2025托?？荚嚒堕喿x理解》模擬測試卷考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______模擬試卷Passage1Thehumanbrainisanincrediblycomplexorgan,responsibleforavastarrayoffunctionsthatgovernourthoughts,emotions,andactions.Fordecades,scientistshavebeenstrivingtounravelitsmysteries,seekingtounderstandhowitprocessesinformationandcontrolsbehavior.Oneofthemostactiveareasofresearchfocusesontheroleofneurotransmitters,chemicalmessengersthattransmitsignalsacrosssynapsesbetweenneurons.Neurotransmitterslikedopamine,serotonin,andnorepinephrineareinvolvedinnumerousprocesses,includingmoodregulation,motivation,andstressresponse.Dopamine,oftenassociatedwiththebrain'srewardsystem,playsacrucialroleinreinforcingbehaviorsthatarebeneficialforsurvival.Whenweengageinactivitiesthatleadtoapositiveoutcome,suchaseatingdeliciousfoodorachievingagoal,dopamineisreleased,creatingasenseofpleasurethatencouragesustorepeatthoseactions.Thismechanismisknownasreinforcementlearningandisessentialforadaptingtoourenvironment.However,animbalanceindopaminelevelscanleadtovariousdisorders,mostnotablyParkinson'sdisease,aneurodegenerativeconditioncharacterizedbytremors,stiffness,anddifficultywithmovement.Serotonin,ontheotherhand,isprimarilyinvolvedinregulatingmoodand情緒stability.Lowlevelsofserotoninareoftenlinkedtodepressionandanxietydisorders.Serotoninalsoinfluencessleeppatterns,appetite,anddigestion.Thebrain'sserotoninsystemismodulatedbyvariousfactors,includingdiet,exercise,andpharmaceuticalintervention.Certainmedications,knownasselectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitors(SSRIs),workbyincreasingtheavailabilityofserotonininthesynapticcleft,therebyalleviatingsymptomsofdepressionandanxiety.Norepinephrine,alsoknownasnoradrenaline,actsasastresshormone,preparingthebodyfor"fightorflight"responses.Itincreasesheartrate,bloodpressure,andalertness,therebyenhancingphysicalperformanceduringstressfulsituations.Whilenorepinephrineisessentialforshort-termstressresponses,chronicelevationofitslevelscanhavedetrimentaleffectsonmentalandphysicalhealth,contributingtoanxietyandsleepdisturbances.Researchintoneurotransmitterscontinuestoadvance,offeringnewinsightsintothebrain'sfunctioningandpotentialtreatmentsforneurologicalandpsychiatricdisorders.TechniquessuchasfMRIandPETscansallowscientiststoobserveneurotransmitteractivityinlivingbrains,whilegeneticstudieshelpidentifytherootsofneurologicalconditionsatamolecularlevel.Asourunderstandingofthesechemicalmessengersdeepens,sodoesourabilitytodevelopmoretargetedandeffectivetherapiesforbrain-relatedillnesses.Questions1.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonefunctionofdopamineinthebrain?2.Theword"beneficial"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:3.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestabouttherelationshipbetweenserotoninanddepression?4.Accordingtothepassage,whathappenstothebodyduringa"fightorflight"response?5.Theword"detrimental"inthefourthparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:6.Thepassageprimarilydiscusses:7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbytheinformationinthepassage?a)Dopamineandserotoninaretheonlyneurotransmittersinvolvedinmoodregulation.b)Neurotransmitterimbalancescanonlyleadtophysicaldisorders,notmentalones.c)TechniqueslikefMRIandPETscansarecrucialforunderstandingneurotransmitteractivity.d)SSRIscancompletelycuredepressionandanxietydisorders.Passage2Deforestation,thelarge-scaleremovalofforests,isoneofthemostsignificantenvironmentalchallengesfacingtheworldtoday.ForestsplayacrucialroleinmaintainingtheEarth'secologicalbalance,providinghabitatsforcountlessspecies,regulatingclimate,andproducingoxygen.However,duetoactivitiessuchaslogging,agriculture,andurbanization,deforestationisoccurringatanalarmingrate,withdevastatingconsequencesforbothnaturalecosystemsandhumansocieties.Oneofthemostimmediateimpactsofdeforestationisthelossofbiodiversity.Forestsarehometoavastarrayofplantandanimalspecies,manyofwhicharefoundnowhereelseonEarth.Whenforestsarecleared,thesespecieslosetheirhabitats,leadingtopopulationdeclinesandevenextinction.Thislossofbiodiversitynotonlydisruptsecosystemsbutalsoreducesthegeneticdiversitythatisessentialfortheresilienceofspeciesinthefaceofenvironmentalchanges.Inadditiontobiodiversityloss,deforestationcontributessignificantlytoclimatechange.Treesabsorbcarbondioxide(CO2),amajorgreenhousegas,fromtheatmospherethroughphotosynthesis.Whenforestsarecutdownandburned,thisstoredcarbonisreleasedbackintotheatmosphere,exacerbatingglobalwarming.DeforestationalsoreducestheEarth'scapacitytoabsorbCO2,furtheracceleratingclimatechange.Theconsequencesofclimatechangeincludemorefrequentandsevereweatherevents,risingsealevels,anddisruptionstoagriculturalproductivity.Deforestationalsohasprofoundsocialandeconomicimpacts.Forestsprovidelivelihoodsformillionsofpeople,particularlyindevelopingcountries,throughactivitiessuchaslogging,agriculture,andtourism.Thelossofforestscanleadtopoverty,foodinsecurity,anddisplacementofindigenouscommunitieswhodependonforestresourcesfortheirsurvival.Furthermore,deforestationcanincreasetheriskofsoilerosionandlandslides,furtherdegradingthelandandimpactinghumansettlements.Effortsarebeingmadetoaddresstheproblemofdeforestationthroughvariousstrategies.Reforestationandafforestationprojectsaimtoplantnewtreesandrestoredegradedforests.Sustainableforestmanagementpractices,suchasselectiveloggingandcontrolledburns,canhelpreducetheimpactofhumanactivitiesonforests.Protectingexistingforeststhroughtheestablishmentofnationalparksandprotectedareasisalsocrucial.Additionally,internationalcooperationandpoliciesthatpromoteforestconservationandsustainablelanduseareessentialfortacklingdeforestationonaglobalscale.Questions8.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?9.Theword"devastating"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:10.Accordingtothepassage,whatisonewaythatdeforestationcontributestoclimatechange?11.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestabouttheimpactofdeforestationonindigenouscommunities?12.Theword"profound"inthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:13.Thepassageprimarilydiscusses:a)Theeconomicbenefitsofdeforestationfordevelopingcountries.b)Thecausesandconsequencesofdeforestationandpotentialsolutions.c)Theroleofforestsinproducingoxygenandmaintainingtemperature.d)Theimpactofclimatechangeonagriculturalproductivityandforestecosystems.Passage3TheRenaissancewasaperiodofgreatculturalandartisticflourishingthatbeganinItalyduringthe14thcenturyandspreadacrossEuropeoverthefollowingtwocenturies.Itmarkedatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernera,characterizedbyarenewedinterestintheclassicalart,literature,andphilosophyofancientGreeceandRome.Theword"Renaissance"itselfcomesfromtheFrenchwordfor"rebirth,"reflectingtheoptimisticspiritofthetimeandthebeliefinhumanpotentialandprogress.OneofthemostsignificantaspectsoftheRenaissancewasthedevelopmentofhumanism,aphilosophicalmovementthatemphasizedthevalueandagencyofhumanbeings,ratherthanfocusingsolelyonreligiousmatters.Humanistsstudiedclassicaltexts,seekingtounderstandthehumanconditionandtheworldaroundthem.Theybelievedthatthrougheducationandreason,humanscouldachieveenlightenmentandimprovetheirsociety.ThisfocusonhumanpotentiallaidthegroundworkformodernWesternthought.ArtduringtheRenaissancesawremarkableinnovationsthattransformedthewaypeopledepictedtheworld.ArtistslikeLeonardodaVinci,Michelangelo,andRaphaeldevelopedtechniquessuchasperspective,chiaroscuro,andsfumato,creatingmorerealisticandthree-dimensionalimages.Theirworksexploredawiderangeofthemes,fromreligioussubjectstomythologicalstoriesandportraitsofwealthypatrons.TheRenaissancealsosawtheinventionoftheprintingpress,whichhelpedspreadnewideasandknowledgemorewidelythaneverbefore.TheRenaissancehadaprofoundimpactonscienceandexplorationaswell.Theperiodsawthebeginningofmodernscientificinquiry,withfigureslikeGalileoGalileiandNicolausCopernicuschallengingtraditionalbeliefsandproposingnewtheoriesabouttheuniverse.Explorationalsoflourished,withvoyagesofdiscoverybyexplorerslikeChristopherColumbusandVascodaGamaexpandingEuropeanknowledgeoftheworldandleadingtotheAgeofDiscovery.Thesescientificandgeographicaladvancementslaidthefoundationforthemoderneraofglobalexplorationandtrade.ThelegacyoftheRenaissancecontinuestoinfluenceourworldtoday.Itsemphasisonhumanism,artisticinnovation,andscientificinquiryshapedthemodernWesternworldviewandsetthestageforfutureadvancementsinallfields.TheRenaissancedemonstratedthepowerofhumancreativityandintellecttotransformsocietyandimprovethehumancondition.Itsidealsandachievementsremainasourceofinspirationandareminderoftheimportanceofeducation,criticalthinking,andartisticexpression.Questions14.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?15.Theword"flourishing"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:16.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasakeyaspectofhumanismduringtheRenaissance?17.Theword"innovations"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:18.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasasignificantoutcomeoftheinventionoftheprintingpress?19.Thepassageprimarilydiscusses:a)ThelifeandworksoffamousRenaissanceartistsandscientists.b)TheculturalandintellectualdevelopmentsoftheRenaissanceanditslastingimpact.c)ThereligiousbeliefsthatdominatedthemedievaleraandhowtheychangedduringtheRenaissance.d)TheeconomicgrowthofEuropeancitiesduringtheRenaissanceanditssocialconsequences.---試卷答案1.Reinforcingbehaviorsthatarebeneficialforsurvival.2.Advantageous3.Lowlevelsofserotoninareoftenlinkedtodepressionandanxietydisor