtothispositiveoutcome?15.Whatbroadertrendinmodernlifedoesthepopularityofhyggeseemtoaddress?SecondPartReadingComprehensionPassageFourTherapidadvancementofartificialintelligence(AI)technologyistransformingnumeroussectors,fromhealthcareandfinancetotransportationandentertainment.Whileofferingimmensepotentialforinnovationandefficiency,thistechnologicalshiftalsoraisessignificantethicalconcernsthatrequirecarefulconsiderationandproactiveregulation.OneofthemostpressingissuesisthepotentialforAIsystemstoperpetuateandevenamplifyexistingbiasespresentintheirtrainingdata.AIalgorithmslearnpatternsfromthedatatheyarefed.Ifthisdatareflectshistoricalbiasesrelatedtorace,gender,age,orothercharacteristics,theAIsystemcaninadvertentlylearnandperpetuatethesebiasesinitsdecision-makingprocesses.Forinstance,facialrecognitionsoftwaretrainedpredominantlyonimagesofonedemographicgroupmayperformpoorlyforothers,leadingtodiscriminatoryoutcomesinsecurityapplicationsorhiringpractices.Similarly,biaseddatacanleadAI推薦systemstoreinforcestereotypesorprovideunequalopportunities.Anothersignificantethicalchallengeistheissueoftransparencyandexplainability,oftenreferredtoasthe"blackbox"problem.ManycomplexAImodels,particularlydeeplearningnetworks,operateinwaysthataredifficultforhumanstofullyunderstand.ThislackoftransparencymakesitchallengingtoauditAIsystems,identifypotentialbiases,orholddevelopersaccountableforharmfuloutcomes.WhendecisionsmadebyAIsystemshaveprofoundconsequencesforindividuals'lives,understandinghowandwhythosedecisionsweremadeiscrucialfortrustandfairness.Furthermore,theincreasingautonomyofAIsystemsraisesquestionsaboutaccountabilityandresponsibility.AsAIbecomescapableofperformingtasksthatweretraditionallydonebyhumans,determiningwhoisresponsiblewhenanAIsystemmakesanerrororcausesharmbecomescomplex.Istheblamelieswiththedevelopers,theusers,theowners,ortheAIitself?Addressingthesequestionsisessentialtoestablishclearlinesofresponsibilityandensureappropriaterecourseforaffectedparties.ThepotentialimpactofAIonemploymentisalsoamajorethicalconcern.WhileAIcanautomatetasksandincreaseproductivity,itmayalsodisplacehumanworkersincertainsectors,potentiallyleadingtojoblossesandincreasedeconomicinequality.Managingthistransitionthroughpoliciesthatsupportworkforceretraining,socialsafetynets,andthecreationofnewjobopportunitieswillbevitaltoensurethebenefitsofAIaresharedequitably.Questions:16.WhatisaprimaryconcernregardingAIsystemsasmentionedinthepassage?17.HowmightbiasedtrainingdataleadtodiscriminatoryoutcomeswithAItechnology?18.The"blackbox"problemreferstothedifficultyinunderstandingwhat?19.WhyistransparencyandexplainabilityconsideredimportantforAIsystems,especiallywhentheymakesignificantdecisions?20.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonepotentialnegativeconsequenceofwidespreadAIadoptionintermsofemployment?PassageFiveClimatechangepresentsoneofthemostformidablechallengesfacinghumanitytoday,drivenprimarilybyhumanactivitiesthathavesignificantlyincreasedgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphere.Theconsequencesarefar-reachingand正在顯現(xiàn)acrosstheglobe,manifestinginmorefrequentandsevereweathereventssuchasheatwaves,droughts,heavyrainfall,andstormsurges.Thesechangesposedirectthreatstoecosystems,humanhealth,foodsecurity,andeconomicstability.Human-inducedclimatechangeislargelytheresultofburningfossilfuelslikecoal,oil,andnaturalgasforenergy,deforestationwhichreducestheEarth'scapacitytoabsorbCO2,andvariousindustrialprocesses.Theaccumulationofgreenhousegases,particularlycarbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),andnitrousoxide(N2O),intheatmospherecreatesa"greenhouseeffect,"trappingheatandcausingtheplanet'saveragetemperaturetorise.Thiswarminghascascadingeffectsontheclimatesystem,leadingtothemeltingofpolaricecapsandglaciers,risingsealevels,andshiftsinweatherpatterns.Addressingclimatechangerequiresamultifacetedapproachinvolvingbothmitigationandadaptationstrategies.Mitigationfocusesonreducinggreenhousegasemissionstolimitfutureclimatechange.Thisinvolvestransitioningtorenewableenergysourcessuchassolar,wind,andhydroelectricpower,improvingenergyefficiencyinbuildings,transportation,andindustry,andadoptingsustainablelandusepracticeslikereforestationandreducedagriculturalemissions.Internationalcooperationandagreements,suchastheParisAgreement,arecrucialforcoordinatingglobaleffortstowardsemissionreductiontargets.Adaptationstrategies,ontheotherhand,involvepreparingforandadjustingtotheimpactsofclimatechangethatarealreadyoccurringorareexpectedtohappeninthefuture.Thisincludesbuildingseawallstoprotectcoastalcommunitiesfromrisingsealevels,developingdrought-resistantcropstoensurefoodsecurity,implementingearlywarningsystemsforextremeweatherevents,andcreatingclimate-resilientinfrastructure.Effectiveadaptationrequiresrobustgovernance,sufficientfunding,andcommunityengagement.Successfullytacklingclimatechangeisnotonlyanenvironmentalnecessitybutalsoaneconomicopportunity.Thetransitiontoalow-carboneconomycanstimulateinnovation,createnewjobsingreenindustries,andimprovepublichealthbyreducingpollution.However,thechallengeisimmense,requiringsustainedpoliticalwill,financialinvestment,andafundamentalshiftinhowsocietiesproduceandconsumeenergyandresources.Questions:21.Whatisthemaindriverofhuman-inducedclimatechangeaccordingtothepassage?22.Nametwospecificconsequencesofclimatechangementionedinthetext.23.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmitigationandadaptationstrategiesforclimatechange?24.Accordingtothepassage,whyisthetransitiontorenewableenergyimportantformitigation?25.Whatopportunitydoesthepassagesuggestispresentedbyaddressingclimatechange?試卷答案第一部分閱讀理解PassageOne1.Thepassageprimarilydiscussesthenegativementalhealthimpactsof"comparisonculture"fosteredbytheinternet.*解析思路：通讀全文可知，文章主要圍繞互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來的“比較文化”及其對(duì)人們心理健康產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響展開論述，從比較文化如何產(chǎn)生、具體表現(xiàn)（FOMO、焦慮、抑郁等）到如何緩解等。首段點(diǎn)明主旨，末段總結(jié)建議，故選此。2.Accordingtothepassage,"comparisonculture"primarilyaffectspeople'smentalhealthbyfosteringfeelingsofinadequacy,envy,andlowself-esteemthroughunrealisticsocialcomparisons.*解析思路：根據(jù)第一段第二句"Thiscreatesanunrealisticbenchmark...canfosterfeelingsofinadequacy,envy,andlowself-esteem."和第二段首句"Constantlyviewingothers'highlightreelscanfosterfeelingsofinadequacy,envy,andlowself-esteem."可知，比較文化通過讓人與不切實(shí)際的社交媒體上的成就比較，導(dǎo)致自我感覺不足、嫉妒和自尊心低落。3.Theterm"insidious"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningtosubtleandsneaky.*解析思路：根據(jù)第一段第一句"Theinternethasfundamentallyalteredhowwework...ithasalsointroducedsignificantchallenges,particularlyintherealmofmentalhealth.Oneofthemostinsidiouseffectsisthephenomenonknownas'comparisonculture.'"以及上下文語境，比較文化是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來的負(fù)面影響之一，但它是一種不易察覺、悄悄蔓延的負(fù)面影響，故“insidious”意為“隱性的、不易察覺的、詭計(jì)多端的”，與“subtleandsneaky”（隱蔽的、偷偷摸摸的）意思最接近。4.Whatthepassagesuggestsasapotentialconsequenceofthe"FearOfMissingOut"(FOMO)istheconstantneedtocheckone'sfeedstoseewhatothersaredoing,living,andachieving.*解析思路：根據(jù)第二段第二句"Individualsmayfeeltheyaremissingoutonexperiences(FOMO-FearOfMissingOut),constantlycheckingtheirfeedstoseewhatothersaredoing,living,andachieving."可知，F(xiàn)OMO的后果是人們會(huì)不斷查看社交媒體，看別人在做什么、過著什么樣的生活、取得了什么成就。5.Howexposuretonegativenewsonline,asmentionedinthepassage,caninfluenceanindividual'smoodisbyincreasingfeelingsofanxietyandhopelessness.*解析思路：根據(jù)第三段第二句"Exposuretodistressingeventsorinflammatorycontentonlinecanincreasefeelingsofanxietyandhopelessness."可知，接觸網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的負(fù)面新聞會(huì)增加焦慮和絕望感。PassageTwo6.Thecentralconceptexploredinthepassageissustainableurbandevelopment.*解析思路：通讀全文，文章圍繞可持續(xù)城市發(fā)展的概念展開，探討了其核心要素（環(huán)境、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)）、具體措施（可再生能源、綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、社會(huì)公平、經(jīng)濟(jì)可行等）及其意義。故此為文章中心概念。7.Accordingtothepassage,somespecificexamplesofpromotingrenewableenergyandgreeninfrastructureinurbanareasincludeincorporatingsolarpanelsintobuildingdesigns,encouragingtheuseofpublictransitorelectricvehicles,andcreatingextensivegreenspaceslikeparksandcommunitygardens.*解析思路：根據(jù)第二段第三句"Forinstance,incorporatingsolarpanelsintobuildingdesigns,encouragingtheuseofpublictransitorelectricvehicles,andcreatingextensivegreenspaceslikeparksandcommunitygardenscontributesignificantly."可知，這些是促進(jìn)城市可再生能源和綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的具體例子。8.Whysocialequityisconsideredafundamentalaspectofsustainableurbandevelopmentisbecauseitinvolvesensuringallcitydwellershaveaccesstoessentialservices,safehousing,qualityeducation,andhealthcare,preventingsegregation,andinvestinginaffordablehousinginitiatives.*解析思路：根據(jù)第三段第二句"Itinvolvesensuringthatallcitydwellers,regardlessofincome,race,orbackground,haveaccesstoessentialservices...Thisrequiresthoughtfullandusepoliciesthatpreventsegregation,investmentinaffordablehousinginitiatives..."以及末句"Sustainablecitiesshouldbeplaceswheresocialcohesionisstrengthened,notweakened."可知，社會(huì)公平是基礎(chǔ)，因?yàn)樗P(guān)乎所有居民平等地獲得基本服務(wù)、住房、教育和醫(yī)療，防止社會(huì)隔離，促進(jìn)社會(huì)凝聚力。9.Whatthepassagesuggestsismeantbysustainableurbandevelopmentbeingan"economicimperative"isthatitfostersresilience,innovation,andahigherqualityoflife,ensuringcitiesremainattractiveandlivable,whichstimulatesgreenjobsandsupportslocaleconomies.*解析思路：根據(jù)第四段最后一句"Sustainableurbandevelopmentisnotmerelyanenvironmentalresponsibility;itisaneconomicimperativethatfostersresilience,innovation,andahigherqualityoflife,ensuringthatcitiesremainattractiveandlivable...anddoestcreateopportunitiesforgreenjobs,supportinglocaleconomies."可知，其經(jīng)濟(jì)必要性體現(xiàn)在它能帶來韌性、創(chuàng)新、更高的生活質(zhì)量，保持城市的吸引力，并創(chuàng)造綠色就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)、支持地方經(jīng)濟(jì)。10.Basedonthepassage,whatbenefitparkscontributetosustainablecitiesisthattheyimproveairandwaterquality,offerahealthierlivingenvironment,andstrengthensocialcohesion.*解析思路：根據(jù)第二段第三句"Thesemeasuresnotonlyreducecarbonfootprintsbutalsoimproveairandwaterquality,offeringahealthierlivingenvironment..."和第四段末句"Sustainablecitiesshouldbeplaceswheresocialcohesionisstrengthened..."可知，公園通過改善空氣和水質(zhì)、提供更健康的居住環(huán)境以及促進(jìn)社會(huì)凝聚力來為可持續(xù)城市做出貢獻(xiàn)。PassageThree11.TheprimarymeaningoftheDanishword"hygge"asdescribedinthepassageisafeelingofcoziness,comfort,warmth,andwell-being,oftencreatedthroughsimplicity,equality,andtogetherness.*解析思路：根據(jù)第一段第一句"Theconceptof'hygge'(pronouncedhoo-gah)originatesfromDenmark...itencompassesafeelingofcoziness,comfort,warmth,andwell-being.Itisaboutcreatingaatmosphereofcomfortandhappinessthroughsimplicity,equality,andtogetherness."可知，hygge的核心含義是通過簡(jiǎn)單、平等和團(tuán)聚創(chuàng)造舒適、溫暖、幸福的感覺。12.Accordingtothetext,hyggehelpspeople,particularlyduringchallengingtimeslikewinter,bycreatingasenseofsanctuaryandbelongingwithinone'sownhomeandcommunity,andfosteringsocialbondsthroughsimplepleasures.*解析思路：根據(jù)第一段第二句"...itisaboutcreatingaatmosphereofcomfortandhappiness...Duringthelong,darkwinters,Danesembracehyggeasawaytomaintainoptimismandfostersocialbonds."以及第二段第一句"Hyggeisnotaboutlavishnessormaterialpossessions;instead,itfocusesonsimplepleasuresandthequalityofexperiences.Itcanbefoundinsmall,intimategatheringswithlovedones,wheretheemphasisisonconversation,sharedfood,anddrinks..."可知，hygge通過營(yíng)造安全和歸屬感，以及通過簡(jiǎn)單樂趣促進(jìn)社交聯(lián)系來幫助人們，尤其是在寒冷的冬天。13.Whatdistinguisheshyggefromsimplyenjoyingmaterialwealthorluxuryisitsfocusonsimplepleasures,mindfulness,andcommunityconnectionratherthanlavishnessormaterialpossessions.*解析思路：根據(jù)第二段第一句"Hyggeisnotaboutlavishnessormaterialpossessions;instead,itfocusesonsimplepleasuresandthequalityofexperiences."可知，hygge強(qiáng)調(diào)簡(jiǎn)單樂趣和體驗(yàn)質(zhì)量，而非奢華或物質(zhì)財(cái)富。14.Thepassagesuggeststhatpracticinghyggecancontributetohappiness.Whattwoelementsmentionedinthetextarelinkedtothispositiveoutcomearesocialconnectionandmindfulness/simplicity.*解析思路：根據(jù)第二段"Itencouragespeopletoslowdown,appreciatethepresentmoment,andconnectwithothersonadeeperlevel."和第四段"Thisfocusonmindfulnessandsocialconnectionalignswithpsychologicalresearchsuggestingthatstrongrelationshipsandasenseofpurposearekeycontributorstooverallhappinessandlifesatisfaction."可知，幸福感與社交聯(lián)系（連接他人）和正念/簡(jiǎn)單（慢下來、欣賞當(dāng)下）有關(guān)。15.Whatbroadertrendinmodernlifedoesthepopularityofhyggeseemtoaddressisthegrowingdesireformeaningfulconnectionsandacounterpointtotheconstanthustleandbustleofmodernlife.*解析思路：根據(jù)第四段第一句"Theglobalpopularityofhyggeinrecentyearsreflectsagrowingdesireformeaningfulconnectionsandacounterpointtotheconstanthustleandbustleofmodernlife."可知，hygge的流行反映了人們對(duì)有意義聯(lián)系的渴望，以及對(duì)現(xiàn)代生活快節(jié)奏的一種反差。SecondPartReadingComprehensionPassageFour16.AprimaryconcernregardingAIsystemsasmentionedinthepassageisthepotentialforAIsystemstoperpetuateandevenamplifyexistingbiasespresentintheirtrainingdata.*解析思路：根據(jù)第一段第一、二句"Therapidadvancementofartificialintelligence(AI)technologyistransformingnumeroussectors...Whileofferingimmensepotentialforinnovationandefficiency,thistechnologicalshiftalsoraisessignificantethicalconcernsthatrequirecarefulconsiderationandproactiveregulation.OneofthemostpressingissuesisthepotentialforAIsystemstoperpetuateandevenamplifyexistingbiasespresentintheirtrainingdata."可知，這是文章提到的最緊迫的倫理問題之一。17.HowbiasedtrainingdatamightleadtodiscriminatoryoutcomeswithAItechnologyisbycausingAIsystemstomakedecisionsthatunfairlydisadvantagecertaingroupsbasedonrace,gender,age,etc.*解析思路：根據(jù)第一段第三句"AIalgorithmslearnpatternsfromthedatatheyarefed.Ifthisdatareflectshistoricalbiasesrelatedtorace,gender,age,orothercharacteristics,theAIsystemcaninadvertentlylearnandperpetuatethesebiasesinitsdecision-makingprocesses.Forinstance,facialrecognitionsoftwaretrainedpredominantlyonimagesofonedemographicgroupmayperformpoorlyforothers,leadingtodiscriminatoryoutcomesinsecurityapplicationsorhiringpractices."可知，有偏見的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)導(dǎo)致AI系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)并延續(xù)這些偏見，在決策中產(chǎn)生針對(duì)特定群體的不公平結(jié)果，例如人臉識(shí)別系統(tǒng)對(duì)某些人群效果不佳。18.The"blackbox"problemreferstothedifficultyinunderstandingwhatthecomplexoperationsanddecision-makingprocessesarewithincertainAImodels,particularlydeeplearningnetworks.*解析思路：根據(jù)第二段第一句"Anothersignificantethicalchallengeistheissueoftransparencyandexplainability,oftenreferredtoasthe'blackbox'problem.ManycomplexAImodels,particularlydeeplearningnetworks,operateinwaysthataredifficultforhumanstofullyunderstand."可知，“黑箱”問題指的是人類難以完全理解某些復(fù)雜AI模型（尤其是深度學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)）的運(yùn)作方式和決策過程。19.WhyistransparencyandexplainabilityconsideredimportantforAIsystems,especiallywhentheymakesignificantdecisions,isbecauseitallowsforauditing,identifyingpotentialbiases,holdingdevelopersaccountable,andunderstandingthebasisfordecisionsthatsignificantlyimpactindividuals.*解析思路：根據(jù)第二段"WhendecisionsmadebyAIsystemshaveprofoundconsequencesforindividuals'lives,understandinghowandwhythosedecisionsweremadeiscrucialfortrustandfairness."以及第一句對(duì)“黑箱”問題的描述，可知透明度和可解釋性對(duì)于審計(jì)系統(tǒng)、識(shí)別偏見、追究開發(fā)者責(zé)任以及理解對(duì)個(gè)人產(chǎn)生重大影響的決策依據(jù)至關(guān)重要。20.Accordingtothepassage,onepotentialnegativeconsequenceofwidespreadAIadoptionintermsofemploymentisthedisplacementofhumanworkersincertainsectors,potentiallyleadingtojoblossesandincreasedeconomicinequality.*解析思路：根據(jù)第四段第一句"ThepotentialimpactofAIonemploymentisalsoamajorethicalconcern.WhileAIcanautomatetasksandincreaseproductivity,itmayalsodisplacehumanworkersincertainsectors,potentiallyleadingtojoblossesandincreasedeconomicinequality."可知，AI的廣泛應(yīng)用可能導(dǎo)致某些行業(yè)的人類工人被取代，造成失業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等加劇。PassageFive21.Whatisthemaindriverofhuman-inducedclimatechangeaccordingtothepassageistheburningoffossilfuelslikecoal,oil,andnaturalgasforenergy,deforestation,andvariousindustrialprocesses,whichhavesignificantlyincreasedgreenhouseg