NATIONALSTANDARD

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OFTHEPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINA

DESIGNCODEFORHEATINGVENTILATION

ANDAIRCONDITIONINGOF

INDUSTRIALBUILDINGS

GB50019-2015

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Beijing2022

ChineseeditionfirstpublishedinthePeoplesRepublicofChinain2015

EnlisheditionfirstublishedinthePeolesReublicofChinain2022

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ISBN978-7-5182-1424-2中華人民共和國住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部公告

2020年第13號

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中華人民共和國住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部

2020年1月14日TranslationPublicationExplanation

DesignCodeforHeatingVentilationandAir

ConditioningofIndustrialBuildings-

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AnnouncementoftheMinistryofHousingandUrban-Rural

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DevelopmentofthePeoplesRepublicofChina

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DesignCodeforHeatingVentilationandAir

ConditioningofIndustrialBuildings

DesignCodeforHeatingVentilationandAirConditioningofIndustrialBuildings

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DesignofHeatingVentilationandAirConditioning-

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CodeforDesignofHeating，

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·3·1Generalprovisions

1.0.1Thiscodeispreparedwithaviewtoimproveworkingconditions，increaselaborproductivity，

ensureproductqualityandpersonalsafetyforindustrialenterprises，adoptadvancedtechnologyin

designofheating，ventilationandairconditioning，rationallyutilizeandsaveenergyandresources，and

protectenvironment.

1.0.2Thiscodeisapplicabletothedesignofheating，ventilationandairconditioningofNew

Construction，extensionandrenovationindustrialbuildingsandstructures.Thiscodeisnotapplicableto

buildingswithspecialpurpose，specialcleaningandspecialprotectionrequirements，cleanplantsand

temporarybuildingsinthedesignofheating，ventilationandairconditioning.

1.0.3Thedesignproposalofheating，ventilationandairconditioningshallbefinalizedthroughthe

technicalandeconomiccomparisonwithrelevantspecialtiesinaccordancewiththeproductionprocess

requirements，thethepurposes，function，usagerequirements，thecompositioncharacteristicsofcooling

andheatingloads，environmentalconditionsandtheenergystatus，aswellascombinedwiththeexisting

nationalpoliciesonhealth，safety，energysavingandenvironmentalprotection.Newtechnology，new

process，newequipmentandnewmaterialshouldbeadoptedinthedesign.

1.0.4Therequirementsforconstructionandacceptanceaswellastherelevantconstructionand

acceptancespecificationstobeimplementedshallbespecifiedinthedesignofheating，ventilationand

airconditioning.Whentherearespecialrequirementsforconstructionandacceptance，itshallbe

describedinthedesigndocument.

1.0.5Inadditiontotherequirementsstipulatedinthiscode，thosestipulatedinthecurrentrelevant

standardsofthenationshallbecompliedwiththedesignofheating，ventilationandairconditioningfor

industrialbuildings.

·1·2Terms

2.0.1Industrialbuilding

Ageneraldesignationofplants，warehousesandutilityauxiliarybuildings，aswellaslivingand

administrativeauxiliarybuildings.

2.0.2Activityarea

Refersspecificallytotheactivityareaofthepeopleinthebuilding，generallyreferstothespace

within3mabovetheground，floororoperatingplatform.

2.0.3Worksite

Apostorworkplacewheretheoccupantengagedinaprofessionalactivityorproductionmanagement

oftenorregularlystops.

2.0.4Explosivegasatmosphere

Amixtureofcombustiblesubstance（gas，vaporormist）andairinatmosphericconditions，when

ignited，theignitionwillspreadthroughouttheentirenon-ignitedmixturearea.

2.0.5Dry-typecollection

Adustremovalmethodthatthecollecteddustorsmokeisindrycondition，withoutmoisture

contentincrease.

2.0.6Wetseparation

Adustremovalmethodthatthecollecteddustorsmokeisinmud-likecondition.

2.0.7Industrialairconditioningsystem

Theairconditioningsystemwithhighrequirementsforindoortemperature，humidityandcleanliness，

whichmainlyfocusesontherequirementsforproductionprocess，andthecomfortofoccupantsis

secondary.

2.0.8Comfortairconditioning

Theairconditioningsystemforcomfortoftheoccupants.

2.0.9Zoningtwo-pipewatersystem

Twotwo-pipewatersystemssharedbycoldwaterandhot-and-coldwaterintheairconditioning

waterrouteaccordingtotheloadpatternofthebuilding.

2.0.10Twofluidhumidification

Thetechnologyofusingcompressedairtoatomizewater，thenusingweenywatersprayto

humidifyair.

2.0.11Mineairconditioning

Intheseverecoldandcoldzones，thetechnologyofheatingintakeairofminestopreventthemine

entrancefrozenortomaintainacertainambienttemperatureoftheworkingsurfaceinwinter；andthe

technologyofprovidingartificialrefrigerationandair-conditioningcoolingforhotdeepminesto

maintainacertainambienttemperatureoftheworkingsurface.

·2·3Basicrequirements

3.0.1Thethermalcomfortevaluationofbuildingindoorenvironmentshallcomplywithrelevant

provisionsofthecurrentnationalstandardGB/T18049ErgonomicsoftheThermalEnvironments—

AnalyticalDeterminationandInterpretationofThermalComfortUsingCalculationofthePMVand

PPDIndicesandLocalThermalComfortCriteria.TheevaluatedindexPredictedMeanVote（PMV）

shouldbelargerthanorequalto-1，andshouldbelessthanorequalto1，whilstthePredictedPercentage

ofDissatisfied（PPD）shouldbelessthanorequalto27%.

3.0.2Thermalinsulationandcoolingmeasuresshallbetakenforthehightemperatureworksite.The

hightemperatureworksiteshallmeettherelevantrequirementsofthecurrentnationalstandardGB/T

4200ClassifiedStandardofWorkingintheHotEnvironment.Theworkingenvironmentshallbe

gradedandevaluated.

3.0.3Theequipmentsforheating，ventilationandairconditioningshallbeselectedaccordingtothe

designconditions.

3.0.4Inthedesignofheating，ventilationandairconditioning，thenecessaryspaceoftheinstallation，

operationandmaintenanceshallbereservedfortheequipment，pipesandfittings，andtheholesfor

installationandmaintenanceshallbereservedinthearchitecturaldesignaswell.Thetransportcorridors

andliftingfacilitiesshallbeprovidedforlarge-sizedequipment.

3.0.5Inthedesignofheating，ventilationandairconditioning，safetyandprotectivemeasuresshallbe

takenfromequipmentandpipelinesthatmaycausehumanbodyinjury.

3.0.6Fortheprojectintheearthquakeareaorcollapsibleloessarea，necessaryanti-seismicandanti-

settlementmeasuresshallbetakenasneededinthedesignofheating，ventilationandairconditioning.

3.0.7Thewaterqualityoftheheatingandairconditioningsystemshallmeetrelevantrequirementsof

thecurrentnationalstandardGB/T1576WaterQualityforIndustrialBoilersorGB/T29044Water

QualityforHeatingandAirConditioningSystems.

3.0.8Backupfortheventilation，airconditioningandrefrigerationequipmentshallbesetunder

followingcases：

1Whengasdefenseorexplosion-proofventilationequipmentstopsrunning，itwillleadtosafety

accident，oronlyshorttimeshutdownisallowed.

2Whentheventilation，airconditioningandrefrigerationequipmentfailurewillcauseabnormal

operationoftheindustrialprocessingsystem，whichwillleadtoeconomiclossesandevenserious

accidents.

3.0.9Steamcondensateshallberecycled.

3.0.10Fortheheating，ventilationandairconditioningsystem，wasteheatrecoveryshallbeapplied

whentechnicalandeconomiccongditionisreasonable.

3.0.11Theworkingpressureofequipment，pipelineandauxiliaryinheating，ventilationandair

conditioningwatersystemshallnotbelargerthanthemaximumallowablepressure.

·3·4Indoorandoutdoordesignconditions

4.1Indoorairdesignconditions

4.1.1Theindoordesigntemperatureinwintershallbesetaccordingtothefunctionofthebuildingand

shallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Fortheworksiteslocatedinplants，warehousesorutilityauxiliarybuildings，thedesign

temperatureshallbedeterminedaccordingtotheworkintensity，andshallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1）Thedesigntemperatureforlightworkshallbe18℃-21℃，formoderateworkshallbe16℃-

18℃，forheavyworkshallbe14℃-16℃，andforextremelyheavyworkshallbe12℃-14℃.

2

2）Whenworkingareaperpersonislargethan50m，thedesigntemperatureforlightwork，

moderateworkandheavyworkmaydecreaseto10℃，7℃and5℃，respectively.

2Thetemperatureinliving，administrativebuildings，andutilityauxiliarybuildingsforplantsand

warehousesshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1）Thetemperaturesinbathroomsandchangingroomsshallnotbelowerthan25℃.

2）Thetemperaturesinoffices，loungesandcanteensshallnotbelowerthan18℃.

3）Thetemperaturesinwashroomsandtoiletsshallnotbelowerthan14℃.

3Theindoordesigntemperatureandhumidityshallbedeterminedaccordingtotheprocess

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requirementsifitsneeded.

4Theindoordesigntemperatureforradiationheatingsystemmaybe2℃-3℃lessthanthevalue

inItem1-Item3ofthisarticle.

5Inseverecoldandcoldzone，whenonlyanti-freezeisrequiredintheplants，warehouseand

utilityauxiliarybuildings，theindoordesigntemperatureshouldbe5℃.

4.1.2Meanwindspeedofindooractivityareaforheatedbuildinginwintershallbeinaccordancewith

thefollowingrequirements：

3

1Fortheplantbuilding，incaseoftheindoorheatreleaseislessthan23W/m，thevalueshould

3

notbelargerthan0.3m/s；andincaseoftheindoorheatreleaseislargerthanorequalto23W/m，the

valueshouldnotbelargerthan0.5m/s.

2Fortheutilityauxiliarybuilding，thevalueshouldnotbelargerthan0.3m/s.

4.1.3Theindoordesignparametersforconditionedzoneshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Thebasenumberandallowedfluctuationofindoortemperatureandrelativehumidityfor

industrialairconditioningshallbedeterminedaccordingtodemandsofprocessandwithconsiderationof

necessaryhygieneconditions.Thewindspeedatactivityareashouldnotbelargerthan0.3m/sinwinter

andthevalueshouldbe0.2m/s-0.5m/sinsummer；incaseoftheindoortemperatureishigherthan

30℃，itmaybelargerthan0.5m/s.

2Theindoordesignparametersofcomfortableairconditioningshouldbeinaccordancewith

thosespecifiedinTable4.1.3.

·4·Table4.1.3Airconditioningindoordesignparameters

ParameterWinterSummer

Temperature（℃）18-2425-28

Windspeed（m/s）≤0.2≤0.3

Relativehumidity（%）-40-70

4.1.4Ifnospecialrequirementsforindusteialprocess，thetemperatureatworksiteofaplantbuilding

insummermaybedeterminedbasedontheoutdoordesigntemperatureforsummerventilationandthe

maximumallowabletemperaturedifferencebetweenthetemperatureofoutdoorandthatofworksite，

anditmustnotexceedtherequirementsinTable4.1.4.

Table4.1.4Temperatureatworksiteinsummer（℃）

Outdoordesigntemperaturefor

≤2223242526272829-32≥33

summerventilation

Maximumallowabletemperature

1098765432

difference

Temperatureatworksite≤323232-3535

4.1.5Theupperlimitofairtemperatureunderdifferentrelativehumidityoftheplantbuildingshallbe

inaccordancewiththosespecifiedinTable4.1.5.

Table4.1.5Upperlimitofairtemperatureunderdifferentrelativehumidity

Relativehumidityφ（%）55≤φ＜6565≤φ＜7575≤φ＜85≥85

Temperature（℃）29282726

4.1.6Thermalinsulationandcoolingmeasuresshallbetakenatworksitewithhightemperatureand

intensivethermalradiation，anditshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Forthegroundsurfaceorsidingathightemperaturewheretheworkerfrequentlystaysor

approaches，theaveragesurfacetemperatureshallnotbelargerthan40℃，andtheinstantaneous

maximumtemperatureshouldnotbelargerthan60℃.

2Aloungeshallbelocatedinthevicinityofthehightemperatureworkingarea.Thetemperature

oftheloungeshouldbe26℃-30℃insummer.

3Thermalinsulationmeasuresshallbetakenforspecialhightemperatureworkingarea，the

2

thermalradiationintensityshallbelessthan700W/m，andtheindoortemperatureshallnotbelarger

than28℃.

4.1.7Usingalocalairsupplysystemintheoperatingareawithhighthermalradiationintensity，the

temperatureandmeanwindspeedattheworksiteshallbeinaccordancewiththosespecifiedinTable4.1.7.

Table4.1.7Temperatureandmeanwindspeedattheworksite

WinterSummer

Thermalirradiance

2

（W/m）

Temperature（℃）Windspeed（m/s）Temperature（℃）Windspeed（m/s）

350-70020-251-226-311.5-3

701-140020-251-326-302-4

·5·Table4.1.7（continued）

WinterSummer

Thermalirradiance

2

（W/m）

Temperature（℃）Windspeed（m/s）Temperature（℃）Windspeed（m/s）

1401-210018-222-325-293-5

2101-280018-223-424-284-6

Notes：1Forlightwork，highervalueinthetableshouldbeselectedfortemperature，butloweroneforwindspeedvalue；forheavywork，

thelowervalueshouldbeadoptedfortemperature，buthigheroneforwindspeed；andformoderatework，thedatamaybe

selectedbyinsertmethod.

2Forhotsummerandcoldwinterzoneorhotsummerandwarmwinterzone，temperatureoftheworksiteinthetablemaybe

increasedby2℃insummer.Fortheareawheretheannualaveragetemperatureofthenormalhottestmonthislessthan25℃，

thetemperatureoftheworksitemaybereducedby2℃insummer.

4.1.8Theindoorairqualityofindustrialbuildingshallmeettherequirementsofcurrentrelevant

nationalindoorairqualitystandardsandoccupationalhealthstandards.

3

4.1.9Theoutdoorairratefortheindustrialbuildingshallbeensurednotlessthan30m/hperperson.

4.2Outdoorairdesignconditions

4.2.1Theoutdoordesigntemperatureforheatingshallbedeterminedbythenormalmeandaily

temperatureof5doffailurecausedbyoutsidetemperatureonmeanperyear.

4.2.2Theoutdoordesigntemperatureforwinterventilationshallbedeterminedbythemeanvalueof

meanmonthlytemperaturesintheannualcoldestmonth.

4.2.3Theoutdoordesigntemperatureforwinterairconditioningshallbedeterminedbythenormal

meandailytemperatureof1doffailurecausedbyoutsidetemperatureonmeanperyear.

4.2.4Theoutdoordesignrelativehumidityforwinterairconditioningshallbedeterminedbythemean

valueofmeanrelativehumidityintheannualcoldestmonth.

4.2.5Theoutdoordesigndry-bulbtemperatureforsummerairconditioningshallbedeterminedbythe

normaldry-bulbtemperatureof50hoffailurecausedbyoutsidetemperatureonmeanperyear.

4.2.6Theoutdoordesignwet-bulbtemperatureforsummerairconditioningshallbedeterminedby

thenormalwet-bulbtemperatureof50hoffailurecausedbyoutsidetemperatureonmeanperyear.

4.2.7Theoutdoordesigntemperatureforsummerventilationshallbedeterminedbythemeanvalue

ofmeantemperatureat14pmintheannualhottestmonth.

4.2.8Theoutdoordesignrelativehumidityforsummerventilationshallbedeterminedbythemean

valueofmeanrelativehumidityat14pmintheannualhottestmonth.

4.2.9Theoutdoordesignmeandailytemperatureforsummerairconditioningshallbedeterminedby

thenormalmeandailytemperatureof5doffailurecausedbyoutsidetemperatureonmeanperyear.

4.2.10Theoutdoordesignhourlytemperatureforsummerairconditioningmaybedetermined

accordingtothefollowingformula：

t=t+βΔt（4.2.10-1）

shwpr

t-t

wgwp

Δt=（4.2.10-2）

r

0.52

Where：t—Outdoordesignhourlytemperature（℃）；

sh

t—Outdoordesignmeandailytemperatureforsummerairconditioning（℃），shallbedetermined

wp

inaccordancewithArticle4.2.9inthiscode；

·6·β—Hourlyvariationcoefficientofoutdoortemperatureshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith

Table4.2.10herein；

Δt—Meandailyrangeofoutdoordesigntemperatureinsummer；

r

t—Outdoordesigndry-bulbtemperatureforsummerairconditioning（℃）shallbedeterminedin

wg

accordancewithArticle4.2.5inthiscode.

Table4.2.10Hourlyvariationcoefficientofoutdoortemperature

Moment123456

β-0.35-0.38-0.42-0.45-0.47-0.41

Moment7

89101112

β-0.28-0.120.030.160.290.40

Moment131415161718

β0.480.520.510.430.390.28

Moment192021222324

β0.140.00-0.10-0.17-0.23-0.26

4.2.11Whentheindoortemperatureandhumiditymustbeensuredforthewholeyear，anotherthe

outdoordesignconditionsforairconditioningshallbedetermined.

4.2.12Theuseoftheoutdoormeanwindspeedshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Themeanvalueofthemeanmonthlywindspeedsofnormalcoldest3-monthperiodshallbe

adoptedasoutdoordesignmeanwindspeedinwinter.

2Themeanvalueofthemeanmonthlywindspeedsforthedominantwinddirectionofnormal

coldest3-monthperiod（exceptbreezelessness）shallbeadoptedasoutdoordesignmeanwindspeedof

dominantwinddirectioninwinter.

3Themeanvalueofthemeanmonthlywindspeedsofnormalhottest3-monthperiodshallbe

adoptedasoutdoordesignmeanwindspeedinsummer.

4.2.13Theuseofthedominantwinddirectionanditsfrequencyshallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Thedominantwinddirectionanditsfrequencyofnormalcoldest3-monthperiodshallbe

adoptedasthedominantwinddirectionanditsfrequencyinwinter.

2Thedominantwinddirectionanditsfrequencyofnormalhottest3-monthperiodshallbe

adoptedasthedominantwinddirectionanditsfrequencyinsummer.

3Thenormaldominantwinddirectionanditsmeanfrequencyshallbeadoptedastheannual

dominantwinddirectionanditsfrequency.

4.2.14Themeanvalueofmeanmonthlypercentageofsunshineofnormalcoldest3-monthperiod

shallbeadoptedasthepercentageofsunshineinwinter.

4.2.15Theuseoftheoutdooratmosphericpressureshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Themeanvalueofthemeanmonthlyatmosphericpressuresforthenormalcoldest3-month

periodshallbeadoptedasoutdooratmosphericpressureinwinter.

2Themeanvalueofthemeanmonthlyatmosphericpressuresforthenormalhottest3-month

·7·periodshallbeadoptedastheoutdooratmosphericpressureinsummer.

4.2.16Thedesigndaysofheatingperiodandtheoutdoorcriticalairtemperatureforheatingshallbein

accordancewithfollowingrequirements：

1Thedesigndaysofheatingperiodshallbedeterminedbasedondayswhosenormalmeandaily

temperatureisstablylowerthanorequaltotheoutdoorcriticalairtemperatureforheating.

25℃shouldbeadoptedastheoutdoorcriticalairtemperatureforheatingforindustrialbuilding.

4.2.17Thenormalextrememaximumairtemperatureshallbeadoptedastheextrememaximumair

temperature.

4.2.18Thenormalextrememinimumairtemperatureshallbeadoptedastheextrememinimumair

temperature.

4.2.19Themeanvalueoftheannualextrememaximumairtemperaturesshallbeadoptedasthemean

annualextrememaximumairtemperature.

4.2.20Themeanvalueoftheannualextrememinimumairtemperaturesshallbeadoptedasthemean

annualextrememinimumairtemperature.

4.2.21Theminimumvalueofthenormalmeandailytemperaturesshallbeadoptedasthenormal

minimummeandailytemperature.

4.2.22Themeanrelativehumidityofthenormalhottestmonthshallbeadoptedasthemeanmonthly

relativehumiditywhenthenormalmeanmonthlyhighesttemperature.

4.2.23Thedesignhourlyoutdoorairenthalpyinsummermaybedeterminedbythe24-hourair

enthalpyof7hoursoffailurecausedbyoutdoorairenthaipyonmeanperyear.

4.2.24Theyearsforcalculatingoutdoordesignconditionsshouldbethelatest30years.Andintotal

forshorterthan30yearsbutnotlessthan10years，therealyearsshouldbeadopted，ifshorterthan10

yearnumber，theclimaticdatashallberevised.

4.2.25Theoutdoorairdesignconditionsshallbeselectedfromthemeteorologicalstationsnearby

whichhavethesimilargeographicalandclimaticconditionsintheAppendixAinthisCode.Ifnecessary，

theoutdoormeteorologicalparametersshallbeinvestigatedbythemselves，andtheoutdoorairdesign

conditionsshallbedeterminedaccordingtothestatisticalmethoddeterminedinaccordancewith

Article4.2.1-Article4.2.24inthisCode.Forthebasicobservationdatacannotmeettheusage

requirements，theoutdoordesignconditionsinwinterandsummermaybedeterminedinaccordance

withthesimplifiedstatisticalmethodlistedinAppendixBinthiscode.

4.3Solarirradianceinsummer

4.3.1SolarirradianceinsummershallbedeterminedbythesolardeclinationonJuly21stinaccording

withlocalgeographicallatitude，atmospherictransparencyandatmosphericpressure.

4.3.2Solarglobalirradianceonverticalandhorizontalsuefacesinvariousorientationsforbuilding

maybetakenfromAppendixCinthiscode.

4.3.3Solardirectirradianceandskyirradiancethroughstandardwindowgalssonverticaland

horizontalsurfacesofbuildingsfacingvariousorientationsforbuidingsshallbeadoptedfromAppendix

Dinthiscode.

4.3.4WhileAppendixCandAppendixDinthiscodeareadopted，thelocalatmospherictransparency

gradesshallbetakenfromTable4.3.4inaccordingwithAppendixEhereinandatmosphericpressurein

summer.

·8·Table4.3.4Atmospherictransparencygrades

Atmospherictransparencygradesunderfollowingatmos·Press·（hPa）

Atmospherictransparencygrades

specifiedinAppendixCherein

6507007508008509009501000

111111111

1111222

21

312222333

422333444

3444455

53

644455566

·9·5Heating

5.1Generalrequirements

5.1.1Theheatingmodesshallbedeterminedbycomparingwiththetechnicalandeconomic

conditionsaccordingtothebuildingfunctionandscale，localmeteorologicalconditions，energy

resources，energypolicy，environmentalprotectionandotherrelevantrequirements.

5.1.2Intheareawherethenumberofdayswhenthenormalmeandailytemperatureisstablybelowor

equalto5℃islongerthanorequalto90days，thecentralheatingshouldbeadopted.

5.1.3Underoneofthefollowingconditions，centralizedheatingmaybeadoptedforareaswherethe

industrialwasteheatisavailableoreconomicallyacceptable：

1Thenumberofdayswhennormalmeandailytemperatureisstablybeloworequalto5℃is

60d-89d.

2Thenumberofdayswhenthenormalmeandailytemperatureisstablybeloworequalto5℃is

shorterthan60d，butthenumberofdayswhenthecumulativeannualmeandailytemperatureisstably

beloworequalto8℃islargerthanorequalto75d.

5.1.4Fortheindustrialbuildingsinseverecoldandcoldzone，whentheindoortemperaturemustbe

keptabove0℃duringthenon-workingperiodorshutdownperiodifutilizationofaccumulatedheatof

theroomsmaynotsatisfytherequirement，non-workingtimeheatingwith5℃shallbeadopted.When

thespecialrequirementsareneededforprocessorapplicableconditions，thenon-workingtimeheating

maybedeterminedasrequiredinordertomaintaintheapplicableindoortemperature.

5.1.5Fortheindustrialbuildinglocatedinthecentralizedheatingarea，whentherearenospecial

processrequirementsforindoortemperatureandthegrossfloorareaoccupiedbyeachworkerexceeds

2

100m，spotheatingshouldbeprovidedatthefixedworksite，andawarmingroomshallbeprovidedat

thenon-fixedworksite.

5.1.6Forthebuildingwithspaceheating，theminimumheattransferresistanceofbuildingenvelope，

exceptwindow，balconydoorandskylight，shallnotbelessthanthevaluecalculatedbythefollowing

formula：

α（t-t）

ne

R=k（5.1.6-1）

o·min

Δtα

yn

Or

α（t-t）

ne

R=kR（5.1.6-2）

o·minn

Δt

y

2

Where：R—Minimumheattransferresistanceofbuildingenvelope（m·℃/W）；

o·min

t—Indoordesigntemperatureinwinter，itshallbeusedaccordingtoSection4.1andTable

n

5.1.6-1inthiscode（℃）；

t—IOutdoordesigntemperatureofthecalculatedenvelopeinwinter，itshallbeused

e

accordingtotheTable5.1.6-2（℃）；

α—Factorforcorrectionoftemperaturedifferenceofbuildingenvelope，itshallbeadopted

accordingtotheTable5.1.6-3；

·10·Δt—Allowabletemperaturedifferencebetweentheindoordesigntemperatureandtheinner

y

surfacetemperatureofthebuildingenvelopeinwinter，itshallbeadoptedaccordingto

theTable5.1.6-4（℃）；

α—Innersurfacethermalconductanceofbuildingenvelope，itshallbeusedaccordingtothe

n

2

Table5.1.6-5［W/（m·℃）］.

R—Innersurfaceheat-trancferresistanceofthebuildingenvelope，itshallbeusedaccording

n

2

totheTable5.1.6-5（m·℃/W）.

k—Minimumheattransfercorrectionfactor，with0.95formasonrywall，itshallbe0.60for

exteriordoor，and1forothers.

Table5.1.6-1Indoordesigntemperatureinwinter

BuildingenvelopeFloor-to-floorheight＜4mFloor-to-floorheight≥4m

Floort=t

ng

t+t

gd

Exteriorwallt=t

t=t=

ngnnp

2

Rooft=t=t+Δt（H-2）

ndgh

Note：t-indoordesigntemperatureinwinter（℃），t-temperatureunderroof（℃），t-temperatureatworksite（℃），t-indoormean

ndgnp

temperature（℃），Δt-temperaturegradien（t℃/m），H-roomheigh（tm）.

h

Table5.1.6-2Outdoordesigntemperaturetinwinter（℃）

e

BuildingenvelopetypeThermalinertiaindexDtvalue（℃）

e

Ⅰ＞6.0t=t

ewn

Ⅱ4.1-6.0t=0.6t+0.4t

ewne，min

Ⅲ1.6-4.0t=0.3t+0.7t

ewne，min

Ⅳ≤1.5t=t

ee，min

Note：tandtaretheoutdoordesigntemperatureforheatingandthecumulativeannualminimummeandailytemperature，

wne，min

respectively（℃）.

Table5.1.6-3Temperaturedifferencecorrectionfactorα

Buildingenvelopefeaturesα

Exteriorwall，roof，ground，andfloorfacingoutsideandthelike1.00

Blindroofandfloorabovethenon-heatingbasementfacingoutsideandthelike0.90

Partitionwalladjacenttothenon-heatingstaircasewithexteriordoorandwindow（1-6storybuilding）0.60

Partitionwalladjacenttothenon-heatingstaircasewithexteriordoorandwindow（7-30storybuilding）0.50

Floorabovenon-heatingbasementandwithawindowonexteriorwall0.75

Floorabovenon-heatingbasementandwithoutwindowsonexteriorwallandbeingabovegroundleveloutside0.60

Floorabovenon-heatingbasement，withoutwindowsonexteriorwallandbeingbelowgroundleveloutside0.40

Partitionwalladjacenttothenon-heatingroomwithexteriordoorandwindow0.70

Partitionwalladjacenttothenon-heatingroomwithoutexteriordoorandwindow0.40

Expansionjointwallandsettlementjointwall0.30

Seismicjointwall0.70

·11·Table5.1.6-4AllowedtemperaturedifferenceΔt（℃）

y

Exteriorwall

BuildingandroomtypeRoof

Industrialenterpriseauxiliarybuildingsofindoordryornormal7.05.5

Indoordryplantbuildings10.08.0

Normalindoorhumidplantbuildings8.07.0

Indoorhumidpublicbuildings，plantbuildingsandauxiliarybuildings：

Whencondensationisnotallowedonwallandinnersurfaceofceilingt-t0.8（t-t）

nln1

Whencondensationisnotallowedonlyontheinnersurfaceofceiling7.00.9（t-t）

n1

Plantbuildingswheretheindoorairishumidandhascorrosivemedinmt-tt-t

n1n1

3

Plantbuildingswheretheindoorheatreleaseislargerthan23w/m，andthecalculatedrelative

12.012.0

temperatureisnotlargerthan50%

Notes：1Distinctionofindoordryorhumidairshallbedetermined，basedontheindoortemperatureandrelativehumidityspecifiedin

Table5.1.6-6.

2Forthefloortotheopenairandfloorabovenon-heatingbasement，2.5℃maybeadoptedastheirallowedtemperature

differenceΔt.

y

3tistheindoordesigntemperatureinwinter，tisthedew-pointtemperatureunderindoordesigntemperatureandrelative

n1

humidity（℃）.

Table5.1.6-5Innersurfaceheatexchangecoefficient（α）andheattransferresistance（R）

nn

22

Innersurfacechar.ofbuildingenvelopeα［W/（m·℃）］R（m·℃/W）

nn

h

Ceilingwall，ground，flatsurfaceorribprojectionceilingwhen≤0.38.70.115

s

h

Ceilingwithribprojectionwhen＞0.37.60.132

s

Note：h-ribheigh（tm），s-netdistancebetweenribs（m）.

Table5.1.6-6Differenceofindoordrynessandhumidityextent

Relativehumidity（%）

Type

≤1213-24＞24

Dry≤60≤50≤40

Normal61-7551-6041-50

Morewet＞7561-7551-60

Humidity-＞75＞60

5.1.7Heatingmediumofthecentralizedheatingsystemshallbedeterminedbycomparingwiththe

technicalandeconomicconditionsaccordingtothefunctionofbuilding，heatingsituationandlocal

climateconditions，anditshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Whenthereisonlyheatingorheatingmainlyforsupplyheatinplantarea，hotwatershallbe

usedastheheatingmedium；

2Whentheheatsupplyintheplantareaissteammainlyusedfortheindustrialprocess，steam

maybeusedastheheatingmediumforplantbuilding，warehouseandutilityauxiliarybuilding，andhot

watershallbeusedastheheatingmediumforthelivingandadministrativeauxiliarybuilding；

3Whentheindustrialwasteheatorrenewableenergyisusedforheating，theheatingmediumand

itsparametersmaybedeterminedwithspecificconditions；

·12·4TheheatingmediumforhotwaterradiatheatingsystemshallmeettherequipmentsofSection

5.4inthiscode.

5.2Heatingloadcalculation

5.2.1Heatingloadfortheheatingandventilationsysteminwintershallbedeterminedaccordingto

thefollowingheatlossandheatgainofthebuilding.Theinfrequentheatreleasemaynotbecalculated.

Forfrequentandunstableheatrelease，thehourlyaveragevalueshallbeused.

1Heatlossofbuildingenvelope.

2Heatlossbycoldairinfiltratedfromgapofdoorsandwindows.

3Heatlossbycoldaircomingfromdoors，holesoropeningsandadjacentrooms.

4Heatlossduetothewaterevaporation.

5Heatlossbycoldmaterialstransported-inandtransporttoolsdeliveredfromoutside.

6Heatlossbyventilation.

7Heatgainfromtheprocessequipmentofminimumloadshift.

8Heatgainfromhotpipelineandotherheatsurface.

9Heatgainfromheatmaterial.

10Heatlostorheatgainbyorfromothermeans.

5.2.2Heatlossofthebuildingenvelopeshallcoverthebasicheatlossandadditionalheatloss.

5.2.3Basicheatlossofthebuildingenvelopeshallbecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingformula：

Q=αFK（t-t）（5.2.3）

nwn

Where：Q—Basicheatlossofbuildingenvelope（W）；

α—Temperaturedifferencecorrectionfactorofbuildingenvelope，itshallbeadoptedaccording

toTable5.1.6-3inthiscode；

2

F—Areaofbuildingenvelope（m）；

K—Meanheatexchangecoefficientofbuildingenvelope，itshallbecalculatedaccordingto

2

Formula（5.2.4）inthiscode［W/（m·℃）］；

t—Indoordesigntemperatureforheating（℃）；

n

t—Outdoordesigntemperatureforheating（℃）.

wn

5.2.4Themeancoefficientofheattransferofbuildingenvelopeshallbecalculatedaccordingtothe

followingformula：

φ

K=（5.2.4）

1δ1

+∑+R+

k

αa·λα

nλw

2

Where：K—Meancoefficientofheattransferofthebuildingenvelope［W/（m·℃）］；

2

α—Heatexchangecoefficientoftheinnersurfaceofbuildingenvelope［W/（m·℃）］，itshallbe

n

adoptedaccordingtoTable5.1.6-5inthiscode；

2

α—Heatexchangecoefficientoftheoutersurfaceofbuildingenvelope［W/（m·℃）］，itshallbe

w

adoptedaccordingtoTable5.2.4-1；

δ—Thicknessofeachlayerofmaterialsatthemaincrosssectionofbuildingenvelope（m）；

λ—Heatconductioncoefficientofeachlayerofmaterialsatthemaincrosssectionofbuilding

envelope［W/（m·℃）］；

α—Correctionfactoroftheheatconductioncoefficientofthematerials，itshallbeadopted

λ

·13·accordingtoTable5.2.4-2；

R—Thermalresistanceoftheairspaceenclosedbythemaincrosssection，itshallbeadopted

k

2

accordingtoTable5.2.4-3（m·℃/W）；

φ—Correctionfactorofcoefficientofheattransferofthemaincrosssection，withthermalbridge

considered.

Table5.2.4-1OutersurfacecoefficientofheatexchangeαandresistanceofheattransfervalueR

ww

22

Outersurfacefeaturesofbuildingenvelopeα［W/（m·℃）］R（m·℃/W）

ww

Exteriorwallandroof230.04

Floorabovethenon-heatingbasementfacingoutside170.06

Blindroofandfloorabovethenon-heatingbasementwithwindowsontheexteriorwall120.08

Floorabovenon-heatingbasementwithoutwindowsontheexteriorwall60.17

Table5.2.4-2Correctionfactoroftheheatconductioncoefficientofthematerialsα

λ

Materials，structures，construction，areasandinstructionsα

λ

Massiveporousthermalinsulationmaterial：pouredintheconcretewallandroofmemberasasandwichlayerand

1.60

affectedbytheslowdryingandthemortarjoint

Porousinsulatingmaterial：laidinaclosedroofandaffectedbyslowdrying1.50

Semi-hardmineralwool，rockwoolandglasswoolboardsandthelikeplacedintheclosedroof，pouredinthe

1.20

concretememberasthesandwichlayerandaffectedbycompressionandmoistureabsorption

Foamplasticandthelikepouredintheconcretemembersasasandwichlayerandaffectedbycompression1.20

Open-cellinsulatingmaterialwhosesurfaceplasteringmaybepouredintheconcreteandaffectedbymortar

1.30

seepage

Aeratedconcreteandfoamconcreteblockwallsandaeratedconcreteslabwallandroof，affectedbythemortarjoint1.25

Loosethermalinsulationmaterial，filledinhollowwallsandroofmembersandaffectedbysinking1.20

Solidwallandroofmembers：suchasactivatedslagconcrete，furnaceslagconcrete，pumiceconcrete，flyash

ceramsiteconcreteandaeratedconcrete，usedintheseverecoldareaandtheheatingroomwhoseindoormean1.15

relativehumidityismorethan65%，andaffectedbyslowdrying

2

Table5.2.4-3ThermalresistanceoftheairspaceenclosedbythemaincrosssectionR（m·℃/W）

k

Spacethickness（mm）

Position，heatflowstateandmaterialcharacteristics

5102030405060

Downwardheatflow

0.100.140.170.180.190.200.20

（horizontal，inclined）

GeneralairspaceUpwardheatflow（horizontal，

0.100.140.150.160.170.170.17

inclined）

Verticalairspace0.100.140.160.170.180.180.18

Downwardheatflow

0.160.280.430.510.570.600.64

（horizontal，inclined）

Single-sided

aluminumfoilairUpwardheatflow（horizontal，

0.160.260.350.400.420.420.43

spaceinclined）

Verticalairspace0.160.260.390.440.470.490.50

·14·Table5.2.4-3（continued）

Spacethickness（mm）

Position，heatflowstateandmaterialcharacteristics

5102030405060

Downwardheatflow

0.180.340.560.710.840.941.01

（horizontal，inclined）

Double-sided

aluminumfoilairUpwardheatflow（horizontal，

0.170.290.450.520.550.560.57

spaceinclined）

Verticalairspace0.180.310.490.590.650.690.71

5.2.5Whenthetemperaturedifferencewiththeadjacentroomislargerthanorequalto5℃，theheat

transferredthroughthepartitionwallorfloorslabshallbecalculated.Whenthetemperaturedifference

withtheadjacentroomislessthan5℃，buttheheattransferredthroughthepartitionwallandfloorslab

islargerthan10%oftheheatingloadoftheroom，theheattransfershallbeincludedintheroomheating

load.

5.2.6Theadditionalheatlossofthebuildingenvelopeshallbedeterminedaccordingtothepercentage

ofitaccountsforthebasicheatloss.Thevariousadditiona（lorcorrected）percentageselectionshouldbe

inaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Theorientationcorrectionfactorforheatlossofbuildingenvelopeshallbeadoptedaccording

tothelocalpercentageofsunshineinwinter，solarirradiance，buildingusageandshelteredconditionsand

thelike，andshouldbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1）NNENW0-10%.

EW-5%.

SEWE-10%--15%.

S-15%--30%

2）Intheareawherethepercentageofpossiblesunshineislessthan35%inwinter，thecorrection

factorforSE，SWandSorientationsshouldbeadeptdat-10%-0，whilethecorrectionisnot

requiedforEandWorientations.

2Theadditionalfactorforwindforcefortheverticalbuildingenvelopeshouldbe5%-10%，for

thebuildingswhichareconstructedinunshelteredhighland，riveredges，seabanksandopenfieldsas

wellasthehighstandingbuildingsintownsorplantareas.

3Theadditionalfactorforexteriordoorissuitableonlyforthedoorsshortlyopenedandforthe

exteriordoorwithoutwarmaircurtain，itshouldbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements，

whereinnisthenumberoffloorsofthebuilding：

1）Itshouldbe65%×nforsingledoor.

2）Thereisafoyerbetweenthetwodoors，itshouldbe80%×n.

3）Therearetwofoyersbetweenthethreedoors，itshouldbe60%×n.

4）Itshouldbe500%atthemainexitandentrance.

5.2.7Whentheheatingroomheightislagerthan4m（exceptstaircases），thebasicheatlossofthe

buildingenvelopemaybecalculatedbythefollowingsimplifiedcalculationmethods：

1TheindoordesigntemperatureshallbedeterminedforthetnintheFormula（5.2.3）inthis

code.

2Thebasitheatlossshallbeamendedbytheadditionalfactorforroomheight.forroomwith

·15·radiantfloorheating，theadditionalfactorforroomheightshallbe（H-4）%，andthetotalshouldnotbe

largerthan8%；forroomwithhotwaterceilingradiantheatingorgas-firedinfraredheating，itshallbe

（H-4）%，andthetotalshouldnotbelargerthan15%；forroomwithotherheatingmeans，itshallbe2

（H-4）%，andthetotalshallnotbelargerthan15%.Histheheightoftheroom.

5.2.8Intermittentheatingmaybeadoptedwhentheindoortemperatureneedstobekeptonlyatthe

workinghoursandtheintermittentperiodislonger.Arapidheatingsystemshallbeadoptedforthe

intermittentheatingandanadditionalvalueshallbeconsideredtotheheatingloadoftheroom.The

additionalfactorforintermittentheatingshallbedetermindinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Fortheroomusedonlyduringtheday，itshouldnotbelessthan20%.

2Fortheroomnotfrequentlyused，itshouldnotbelessthan30%.

5.2.9Theheatlossbycoldairinfiltratedthroughdoorandwindowgapshallbedeterminedbasedon

thefactorssuchasinteriorpartition，doorandwindowstructuresandorientations，indoorandoutdoor

temperature，andoutdoorwindspeedetc.，andshouldbecalculatedaccordingtoAppendixFand

AppendixGinthiscode，ormayalsobecalculatedbycomputersimulationmethod.

5.2.10Whenusedradiantheatingasspotheating，thespotheatingloadshallbedeterminedbythe

heatingloadofspaceradiantheatingmultiplybytheaddititionalfactorinTable5.2.10.

Table5.2.10Theaddititionalfactorofheatingloadforspotradiantheating

Ratiospotradiantheatingareato

f≥0.750.550.400.25≤0.20

thetotalroomareaf

Addititionalfactor10.720.540.380.30

5.3Radiatorheating

5.3.1Fortheselectionofradiator，itshallbeinaccordancewithfollowingrequirements：

1Theworkingpressureofradiatorshallbedeterminedaccordingtothepressurerequirementsof

theheatingsystem，andshallmeettherequirementsofcurrentrelevantproductstandardsofthenation.

2Theradiatorswhichareeasytobecleanedshallbeemployedfordustemittingplantbuildings

orforthebuildingswithmorestrictdust-proofrequiements.

3Thecorrosionresistantradiatorshallbeusedfortheroomswheretherearecorrosiongasesor

comparativelygreatrelativehumidity.

4Whensteelradiatorisuesd，thewaterqualityrequirementsoftheproductshallbemet，andthe

heatingsystemshallbewater-filledinnon-heatingseason.

5Whenaluminumradiatorisused，internalanti-corrosionaluminumradiatorshallbeselected，

andthewaterqualityrequirementsoftheproductshallbesatisfied.

6Thesteelcolummtype，paneltypeandflatpipetyperadiatorsshallnotbeadoptedinsteam

heatingsystem.

7Forinstalledheatmeterandthermostaticvalveinthehotwaterheatingsystem，whenusedthe

castironradiator，radiatorofno-finesinthecavityshallbeadopted.

8Theradiatorwithnon-metalliccoatingsontheoutersurfaceshallbeused.

5.3.2Arrangementfortheradiatorshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Theradiatorshouldbeinstalledunderthewindow-silloftheexteriorwall.

2Theradiatorshallnotbearrangedinafoyerbetweentwoexteriordoors.

·16·3Theradiatorforthestaircaseshouldbedistributedatthegroundfloororatthelowerpart

proportionally.

5.3.3Theradiatorshallbeopeninstalled.Whenneedinstalledwiththecover，thereasonableairflow

channelandenoughopeningareaonthedecorativecovershallbeconsidered，andshallbetofacilitated

formaintenance.

5.3.4Thenumberofsectionsofcastironradiatorofasetshouldbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Itshouldnotbeexceed20piecesofasetforcoarsecolumn-type.

2Itshouldnotbeexceed25piecesofasetforthincolumn-type.

3Itshouldnotbeexceed7piecesofasetforlongwing-type.

5.3.5Theconnectingmanner，installingmethod，assemblysection，numberofaset，hotwaterflow

rateandsurfacecoatingandthelike，whichaffecttheheatreleast，shallbeconsideredindeterminationof

numberofsectionsofradiator，andthenumberofradiatorshallbemodified.

5.3.6Whenthenon-insulatedtrunkpipelineorbranchpipelineopeninstalledintheheatingsystem，

itsheatreleaseshallbecalculatedastheeffectiveheatgain.Whentheheatingpipelineisconcealed，the

measurestoreducetheinvalidheatlossshallbetaken.

5.3.7Whenthehotwaterheatingsystemofthebuildingislargerthan50minheight，itshouldbe

zonedvertically.

5.3.8Fortheverticalsingle-pipeheatingsystemandverticaltwo-pipeheatingsystem，thetwosetsof

radiatorsinthesameroommaybeconnectedbythehorizontalsingle-pipeofdifferentsideofseries

method，andmayalsobeconnectedbythesamesideofupperandlowerconnectorsmethod.Whenusing

thesamesideconnectionmethod，thediameterofupperandlowerpipesconnectedinseriesbetweenthe

radiatorsshallbethesameasthatoftheradiatorconnector.

5.3.9Forplacehavingfrozenhazard，theheatshallbesuppliedbyseparateriserandbranchpipesto

radiatorandanyregulatingvalveshallnotbeinstalledbeforeandaftertheradiator.

5.4Hotwaterradiantheating

5.4.1Thesupplywatertemperatureforlowtemperaturewaterradiantheatingsystemshallnotbe

largerthan60℃；thetemperaturedifferencebetweensupplywaterandreturnwatershouldnotbelarger

than10℃，andshouldnotbelessthan5℃.Thesurfaceaveragetemperatureoftheradiatingbodyshould

beinaccordancewiththosespecifiedinTable5.4.1.

Table5.4.1Surfacemeantemperatureofradiatingboby（℃）

TargetpositionSuitabletemperatureUppertemperaturelimit

Onthefloorwherepeopleoftenstandinghere25-2729

Onthefloorwherepeoplestandingthereforashorttime28-3032

Onthefloorwherenopersonthere35-4042

Ontheceilingsoftheroominheightof2.5m-3.0m28-30-

Ontheceilingsoftheroominheightof3.1m-4.0m33-36-

Onwallsuefacelessthan1mawayfromtheground35-

Thewallsuefacewhichisawayfromthegroundinrange

45-

largerthan1mandlessthan3.5m

·17·5.4.2Whendeterminingthefloorheatrelease，theaveragesurfacetemperatureonthefloorshallbe

checkedandshouldnotbehigherthantheuppertemperaturelimitunderTable5.4.1inthiscode.When

theheatcapacitybytheradiantfloorheatingsystemislessthantheheatingloadofthebuildingdueto

thelowaveragetemperatureofthefloor，theheatingloadofthebuildingshallbereducedbyimproving

thethermalperformanceofthebuilding，orotherheatingequipmentshallbesettedatthesametime.

5.4.3Theeffectiveheatreleasebythelowtemperaturewaterfloorradiantheatingshallbedetermined

bycalculation，andthereductioninheatreleaseduetoindoorequipmentandotherfloorcoveringsshall

becalculated.

5.4.4Theinsulatinglayersonthefloorradiantheatingshallbearrangedinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Aninsulatinglayershallbeinstalledwhenthegroundfloorthatreachesthesoilsurfaceisused

asaradiantfloor.Dampproofcourseshallbeadoptedbetweentheinsulatinglayerandthesoilwhenan

insulatinglayerisprovided.

2Aninsulatinglayersshallbeinstalledbetweentheheatingpipeanditscoveringlayerandthe

exteriorwall.

3Whentwo-wayheattransferisnotallowedonthefloorslab，aninsulatinglayershallbe

installedbetweenthefloorslabstructurelayers.

4Aninsulatinglayersshallbeinstalledwhenthefloorslabthatisdirectlyopentotheoutdoorair

orthefloorthatisadjacenttothenon-heatingroomisusedastheradiantfloor.

5Anisolatinglayersshallbeinstalledabovethefillerlayeroftheconcretefilledheatingfloorin

thehumidroomandbelowthesurfacecourseoftheheatingfloormadeofprefabricatedtrenchinsulation

boardsorprefabricatedlightheatingboards.

5.4.5Thethicknessofcoveringlayerofheatingpipeinstalledforlowtemperaturewaterfloor

radiantheatingsystemshouldnotbelessthan50mm.Theexpansionjointshallbeinstalledinstructural

layerandtheposition，distanceandwidthoftheexpansionjointshallbedeterminedbycalculationwith

engineeringrelevants.Whentheheatingpipepassesthroughtheexpansionjoint，aflexiblecasingwith

lengthofnotlessthan100mmshallbeinstalled.

5.4.6Thefloorbearingpressureshallbemeetinaccordingtotherequirementsofthebuildingwhen

theplant，warehouseandproductionauxiliarybuildingareequippedwithfloorradiantheating，andthe

floorstructureshallbedeterminedjointlywiththecivilengineeringdiscipline.

5.4.7Thespacingoftheheatingpipeslaidshallbedeterminedbycalculationaccordingtothefloor

heatrelease，indoordesigntemperature，averagewatertemperature，floorheattransferresistanceand

thelike.

5.4.8Thewaterinletandoutletofheatingpipeineachloopshallbeconnectedtotheheader

respectively.Theinnerdiameterofheadershallnotbelessthantheinnerdiameterofthesupplyand

returnpipe，andthemaximumcross-sectionvelocityoftheheadershouldnotbelargerthan0.8m/s.The

numberofbranchloopsofeachheadershouldnotbelargerthan8.Ashutoffvalveshallbeusedoneach

branchloopforthesupplyandreturnpipe.

5.4.9Bypasspipesshouldbeadoptedbetweenthesupplyandretummainpipeoftheheader，and

valvesshallbeinstalledonthesebypasspipes.Manualorautomaticventsshallbeprovidedontheheader.

5.4.10Theresistanceofthelowtemperaturewaterfloorradiantheatingsystemshallbedetermined

bycalculation.Thevelocityintheheatingpipeshallnotbelessthan0.25m/s，thelengthsofheatingpipe

·18·ineachloopofthesameheadershallbenearly，andtheresistanceofeachloopshouldnotexceed30kPa.

Valveandfiltershallbeinstalledinfrontoftheheader，andvalveshallbeinstalledbehindtheheader.

Thecorrosionresistantmaterialforthesystemaccessoryshallbeused.

5.4.11Theworkingpressureofthelowtemperaturewaterfloorradiantheatingsystemshallbe

determinedaccordingtothepipematerial，wallthickness，mediumtemperature，servicelifeandother

factors，andshouldnotbelargerthan0.8MPa.Whentheworkingpressureexceeds0.8MPa，appropriate

measuresshallbetaken.

5.4.12Thematerialandwallthicknessofheatingpipeforradiantheatingshallbedetermined

accordingtothedurabilityyearsoftheproject，theperformanceofthepipe，theaccumulated

servicetimeofthepipe，andthewatertemperatureandworkingpressureofthesysteminservice.

5.4.13Thehotwatermetalradiantpanelheatingsystemmaybeusedforthebuildingwiththestorey

heightof3m-30m.

5.4.14Thesupplywatertemperatureofthemetalradiantpanelshouldbeadoptedat40℃-130℃，and

thewaterqualityshallbemettherequirementsoftheproduct.Theheatingsystemshallbefilledwith

waterinnon-heatingseason.

5.4.15Theheatreleasedbythemetalradiantpanelshallbecorrectedaccordingtoitsinstallation

angleandcirculatingwaterrate，andshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Whenthemetalradiantpanelisinstalledslantwise，thecorrectionfactorofheatreleaseshallbe

determinedaccordingtothosespecifiedinTable5.4.15.

2Thefluidinthepipeofmetalradiantpanelshallbeturbulent，andwhentheminimumflowrate

isnotreached，theheatreleaseofmetalradiantpanelshallbecorrectedonitsstandardheatrelease，and

thecorrectionfactorshallbe0.85-0.90.

Table5.4.15Correctionfactorforinstallationangleofmetalradiantpanel

Anglebetweenthemetalradiant

010203040

panelandthehorizontalplane（°）

Correctionfactor11.0221.0431.0661.088

5.4.16Theinstallationheightforthemetalradiantpanelshallbedeterminedbasedonthecomfortble

irradiancetothehumanbody.Themaximummeanwatertemperatureofthemetalradiantpanelshallbe

determinedaccordingtotheinstallationheightofthemetalradiantpanelandtheproportionofitsareato

theceilingarea，whichisspecifiedinTable5.4.16.

Table5.4.16Maximumaveragewatertemperatureofhotwatermetalradiantpane（l℃）

Percentageofhotwatermetalradiantpaneltoceilingarea

Minimuminstallation

heigh（tm）

10%15%20%25%30%35%

3737168645856

411510591786760

5147123100837164

6-132104877569

7-137108918074

8-141112968680

9--1171019287

10--1221079894

Note：Theinstallationheightinthetablereferstotheverticaldistancefromthefloortothecenterofthepane（lm）.

·19·5.4.17Metalradiantpanelheatingsystemmaybeconnectedinparallelorinseries，onthesamesideor

ontheoppositeside，andmeasurestouniformitssurfacetemperatureandbalanceitsresistanceshallbe

taken.

5.4.18Whenthemetalradiantpanelisusedforspaceheating，theirradianceintheindoorworkingarea

shallbeuniform，andshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Themetalradiantpanelshouldbearrangedparalleltothelongestexteriorwall.

2Themetalradiantpanelinstalledalongtheexteriorwallshallbelargerthanthemetalradiant

panelinstalledintheroomintermsoftheirsizes.

3Whenfloorheightislessthan4m，narrowmetalradiantpanelshouldbeadopted.

4Spaceshallbereservedforlongitudinalthermalexpansionofthemetalradiantpanelinthe

room.

5Themetalradiantpanelshallnotbelocatedneartheheatsensitiveequipment.

5.5Gas-firedinfraredheating

5.5.1Fortheareawithoutelectricalexplosionprotectionrequirements，gas-firedinfraredheatingmay

beusedwhentheeconomicandtechnicalcomparisonisreasonable，andshallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Whenthemaximumpossibleconcentrationofflammablesubstancesdoesnotexceed10%of

thelowerexplosionlimit，theburnershouldbeinstalledoutdoors.

2Whentheburnerisinstalledindoors，thesafetymeasuresforventilationshallbetaken，and

shallbemetrelevantrequirementsofthecurrentnationalstandardGB50028CodeforDesignofCity

GasEngineering.

5.5.2Thegas-firedinfraredheatingmustnotbeusedfortheplantandwarehouseofClassA，B.

5.5.3Thefuelofgas-firedinfraredheatingsystemshallmeettherequirementsofurbangasquality

requirements.Naturalgasshouldbeused，andliquefiedpetroleumgas，manufacturedgasandthelike

maybeused.Thepressureatgasinletshallbeadaptedtothepressurerequiredbytheburner.Thefuel

shallbefullygasified.Whenliquefiedpetroleumgasisusedfortheseverecoldandcoldzone，

thethermalinsulationforthegaspipeshallbetakentopreventthegasliquefied.Thegasqualityandgas

transmissionanddistributionsystemshallbeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthecurrentnational

standardGB50028CodeforDesignofCityGasEngineering.

5.5.4Whenadoptingthegas-firedinfraredheating，theheatingloadshallbecalculatedaccordingto

therelevantprovisionsofSection5.2inthisCode，andtheindoordesigntemperatureshouldbe2℃-3℃

lowerthantheindoorairtemperatureforconvectionheating.Whenairisprovidedbytheinteriortothe

burner，theheatingloadrequiredtoheattheairshallalsobecalculated.

5.5.5Theinstallationheightforthegas-firedinfraredradiantheatershallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Theinstallationheightshallbedeterminedaccordingtotheradiantintensityandinstallation

angleoftheheater，aswellastheproductionprocessrequirementsandhumancomfort.Inadditiontothe

specialrequirementsfortheprocess，itshallnotbelessthan3m.

2Whenitisusedforheatingatthefixedworksite，itshouldbeinstalledontheuppersideofthe

humanbody.

3Whentheinstallationheightexceedsthemaximumheightoftheheater，thetotalheating

·20·capacityfortheheatershallbeadditionallycorrected.

5.5.6Whenthegas-firedinfraredheatingisusedforspaceheating，theheatershouldbeinstalledalong

theexteriorwall，andthesupplyheatingbytheheatershouldnotbelessthan60%ofthetotalheating

load.

5.5.7Whentheairvolumerequiredbytheburnerexceedsthevalueoftobecalculatedaccordingto

theairchangerateof0.5time/hoftheplant，theoutdoorairshallbetakendirectlyasthemakeupair.

5.5.8Whenthegas-firedinfraredheatingsystemisprovidedwithairfromtheoutside，theairintake

shallbelocatedinaccordancewithrelevantrequirementsofSection6.3inthiscode.

5.5.9Theexhaustgasofthegas-firedinfraredheatingsystemshouldbedischargeddirectlytothe

outdoorthroughtheexhaustpipe，anditsoutdoorexhaustoutletshallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Theoutdoorexhaustoutletshallbelocatedintheplacewherepeopledonotoftenpass

through，andshallalsonotbelessthan2mabovethegroundlevel.

2Theexhaustoutletofthehorizontallyinstalledexhaustpipeshouldnotbelessthan0.3m

extendingthewall，andthedistancebetweentheexhaustoutletandtheoperabledoorandwindowshall

notbelessthan3m.

3Theexhaustoutletoftheverticallypipeshouldnotbelessthan1mabovetheroofofthe

building，andthedistancebetweentheexhaustoutletandtheoperabledoorandwindowshallnotbeless

than3m.

4Theexteriorwallorroofwheretheexhaustpipepassesthroughshallbeequippedwithmetal

bushing.

5.5.10Whentheburnedexhaustgasofthegas-firedinfraredheatingsystemisdirectlydischarged

indoors，theupperpartoftheplantshallbeadoptedwithexhaustfacilities，andthemechanicalventilation

shouldbeadopted.Theexhaustairrateshallbedeterminedbycalculationaccordingtothetotalinput

33

powerandgastypeoftheheater，andshouldbe20m/（kW·h）-30m/（kW·h）.Whenthenetheightof

theplantislessthan6m，therequiredairchangerateshallnotbelessthan0.5time/h.

5.5.11Forthegas-firedinfraredheatingsystem，controldevicesshallbeinstalledattheplacewhereit

iseasytodirectlycutofftheheatingsystemandgassupplysystem.Thefanandtheheatingsystemshall

beinterlockedwhenthemechanicalventilationisusedtoprovidetheairortodischargetheburned

exhaustgas.

5.5.12Whentheburnerofthegas-firedinfraredheatingsystemisinstalledintheplant，therelevant

safetymeasuresofgassystemshallnotonlyinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthisCode，butalso

therelevantprovisionsofthecurrentnationalstandardGB50028CodeforDesignofCityGas

Engineering.

5.6Warmairheatingandwarmaircurtain

5.6.1Underoneofthefollowingcases，warm-airheatingshallbeadopted.

1Itcanbecombinedwiththemechanicalairsupplysystem.

2Whenusingcirculatingairheating，technologyandeconomyisreasonable.

3Whenwarm-airheatingwithalloutdoorairshallbeadoptedduetofireprevention，explosion-

proofingandhygiene.

5.6.2Whenusinggas，fuelorelectricitytoheatair，thewarm-airheatingshallinaccordancewiththe

·21·relevantprovisionsofthecurrentnationalstandardsGB50028CodeforDesignofCityGas

EngineeringandGB50016CodeforFireProtectionDesignofBuildings.

5.6.3Whenwarm-airheatingisusedforindustrialbuilding，themeasuresshallbetakentoreducethe

temperaturegradientalongtheheight，andshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Thenumberofwarm-airheatingsystemorrunningdevicesshallnotbelessthantwoset.The

minimumheatsupplyofonesetdeviceshallbemetaccordingtotheminimumheatingloadofindoor

temperaturerequiredbyprocessforthenon-workingperiod，andshallnotbelessthan5℃.

2Whenwarm-airheatingisusedinspacewithheightlargerthan10m，thetop-downforced

convectionmeasuresshallbetaken.

5.6.4Whentheunitheaterorairheaterisused，thesafetycoefficient1.2-1.3shallbeadoptedforheat

release.

5.6.5Whentheunitheaterisusedforwarm-airheating，itshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Thenumberandpositionforunitheatersshallbedesignedaccordingtothegeometryofthe

plant，theprocessequipmentlayout，scopeofairfloweffectandotherfactors.

2Theindoorair-circulationtimesshouldbelargerthanorequalto1.5times/h.

3Whensteamisusedastheheatingmedium，valvesandsteamtrapsshallbeinstalledseparately

foreachunitheater.

5.6.6Whentheconcentratedairsupplyforwarmairheatingisused，itshallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1ThewindspeedfortheworkingareashallbedeterminedaccordingtotheprovisionsofArticle

4.1.2inthiscode，buttheminimummeanwindspeedshouldnotbelessthan0.15m/s.Theairvelocity

atsupplyoutletshallbedeterminedthroughcalculation，andmaybe5m/s-15m/s.

2Thesupplyairtemperatureshouldnotbelowerthan35℃，andshallnothigherthan70℃.

5.6.7Underoneofthefollowingcases，thewarmaircurtainshouldbesetupforexteriordoor：

1Forthebuildinglocatedintheseverecoldandcoldzone，theexteriordoorisalwaysopenand

thereisnofoyerandminiaturechamber.

2Whentheproductionprocessrequiresnoreductionintheindoortemperatureorthewarmair

curtainprovidedisproperaccordingtothetechno-economiccomparison.

5.6.8Whenthewarmaircurtainisinstalled，itshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Whenthewidthofthedoorislessthan3m，single-sidedairsupplysystemshouldbeadopted.

Whenthewidthofthedooris3m-18m，single-sidedordouble-sidedortopairsupplysystemmaybe

adopted.Whenthewidthofthedoorexceeds18m，thetopairsupplysystemshouldbeadopted.

2Thesupplyairtemperatureofwarmaircurtainshallbedeterminedbasedoncalculations，and

shouldbenothigherthan50℃，foralargeandhighexteriordoor，itshallnotbehigherthan70℃.

3Theoutletairvelocityofthewarmaircurtainshallbedeterminedbasedoncalculationsand

shouldnotbelargerthan8m/s.Foralargeandhighexteriordoor，thevalueshouldnotbelargerthan

25m/s.

5.7Electricheating

5.7.1Theform，electricalsafetyperformanceandthermalperformanceoftheelectricradiatorshall

meettheusagerequirementsandrelevantprovisions.

·22·5.7.2Thefloortypeshouldbeadoptedforlow-temperatureheatingcablefloorradiantheating；andthe

ceilingtypeshouldbeadoptedforlow-temperatureelectrothermalfilmradiantheating.Theaverage

temperatureoftheradiatorsurfaceshallbeinaccordancewiththerelevantrequirementsofArticle5.4.1

inthiscode.

5.7.3Theheatingelementsandtheirsurfaceworkingtemperaturesofthelow-temperatureheating

cablefloorradiantheatingandthelow-temperatureelectrothermalfilmradiantheatingshallbein

accordancewiththesafetyrequirementsofthecurrentnationalstandardsGB/T20841HeatingCables

withaRatedVoltageof300/500VforComfortHeatingandPreventionofIceFormationandJG/T

286ElectricRadiantHeatingFilmforLowTemperature.

5.7.4Thelow-temperatureheatingcablefloorradiantheatingsystemandthelow-temperature

electrothermalfilmradiantheatingsystemshallbeinstalldwithtemperaturecontroldevices.

5.7.5Whenthelow-temperatureheatingcablefloorradiantheatingisadopted，thelinearpowerrating

oftheheatingcableshouldnotbelargerthan17W/m，andthecablesarrangedshallbekeptawayfrom

theareaoccupiedbytheleg-freefurniture.Whenthesurfacelayerisadoptedtheoverheadwoodfloor

withkeel，theheatdissipationmeasuresshallbetaken，andthelinearpowerratingoftheheatingcable

shallnotbelargerthan10W/m.

5.7.6Therequirementsforroomheatreleaseshallbemetfortheinstalledpoweroftheelectro

thermalfilmradiantheating.Whentheelectrothermalfilmisadoptedontheceiling，theinstallation

positionsshallbesetasideforthelamp，smokedetector，firesprinkler，airinlet，stereoandthelike.

5.8Heatingpipelinedesign

5.8.1Thematerialofheatingpipelineshallbedeterminedthroughtechnicalandeconomiccomparison

withconsiderationofitsoperatingtemperature，operatingpressure，servicelife，performanceof

constructionandenvironmentalprotection，anditsqualityshallmeettherequirementsofthecurrent

nationalstandardsofrelevantproductsinChina.Forpipelineisopeninsallded，non-metallicpipeshould

notbeused.

5.8.2Thewatersupply，returnwater，steamsupplyandcondensatepipelinesoftheradiatorheating

systemthatarrangedatbuildingheatingentryshouldbesetseparatedfromthefollowingheatsupply

systems：

1Ventilationandairconditioningsystem.

2Warm-airheatingandwarmaircurtainsystem.

3Floorradiantheatingsystem.

4Productionheatingsystem.

5Domestichotwatersupplysystem.

6Othersystemsrequiringseparateheatmetering.

5.8.3Theheatingentreofthehotwaterheatingsystemforbuildingshallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Theshutoffvalve，filter，thermometerandpressuregaugeshallbeequippedrespectivelyat

watersupplyandreturnpipes.

2Circulatingpipeshallbeprovidedbetweenthewatersupplyandreturnpipeswithshutoffvalve

installedonthecirculatingpipe.

3Hydraulicbalancedeviceshallbesetaccordingtotherequirementsofhydraulicbalancefor

·23·heatingnetworkandtheregulationmethodofheatingsystemforthebuilding.

5.8.4Thebuildingheatingentryofthehigh-pressuresteamheatingsystemshallbeinaccordancewith

thefollowingrequirements：

1Theshutoffvalve，filter，reliefvalve，safetyvalve，andpressuregaugeshallbeequippedatthe

steamsupplypipes，therein，thefilterandreliefvalveshallbeequippedwithby-passpipe.

2Theshutoffvalveandsteamtrapshallbeequippedatthecondensatepipe.Ifsinglesetofsteam

trapisinstalled，aby-passpipeshallbeequipped.Ifseveralsetsofsteamtrapareinstalledinparallel，by-

passpipeshouldbeequipped.Checkvalveshallbeequipped，ifnecessary，attherearofthesteamtrap.

5.8.5Thepressuredropinthesteamsupplypipeoftheworstcircuitshallnotbelargerthan25%inthe

high-pressuresteamheatingsystem.Thespecificfrictionalresistanceofworstcircuitsoftheheating

systemshouldbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Forhigh-pressuresteamsystem（withwaterandsteamflowinginthesamedirection），100Pa/m-

350Pa/mshouldbeadopted.

2Forhigh-pressuresteamsystem（withwaterandsteamflowinginreversedirection），50Pa/m-

150Pa/mshouldbeadopted.

3Forlow-pressuresteamsystem，50Pa/m-100Pa/mshouldbeadopted.

4Forreturnwateratresidualpressureofsteamcondensate，150Pa/mshouldbeadopted.

5.8.6Thetotaldifferentialpressurebetweenwatersupplyandreturnofthehotwaterheatingsystem

shouldnotbelargerthan50kPa.Therelativedifferenceofdesignpressuredropinthevariouscircuits

inparallelloopsshallbereduced.Ifthedifferenceislargerthan15%，aregulatingdeviceshallbe

adopted.

5.8.7Thepipediameterattheendofwater/steamsupplytrunkpipesandatthestartofreturnwater

trunkpipesshallnotbelessthan20mminheatingsystem.

5.8.8Theflowvelocityoftheheatingmediuminheatingpipelineshallbedeterminedinaccordance

withfactorssuchastheavailablepressureofhotwaterorsteam，systemtype，noise-proofrequirements

andthelike.Themaximumflowvelocityshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Themaximumallowableflowvelocityofheatingpipelinesinhotwaterheatingsystemshallbe

inaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1）Auxiliarybuildingsforlivingandadministration：shallbe2m/s.

2）Plantbuilding，warehouseandpublicauxiliarybuilding：shallbe3m/s.

2Themaximumallowableflowrateofheatingpipelinesinlow-pressuresteamheatingsystem

shallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1）Ifwaterandsteamflowinthesamedirection，itshallbe30m/s.

2）Ifwaterandsteamflowinreversedirections，itshallbe20m/s.

3Themaximumallowableflowrateofheatingpipelinesinhigh-pressuresteamheatingsystem

shallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1）Ifwaterandsteamflowinthesamedirection，itshallbe80m/s.

2）Ifwaterandsteamflowinreversedirections，itshallbe60m/s.

5.8.9Theinfluenceofgravityheadcausedbycoolingintheradiatorsandpipelinesshallbeconsidered

whenthetwo-pipehotwaterheatingsystemwithmechanicalcirculation，andappropriatetechnical

measuresshallbeadopted.

5.8.10Theadditionalvalueof10%shouldbeadoptedincalculationofthepressuredropintheheating

·24·system.

5.8.11Thecondensaterecoverymethodsforthesteamheatingsystemshallbeadoptedfromthe

followingsaccordingtothepossibilityofflashsteamutilization，outdoortopographyandpipelineslaying

andthelike：

1Theclosedfullflowreturn.

2Theopentankflowreturnbygravityorcondensatereturnbymechanicalmethod.

3Thebackpressurereturn.

5.8.12Inthehigh-pressuresteamheatingsystem，thecondensatepipeinfrontofsteamtrapsshallnot

berasied；theheightofcondensatepiperasiedintherearofthesteamtrapsshallbedeterminedthrough

calculation.Whenthesteamtrapisnothavethefunctionofreturnstop，checkvalveshallbeinstalledon

thecondensatepipeinrearofthesteamtrap.

5.8.13Thecondensatepipebetweenthesteamtrapandthecondensatereturntankorthesecondary

evaporationtanksshallbecalculatedaccordingtothemilkysteam-watermixture.

5.8.14Theswitchgearandregulatingdevicesshallbeinstalledforvariouscircuitsinparallelinthe

heatingsystem.Whentherearefrozenhazards，thedistancefromthevalveontheriserorbranchtothe

truckpipeshallnotbelargerthan120mm.

5.8.15Inhotwaterheatingsystemofmulti-storyorhigh-risebuildings，thevalvesforadjustment，

inspectionanddrainageshallbeinstalledatbothendsofeachriserandbranchpipe.

5.8.16Basedonthespecificconditions，thevent，drainandblowdownandsteamtrapdevicesshallbe

installedinthehotwaterandsteamheatingsystems.

5.8.17Theheatexpansionofheatingpipelinesmustbecalculated.Whennaturalcompensation

withpipesectionfailstomeettherequirements，compensatorshallbeinstalled.

5.8.18Acertainslopeshallbereservedinlayingofpipelines.Forhotwaterpipe，steampipeand

condensatepipeflowinginthesamedirection，theslopeshouldbe0.003，butshallnotbelessthan

0.002.Forbranchpipeconnectingwithradiator，theslopeshallnotbelessthan0.01.Forsteampipe

withwaterandsteamflowinginreversedirections，theslopeshallnotbelessthan0.005.Iflimitedby

conditions，thehotwaterpipe（includingconnectingpipeforradiatorinone-pipeloopcircuitheating

system）maybelaidwithoutslopebuttheflowvelocityinthepipesshouldnotbelessthan0.25m/s.

5.8.19Themeasuresshallbetakentopreventtheheatingpipelinesfromdamagebythebuilding

settlementwhentheypassthroughthebuildingfoundationanddeformedseamandtoavoidthedamage

oftherisersbythesettlementwhichareembeddedinbuildingstructures.

5.8.20Whentheheatingpipelinemustcrossafire-wall，measuresshallbetakenforfire-proofsealing

atthepipelinecrossingplaces，andfixingmeasuresshallbetakenatthethrough-wallpositionstoallow

expansionofpipestowardsbothsidesofthewall.

5.8.21Theheatingpipelineshallnotbelaidinparallelorintersectedwiththepipelinesofflammable

liquidhavingthevapourignitionpointlowerthanorequalto120℃ortheflammableandcorrosivegas

pipelinesinthesametrench.

5.8.22Theheatingpipelineshallbethermallyinsulatedunderoneofthefollowingcases：

1Whentheheatingmediumparametersofpipelineneedtobemaintained.

2Whenthepipelingareinstalledinthetrench，technicalmezzanine，attic，tubeshaftortheplace

whereitiseasytofrozen.

3Thepipelinearerequiredtobeinsulatedbytheroomorplacewheretheygothrough.

·25·4Whentheinactiveheatlossisgreaterinpipeline.

5Attheplaceswherepersonnelareliabletotouchscalded.

5.9Heatingmeteringandcontrol

5.9.1Thecentralheatingsystemshallbeprovidedwithheatmeteraccordingtotheenergymanagement

requirements.

5.9.2Heatmetershallbearrangedtomeettherequirementsofheatingcostallocationofthecost

accountingunits，andinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Atotalheatmetershallbeinstalledattheheatsource.

2Theheatmeterforheatingusershouldbeinaccordancewithcostaccountingunit，individual

buildingorheatingsystemshouldbeinstalledseparately.

3TheaccuracyclassoftheheatmeasuringdeviceshallbeinaccordancewiththecurrentChinese

nationalstandardGB17167GeneralPrincipleforEquippingandManagingoftheMeasuringInstrumentof

EnergyinOrganizationofEnergyUsing.

5.9.3Selectionandinstallationofheatmetershallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Theheatmetershallbeselectedaccordingtothenominalflowrate，andthepressuredropat

thedesignflowrateshallbechecked.Thenominalflowratemaybedeterminedaccordingtothedesign

flowrate.

2Fortheinstallationpositionoftheflowtransducer，pressuregaugeandthermometerofheat

meter，itshallbeinaccordancewiththeinstallationrequirementsofinstruments.

5.9.4Theheatingregulationdeviceshallbesetattheheatingsource，andshallbeaccordingtothe

'

meteorologicalconditionandusersrequirementsforheatregulation.

5.9.5Fortheradiatorheatingsystemrequiringtheroomtemperatureautomaticallycontrolled，the

selectedthermostaticvalveofradiatorshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Ifaverticalorhorizontaltwo-pipesystemisusedfortheheatingsystem，thewatersupply

branchpipeofeachsetofradiatorshallbeequippedwithahigh-resistancethermostaticvalve.

2Forone-pipecircuitcross-overheatingsystem，low-resistancetwo-wayorthree-way

thermostaticvalveshallbeused.

3Iftheradiatoriscovered，thermostaticvalvewithtemperaturesensingbulbbuiltexternally

shallbeused.

5.9.6Theflowrateorthepressureregulationdeviceinstalledatthebuildingheatentryshallbe

adoptedtotheregulationtargetofthewholeheatingsystem.Iftheheatingsystemisthevariableflow

rate，self-operatedflowcontrolvalveshallnotbeused.

·26·6Ventilation

6.1Generalrequirements

6.1.1Basedontheprocessdesign，buildingdesignandgenerallayoutdesign，reasonablemeasuresof

thecomprehensivepreventionandmanagementshallbeadoptedinindustrialventilationdesign.

Additionally，theindoorandoutdoorenvironmentpollutioncausedbytheharmfulsubstancesduring

productionshallbeprevented.

6.1.2Theproductionprocessshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthecleaner

productionstandard.Theprocessandequipment，whereharmfulsubstancesareemitted，shouldbe

mechanizedorautomatized，andthemeasuresoftightness，isolationandnegativepressureoperation

shallbeadopted.Intheprocessoftheharmfulsubstancesinevitablyemitteddischarged，themeasuresof

ventilationandpurificationshallbeadopted，andtherequirementsofrelevantstandardsforemissionof

pollutantsmustbemetbeforedischarge.

6.1.3Awetmethodoperationshouldbeadoptedfortheprocesswheredustisemitted.Meanwhile，

comprehensivedustcontrolmeasuresandnewtechnique，newprocessandnewequipmentfordust-free

orlowdustemissionshallbetaken.Transportationequipmentwithnodustentrainmentshallbeusedfor

conveyingofdustmaterial.Theindustrialbuildingwithdustaccumulationshallbeappliedwithwet

flushingmeasures.Whenthedustpreventionisrequiredstrictly，andwetflushingislimitedbythe

processorbuilding，vacuumcleaninginstallationshallbeprovided.

6.1.4Theheatsourceemittingalargeamountofheatshouldbelocatedoutsidetheplantbuildingor

insidethesloperoofofbuildingsidespan.Theheatsourceinsidetheplantbuildingshallbeinsulated

efficiently，andremotecontrolorautomaticcontrolshouldbedesignedintheprocess.

6.1.5Whendeterminethebuildingorientationandforms，strongsolarradiationfromeastorwest

shouldbeavoidedinsummer.Whenbuildingisdominatedbynaturalventilation，theorientationshallbe

arrangedaccordingtothedominantwinddirectioninsummer，andwithconsidertheaspectsofmajorair

intakedirectionandbuildingforms.

6.1.6Inthehotsummerandcoldwinterzoneorthehotsummerandwarmwinterzone，forindustrial

3

buildingwithheatreleasedinprocesslessthan23W/m，iftheaverageheightfromrooftogroundis

equaltoorlessthan8m，roofthermalinsulationshouldbeprovided.Ifventilatinonroofisadoptedfor

thermalinsulation，thelengthofventilationlayershouldnotbelargerthan10m，andheightoftheair

layershouldbe20cm.

6.1.7Theproductionequipmentemittingheatorharmfulsubstancesshallbearrangedinaccordance

withthefollowingrequirements：

1Whenproductionequipmentsemittingharmfulsubstancesofdifferenttoxicitiesarearrangedin

thesamebuilding，theequipmentsemittinghigh-toxicsubstancesshallbeisolatedfromthoseemitting

low-toxicsubstances.

2Fortheequipmentemittingheatandharmfulgasandvapor，itshouldbeplacedatthelower

partoftheskylightofindustrialbuildingwithnaturalventilationorleesideofthroughdraught.

3Fortheequipmentemittingheatandharmfulsubstances，whenarrangedinthemulti-floor

·27·industrialbuilding，themeasuresshallbeadoptedtopreventheatandharmfulgasandvaporexpanding

totheadjacentlayer.

6.1.8Thelocalexhaustventilationshallbeadoptedforequipmentemittingheat，vapor，dust，and

harmfulgasandvaporinindustrialbuilding.Incasethelocalexhaustventilationmaynotmeethygiene

andtheindooroperatingenvironmentrequiements，generalventilationsystemshallbeadoptedfor

assistance.

6.1.9Iftheharmfulgasandvapor，smokeordustintheplantisemittedoutsidewithoutorganization，

whichagainstthecurrentnationalstandardGB16297IntegratedEmissionStandardofAirPollutants

andotherrelevantnationalstandards，closingandpurificationmeasuresshallbetaken，andmechanical

ventilationshallbeadopted.

6.1.10Thenaturalventilationshouldbeemployedinthedesignofgeneralorlocalexhaustventilation.

Whennaturalventilationmaynotbemeettherequirementsofhygiene，environmentalprotectionor

process，mechanicalventilationorcombinedmechanicalandnaturalventilationshallbeadopted.

6.1.11Inorganizingindoorsupplyairandexhaustairflow，itshallnotallowtheaircontainingalotof

heat，steamorharmfulsubstancestoflowintothehumanoccupiedzonewithoutorwithlittleheat，

steamorharmfulsubstances，andshallnotimpairthenormaloperationoflocalexhaustsystem.

6.1.12Intheindoorairsupplyandexhaustdesign，theairdistributionmaybeoptimizedbycomputer

simulationaccordingtothevariationofpollutionsources，characteristicsofpollutantsandpollutant

control.

6.1.13Underoneofthefollowingcases，independentairexhaustventilationsystemshallbe

installed：

1Aftermoretoxicorcorrosivemixtureandcompoundwillbeformedbymixingofvarious

substances.

2Aftermixingitiseasytomakesteamcondensateanddustgathered.

3Roomandequipmentemittingpoisonsubstances.

6.1.14Ifharmfulsubstances，excessiveheatandmoistureexcessareemittedsimultaneously，the

generalventilationrateshallbedeterminedbasedoncalculationofmaximumairratevolumeneeded.

Whenseveralkindsofsolventvapor（benzeneanditshomologs，alcoholsoraceticesters）orirritant

gasesareemittedsimultaneouslyintoair，thegeneralventilationrateshallbedesignedoncalculationof

thetotalofairvolumerequiredtodiluteeachgastothespecifiedexposurelimitseparately.

6.1.15Whenitisimpossibletodeterminetheamountofharmfulsubstanceemittedintotheroom，the

generalventilationratemaybedeterminedbasedontheairchangeratewhichfromtheactually

measureddataorexperienceddatainasimilarroom.

6.1.16Theroomemittingdustorharmfulgasandvaporshallbemaintainedatnegativepressure；the

roomrequiringcleanairshallbemaintainedatpositivepressure.Fortheroomwithdifferent

requirementsonaircleannessortheroomhavingdoororholeconnectedwiththeroomhavingodors，

pressurecontrolmeasuresshallbetakentoallowtheairflowfromthecleanroomtothepolluting

room.

6.1.17Fortheroomswheretheprocessandequipmenthavedustproofandanti-corrosion

requirements，suchasthecontrolroom，electronicequipmentroomandthelike，theoutdoorairshould

bepurified.Theairpurificationmeasuresshallincludefiltrationofparticles，absorptionofharmfulgas

andvapor，andthelike.

·28·6.1.18Thesmokecontrolandextractiondesigninabuildingshallbeinaccordancewiththecurrent

nationalstandardGB50016CodeforFireProtectionDesignofBuildings.

6.2Naturalventilation

6.2.1Ifnaturalventilationisadoptedforplantbuilding，itshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Naturalventilationshouldbeusedtoeliminatetheexcessiveheatandmoistureoftheplant

building.

2Naturalventilationshouldbeadoptedifemittingtheharmfulgasandvaporintheplantbuilding

islighterthanair.

3Ifnorganizedemissionscannotmeettherequirementoftheoutdoorenvironmentairquality

standards，naturalventilationshallnotbeused.

4Naturalventilationshouldnotbeadoptedfortheplantbuildingwiththeambientairseriously

pollutedbydustorotherharmfulsubstance.

6.2.2Naturalventilationmustnotbeallowedfortheplantbuildingandwarehousewithhigh-

toxicsubstanceemitting.

6.2.3Fortheplantbuildingwithheatemitting，itsnaturalventilationrateshallbecalculatedbasedon

thermalpressureinaccordancewiththerequirementsinAppendixHofthiscode.However，itis

necessarytoavoidtheadverseeffectcausedbywindpressure.

6.2.4Fortheplantbuildingusedcross-ventilationtonaturalventilation，thewindwardfaceshould

formanangleof60°-90°andshallnotbelessthan45°withthedominantwinddirectioninsummer.

6.2.5Fornaturalventilation，airintakeandexhaustoutletorwindowwiththecharacteristicsofsmall

resistanceandconvenientforoperationandmaintenanceshallbeadopted.Themechanicalswitchor

regulationdeviceshallbeadoptedwhentheairintakeandexhaustoutletorwindowarenoteasyfor

personneloperationorrequiringfrequentregulation.

6.2.6Theairintakefornaturalventilationinsummershouldnotbelargerthan1.2mfromitslower

edgetofloor；theairintakefornaturalventilationinwinter，ifitislessthan4mfromitsloweredgeto

floor，themeasuresshouldbetakentoavoidcoldairenteringintoworksite.

6.2.7Whentheheatsourceisarrangedneartheexteriorwallofindustrialbuilding，andthereisno

worksitebetweenthewallandtheheatsource，theairintakeinthewallshallbeplacedatgapofthe

heatsource.

6.2.8Fortheplantbuildingwithskylightforventilationthewind-proofedmonitororroofventilator

shallbeinstalledunderoneofthefollowingcases.Iftheadjacentskylightofmulti-spannedplant

buildingorthetwosidesofskylightareadjoinedwithbuildings，andthebuildingislocatedinthezoneof

negativepressure，theskylightwithoutwindshieldmayberegardedasthewind-proofedmonitor.

1Inhotsummerandcoldwinterzoneorhotsummerandwarmwinterzone，theindoorheat

3

.

releaseislargerthan23W/m

3

2Inotherzones，theindoorheatreleaseislargerthan35W/m.

3Windblowinisnotallowed.

6.2.9Forplantbuildingwithskylightforexhaustventilation，thewind-proofedmonitormaynotbe

installedunderoneofthefollowingcases：

1Stabilizingairexhaustbyusingskylight.

·29·2Outdoormeanwindspeedinsummerislessthanorequalto1m/s.

6.2.10Whenonesideofabuildingisadjacenttoanotherhigherbuilding，itshallpreventthedown

draftofwind-proofedmonitororroofventilator，andtherelativedimensionsofwind-proofedmonitoror

roofventilatortobuilding（Figure6.2.10-1，F(xiàn)igure6.2.10-2）shallcomplywiththerequirementsas

showninTable6.2.10.

Z

B

Figure6.2.10-1Relativedimensionsofwind-proofedmonitorandbuilding

Z

B

Figure6.2.10-2Relativedimensionsofroofventilatorandbuilding

Table6.2.10Relativedimensionsofwind-proofedmonitororroofventilatortobuilding

Z/h0.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.02.12.22.3

B-Z

≤1.31.41.451.51.651.82.12.52.93.74.65.6

H

Note：IncaseofZ/h＞2.3，nolimitationtorelativedimensionsofbuilding.

6.2.11Betweenwindshieldandskylightandbetweenadjacentskylights，servingaswind-proofed

monitorinmulti-spanbuilding，alltheendsshallbesealed.Transverseplatesshallbeprovidedifthe

skylightsaretoolong，thespacingofwhichshallnotbelargerthan3timesoftheheightfromtheupper

edgeofwindshieldtothegroundandshallnotbelargerthan50m.Aninspectiondoorshallbeinstalled

onthewindshieldorenclosures.0.1m-0.3mshouldbeselectedfromtheloweredgeofwindshieldto

theroof.

6.2.12Forthenaturally-ventilatedhotplantinhotsummerandwarmwinterzoneorhotsummerand

coldwinterzone，thehorizontaldistanceandheightdifferencebetweentheairintakeandtheexhaust

ventilationskylightshallbemetinaccordancewiththerequirementsoneffectofnaturalventilation，

whichmaybepredictedwithcalculatedfluiddynamics（CFD）numericalsimulationmethod.

6.2.13Forthehigh-temperatureplantbuildingwheretheopenangleofskylightcasementisnot

neededtobeadjusted，awind-proofedmonitorwithoutcasementshouldbeemployed，butitshallbe

conformedwithrainproofrequirements.

6.3Mechanicalventilation

6.3.1Abuildingwithcentralheatingandmechanicalexhaustshouldbeinstalledwithamechanicalair

supplysystemifthenaturalmakeupairfailstomeettherequirementsofindoorsanitaryconditionand

processorisunreasonabletechnicallyandeconomically.Airbalanceandheatbalanceshallbecalculated

·30·

H

H

h

hindesignofmechanicalairsupplysystem.Formechanicalexhaustsystemoperatinglessthan2hineach

workshift，ifallowedbyindoorsanitationconditionandprocesstechnique，mechanicalmakeupairmay

notbeinstalled.

6.3.2Circulatingairshallnotbeusedunderoneofthefollowingcases：

1Roomwithoffensiveodororwithpathogenicbacteriaorvirusathazardousconcentration.

2Placewithhighly-toxicsubstancescontainedintheair.

3Purifiedbythedustremovalsystem，thedustconcentrationofexhaustisstilllargerthan

orequalto30%oftheallowableconcentrationatworkplace.

6.3.3Theairsupplymodeofmechanicalairsupplysystem（includingsystemcombinedwithwarm-air

heating）shallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Fortheplantbuildingwhereheatisemittedorheat，moistureandharmfulgasareemitted

simultaneously，theairshouldbedeliveredtotheworkingareaiftheuppergeneralexhaustortheupper

andlowergeneralexhaustconductedsimulataneouslyisadopted.

2Fortheplantbuildingwheredustorgasandvaporwithdensityoverthanoftheindoorairare

emittedbutwithoutheatreleaseatthesimetime，theairshouldbedeliveredtotheupperareawhen

exhaustisdonefromthelowerarea.

3Whenthefixedworkingplaceisneartotheemittingsourceofharmfulsubstanceanditis

impossibletoinstalleffectivelocalexhaustfacilities，theairshallbesupplieddirectlytotheworksite.

6.3.4Theoutdoorairdesignparametersformechanicalventilationsystemshallbetakenin

accordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Forcalculationofventilationheatlossinwinter，theoutdoordesigntemperatureforheating

shallbeadopted.

2Forcalculationofventilationraterequiredtoeliminatetheexcessiveheatandmoistureexcess，

theoutdoordesigntemperatureforwinterventilationshallbeadopted.

3Forcalculationofventilationraterequiredtoeliminatetheexcessiveheatinsummeror

calculationofoutdooraircoolingrateoftheventilationsystem，theoutdoordesigntemperaturefor

summerventilationshouldbeadopted；forthemaximumindoortemperaturelimitisrequiredstrictly，the

outdoordesigntemperatureforsummerairconditioningmaybeadoptedtocalculatetheventilationrate

requiredtoeliminatetheexcessiveheatoroutdooraircoolingrate.

4Forcalculationofventilationraterequiredtoeliminatemoistureexcessinsummer，theoutdoor

designtemperatureforsummerventilationandoutdoordesignrelativehumidityforsummerventilation

shouldbeadopted；fortheindoormoisturelimitisrequiredstrictly，theoutdoordesigndry-bulb

temperatureofsummerairconditioningandtheoutdoordesignwet-bulbtemperatureofsummerair

conditioningmaybeadopted.

6.3.5Thelocationofairintakeofmechanicalairsupplysystemshallbeinaccordansewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Theairintakeshallbedirectlyarrangedintheoutdoorcleanplace.

2Whenthereisaexhaustoutletatcloserange，theairintakeshallbelowerthanit.

3Thedistancefromthelowerrimoftheairintaketotheoutdoorgroundshouldnotbelessthan

2m；ifitislocatedinthegreenbelt，thedistanceshouldnotbelessthan1m.

4Theairintakeandexhaustshallbepreventedfromshortcircuit.

6.3.6Underthefollowingeverycases，displacementventilationmaybeadopted：

·31·1Thereisheatsourceorcombinationofheatandpollutionsourcesintheplantbuilding.

2Thetemperatureofpollutedairishigherthanthatoftheambientair.

3Theroomheightshallbenolessthan3m.

4Nostrongairturbulenceintheplantbuilding.

6.3.7Thedesignofthedisplacementventilationsystemshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Theoutletforthedisplacementventilationshouldbeinstalledontheground.Ifthereisfrequent

materialflowintheplantbuilding，thedisplacementventilationoutletmaybeinstalledbysuspending，

andthedistancefromthebottomoftheoutlettothegroundshallnotbelargerthan2m.

2Theairflowintheactivityareashallbeuniform.

3Theairspeedattheoutletforthedisplacementventilationshouldnotbelargerthan0.5m/s.

6.3.8Forplantbuildingswhereheat，steam，andharmfulgasandvaporareemittedsimultaneouslyor

harmfulgasandvaporemittedwiththedensitylessthanthatoftheair，expectforthelocalexhaust

ventilation，thenaturalormechanicalgeneralexhaustventilationshouldbeadoptedfromtheupperarea；

iftheheightoftheworkshopislessthanorequalto6m，theexhaustairrateshallnotbelessthantheair

ratecalculatedbytheairchange1time/h；inthecaseoftheworkshopishigherthan6m，theexhaustair

32

ratemaybecalculatedaccordingto6m/（h·m）.

6.3.9Inthecasethatgeneralventilationisadoptedtoeliminatingtheexcessiveheatandmoisture

excessorotherharmfulsubstances，theexhaustshallbefromtheareaofroominthebuildingwith

highesttemperatureandmaximumconcentrationofmoistureandharmfulsubstances，theexhaustrate

shallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Iftherelativedensityoftheemittedgasislessthanorequalto0.75，itshallbeconsideredtobe

lighterthantheindoorair.Or，evenifitisheavierthantheindoorair，butthesensibleheatemittedinthe

buildingcanformanupflowinfullyear，itshallbeexhaustedfromtheupperareaoftheroom.

2Iftherelativedensityoftheemittedgasislargerthan0.75，itshallbeconsideredtobeheavier

thantheindoorair.Ifthesensibleheatinthebuildingcannotbeadequatetoformanupflowbutcollected

atthelowerarea，2/3ofthetotalexhaustairrateshouldbeexhaustedfromthelowerareaandtheother

1/3fromtheupperarea.

3Ifuponmixingwiththeair，theconcentrationofharmfulgasandvaporintheactivityareadoes

notexceedthehygienicstandard，andtherelativedensityofthemixedgasisclosetotheairdensity，

exhaustventilationmayonlybearrangedattheupperareaorthelowerarea.

4Thegeneralexhaustairratefromtheupperandlowerareasshallincludethelocalexhaustair

rateinthezone；theareabelow2mabovethegroundisregardedasthelowerarea.

6.3.10Forexhaustingofmixtureofhydrogenandair，thearrangementofindoorexhaustinlets

ofthegeneralexhaustventilationsystemofbuildingshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

erquirements：

1Thedistancebetweentheupperrimoftheinlettoceilingorroofshallnotbelagerthan

0.1m.

2Atadeadcoenerwithexhaustofexplosivegasduetobuildingstructure，flowguiding

facilitiesshallbeset.

6.3.11Gasesexhaustedfromalocalexhaustsystemwithtoxicsubstances，odoroussubstanceor

explosivesubstanceathighdensityshallbeexhaustedoutsidethezoneofaerodynamicshadowand

·32·positivepressure.

6.3.12Theventilationrequirementsforgas-firedheatingequipment，waterheatersorovens&stoves

shallmeettherelevantrequirementsofthecurrentnationalstandardGB50028CodeforDesignofCity

GasEngineering.

6.4Emergencyventilation

6.4.1Theplacewithpossibilityofsuddenreleaseofgreatamountofharmful，gasordustwithdanger

ofexplosionshallbeprovidedwithemergencyventilationsystemaccordingtotherequirementsforthe

processdesign.

6.4.2Arrangementoftheemergencyventilationsystemshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Whenemitingflammablegas，dustoraerosolwithdangerofexplosion，explosion-proof

emergencyventilationsystemorinductiveemergencyventilationsystemshallbesetup.

2Forsinglefloorbuildingwithnaturalventilation，incasethattheflammablegasdensityisless

thanindoorairdensity，anemergencyairsupplysystemshallbesetup.

3Theemergencyventilationmaybeguaranteedbymechanicalventilationsystemandthe

emergencyventilationsystem.

6.4.3Theemergencyventilationrateshouldbedeterminedaftercalculationaspertheprocessdesign

requirementswithairexchangerateshallnotbelessthan12times/h.Thecalculatedvolumeofthe

roomshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Forroomwithaheightlessthanorequalto6m，itshallbecalculatedbytheactualvolumeof

room.

2Forroomwithaheightlargerthan6m，itshallbecalculatedbythevolumeofa6mspace.

6.4.4Theexhaustinletforemergencyexhaustsystemshallbearrangedatplaceswherethetoxic

gasesorexplosivesubstancesconcentratecornertothegreatestextent.Flowguidemeasuresshallbe

appliedatthedeadcornersofemergencyventilation.

6.4.5Theexhaustoutletforemergencyexhaustshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Itshallnotbearrangedatplaceswherepeopleoftenstayorpassthrough.

2Thehorizontaldistancebetweentheexhaustoutletandtheairintakeofmechanicalairsupply

systemshallnotbelessthan20m；incaseofthehorizontaldistanceislessthan20m，theexhaustoutlet

shallbehigherthanairintakeandthedistancemustnotbelessthan6m.

3Incaseofflammablegascontainedinexhaustedair，thedistancebetweenexhaustoutletof

emergencyventilationsystemtothepossiblesparksplashingplacesshallbelagerthan20m.

4Theexhaustoutletmustnotbeorientedtothezoneofaerodynamicshadowandthezoneof

positivepressurefortheoutdoor.

6.4.6Iftheworkplaceisarrangedwithmonitoringandalarmunitfortoxicorgasandvaporindanger

ofexploding，theemergencyventilationdeviceshallbeinterlockedwiththealarmunit.

6.4.7Theswitchforthefanofemergencyventilationshallbeinstalledseparatelyinplaces

convenientforoperationbothindoorandoutdoor.

6.4.8Incaseoftheplaceswithemergencyventilationdonothavethenaturalairintakecondition，a

makeupairsystemshallbeset，therateofmakeupairshouldbe80%oftheexhaustairrate，andthe

makeupfanshallbeinterlockedwiththeemergencyexhaustfan.

·33·6.5Heatinsulationandcooling

6.5.1Whereaworkerisworkinginplaceswithlongtimeexposuretoheatradiantionwithirradiance

2

largerthanorequalto350W/m，insulationmeasuresshallbetakenandgreatlyinfluencedworkroom

shallbeinsulated

6.5.2Theheatinsulationmeasuresincludingwatercurtain，watertankforheatinsulationorheat

insulationscreenshallbeadoptedrespectivelyasperconditionsofprocess，watersupplyandindoor

termperatureintheworkplaceoffeninfluencedbyradiantheat.

6.5.3Themeansurfacetemperatureofhightemperaturegroundorwallpanelwhereworkersoften

stayornearbyshallnotbehigherthan40℃.Whendampingfloororwatertankforheatinsulationis

used，thetemperatureofdrainingwatershouldnotbehigherthan45℃.

6.5.4Localairsupplyshallbeappliedatworkplacewithlongoperationtimewhenheatenvironment

failingtomeetthesanitaryrequirements.

6.5.5Whenaxialfanswithoutsprayingareusedforlocalairsupply，thewindspeedatworkplaceshall

beinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Thewindspeedatlightworkplaceshallbe2m/s-3m/s.

2Thewindspeedatmoderateworkplaceshallbe3m/s-5m/s.

3Thewindspeedatheavyworkplaceshallbe4m/s-6m/s.

6.5.6Themoderateandheavyworkplaceswithtemperaturehigherthan35℃，heatradiantintensity

2

largerthan1400W/m，andprocessrequiringnoavoidanceoffinefogdropmaybeadoptedwithspray

fanforcooling.Whenasprayfanisusedforlocalairsupply，thewindspeedatworkplaceshallbe3m/s-

5m/s，dropletdiametershouldbelessthan100μm.

6.5.7Whentheairoflocalairsupplysystemneedtobecooling，theoutdoordesigntemperatureand

relativehumidityforsummerventilationshallbeusedastheoutdoordesignconditions.

6.5.8Thelocalairsupplysystemshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Thesupplyairshouldbeflowinslopefromtheupperfrontsideofhumanbodytohead，neck

andbreast.Ifnecessary，averticalairsupplyfromuptodownmaybeapplied.

2Thevalidairflowwidthtohumanbodyshouldbe1mandforlightworkwithindoorheat

3

releaselessthan23W/m，thewidthmaybe0.6m.

3Whentherangeofactivitiesforworkersislarge，rotatorysupplyinletshouldbeapplied.

4LocalairsupplyshallbecalculatedaccordingtoAppendixJinthiscode.

6.5.9Workchamberwithspecialhightemperatureshallbesealedandinsulated，andairconditioning

unitshallbeusedforcooling.

6.6Exhausthood

6.6.1Thedustorharmfulgasandvaporproducedduringprocessproductionshallbecollectedbya

hood.Thenegativepressurewithinthehoodorthewindspeedathoodinletshallbedetermined

accordingtotheparticlesize，density，releasingforceandsurroundinginterferenceairflow.Whenthere

arethecondition，theengineeringempiricaldatamaybeused.

6.6.2Anenclosedhoodshouldbeadopted.Thedesignairrateoftheenclosedhoodshallbecalculated

byaddingthefollowingfactors：

1Airvolumeinducedbythematerialenter.

·34·2Airvolumeblowedbyequipmentoperation.

3Airvolumesuppliedbyprocess.

4Airexpansioncausedbyheatreleasedbymaterialandmachine.

5Airvolumeproducedbymaterialcompaction.

6Airvolumetakenawaybythedischargedmaterial.

7Airvolumesuckedinfromthegapsduringoverflowpreventionofpollutants.

6.6.3Fortheenclosedhoodusedfordustremovalsystem，whenthehoodstructure，locationandmean

windspeedofexhaustinletisdetermined，thenegativepressurewithinthehoodshallbeeven，andshall

bepreventtheoverflowofdustandexhausttakingawayalotofmaterial.Themeanwindspeedat

exhaustinletshouldbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Screeningforpowdershouldnotbelargerthan0.6m/s.

2Crushingformaterialshouldnotbelargerthan2m/s.

3Crushingforparticleshouldnotbelargerthan3m/s.

6.6.4Incaseoftheenclosedhoodisnotallowedtousedduetoprocessoperation，thesemi-enclosed

orfumehoodmaybeused.Theexhaustairrateshallbedeterminedbycalculationbasedonoverflow

preventionofdustorharmfulgasandvapor.

6.6.5Whenthesourceofemittingdustorharmfulgasandvaporissmallandprocessisnotallowedto

useanenclosedhood，acapturinghoodmaybeused.Theexhaustairrateofthecapturinghoodshallbe

determinedbycalculationbasedonhoodinletform，windspeedatcontrolpointandotherfactors.

6.6.6Thewindspeedattheexhaustoutletofslotexhausthoodshallbeeven，andshallbein

accordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Iftheslotwidthislessthanorequalto0.7m，singlesideexhaustshouldbeused；iftheslot

widthislargerthan0.7mandlessthanorequalto1.2m，doublesideexhaustshouldbeused.

2Iftheslotwidthislargerthan1.2m，push-pullhoodshouldbeused.

3Forthecircularslotwithadiameterof500mm-1000mm，circularhoodshouldbeused.

6.6.7Incaseoftheprocessproducesalargeamountofinducedhotairflow，receivinghoodshouldbe

used.Thecrosssectionofthereceivinghoodshallnotbelessthanthesizeofthepollutedairflow.The

exhaustairrateofhoodshallbecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingformula：

L=L+vF（6.6.7）

z

3

Where：L—Exhaustairrateofreceivinghood（m/s）；

3

L—Theheatjetvolumeatthecrosssectionofhoodinle（tm/s）；

z

v—Inletvelocityofairinexpandedarea，taking0.5-0.7（m/s）；

2

F—Expandedareaathoodinle（tm）.

6.6.8Fortheinducedpollutedairflowfromtheprocessequipmentathighrotatingspeed，receiving

hoodshallbeused，andtheexhaustairrateofhoodmaybedeterminedbasedontheempiricalformula.

6.6.9Thematerialofhoodshallbeselectedaccordingtothetemperature，abrasivenessand

corrosivityofthedustorharmfulgasandvapor.Intheenvironmentwherefireandexplosionmaybe

causedbystaticelectricity，thehoodshallbemadeofanti-staticmaterial，oranti-staticmeasuresshall

betaken.

6.6.10Ifmultiplefumehoodsareanexhaustsystem，thesystemairrateshallbedeterminedaccording

tothetotalairrateofthefumehoodsatthesametime.Theexhaustductofeachfumehoodshouldbe

providedaadjustingdamper.Thefrequencyvariablefanshouldbeadopted.

·35·6.6.11Theroomwithfumehoodshallbedesignedwithairinletaccordingtotheairbalance.Heating

orairconditioningfacilitiesshallbeprovidedaccordingtotheheatbalance.

6.7Ductdesign

6.7.1Thesizeofductshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1ThecrosssectionofductshouldcomplywiththecurrentnationalstandardGB50243Codeof

AcceptanceforConstructionQualityofVentilationandAirConditioningWorks.

2Theratioofthelongandshortsidesofrectangularductshallnotexceed10.

6.7.2Theductmaterialshallmeettherequirementsofservice，constructionandinstallationconditions

ofductandshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Theductshouldbemadeofmetal.

2ThefireperformanceofductmaterialshallcomplywiththecurrentnationalstandardGB50016

CodeforFireProtectionDesignofBuildings.

3Iftheductcontactcorrosionmedium，corrosionresistanceofductmaterialshallbeadopted.

4Theanti-staticductshallbemadeofmetal.

6.7.3Thewallthicknessofductshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Thewallthicknessofductshallbedeterminedaccordingtothefactorssuchasthematerial，

crosssectionandserviceconditionsoftheduct，anditshallnotbelessthantheminimumwallthickness

specifiedinthecurrentnationalstandardGB50243CodeofAcceptanceforConstructionQualityof

VentilationandAirConditioningWorks.

2Incaseofweldconnectionisadopted，thewallthicknessofmetalductshallnotbelessthan1.5mm.

6.7.4Thesystemairleakagerateshallbecontrolledbyselectionofductmaterialandfabrication

process.Theairsystemleakageratioshouldbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Forsystemsotherthandustremovalsystem，itshouldnotexceed5%.

2Forthedustremovalsystem，itshouldnotexceed3%.

6.7.5Forthepressurelossintheloopsofventilation，dustremovalandairconditioningsystems，the

hydraulicbalanceshallbecalculated.Therelativedifferenceofpressurelossintheparalleledloops

shouldbeinaccondancewiththefollowingrequiements.Iftheductdiametercannotmeetthe

requirementsthroughadjustment，airrateregulatorshouldbeprovided：

1Forsystemsotherthandustremovalsystem，itshouldnotexceed15%.

2Fordustremovalsystem，itshouldnotexceed10%.

6.7.6Thedesignwindspeedofductshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Forsystemsotherthandustremovalsystem，thedesignwindspeedofductshouldbe

determinedaccordingtothosespecifiedinTable6.7.6.

2Fordustremovalsystem，thedesignwindspeedofductshallbedeterminedaccordingtotheduct

content，dustdensityandparticlesize，gastemperatureontheprincipleofnodustsedimentwithintheduct

innormaloperationconditions.Ifthedesignoperatingconditionissimilartotheventilationstandard

condition，theminimumairvelocityshallnotbelessthanthevaluespecifiedinAppendixKofthiscode.

Table6.7.6Windspeedofduct（m/s）

DucttypeSteelsheetandnonmetalductBrickandconcreteairchannel

Mainduct6-144-12

Branchduct2-82-6

·36·6.7.7Inthefollowingcases，compensationmeasuresshallbetakenfortheduct：

1Forthemetalductusedtoconveyhigh-temperaturefumes，thepipelineandexpansionjoint，

flexiblejointandductsupportshallbereasonablyprovided.Additionally，appropriatebracketshallbe

used，andthethrustfromtheducttothesupportshallbereduced.

2Inthecasethesuccessivelengthofthestraightsectionofnon-metalductwithgreatcoefficient

oflinearexpansionislargerthan20m，anexpansionjointshallbeinstalled.

6.7.8Ifitispossibletoproducecondensateorotherliquidintheduct，theductshallbearrangedin

slopenolessthan0.005，andadrainagedeviceshallbeinstalledatthelowestpointoftheduct.

6.7.9Ductofthedustremovalsystemshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Circularsteelductshouldbeused.Exceptthejointsofdampers，hoodsandequipmentandthe

sectionssubjecttofrequentdisassemblymaybeconnectedbyflange，weldconnectionshallbeusedfor

thedustremovingduct.

2Theminimumdiameterofthedustremovingductshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1）Thediameterofductforexhaustcontainingfinemineraldustandwooddustshallnotbeless

than80mm.

2）Thediameterofductforexhaustcontainingrelativelycoarsedustandsawdustshallnotbe

lessthan100mm.

3）Thediameterofductforexhaustcontainingcoarserdustandroughparticlewoodshavings

shallnotbelessthan130mm.

3Airductshouldbelaidverticallyorinslope.Theanglebetweenductandhorizontalplane

shouldbelargerthan45°whenlaidinslope.Thehorizontalductsectionshouldnotbetoolong.

4Branchductshouldbeconnectedtothetoporsideofamaindust，andanglesoftheteesshould

be15°-45°.Forconnectionat90°，flaringdiversionmeasuresshouldbetaken.

5Thenumberofelbowsshallbeminimized.Ifthespaceisadequate，theradiusofcurvatureshall

beenlarged，buttheangleofbendshallbereducedfortheelbows.

6Forconveyingofduct-containinggaswithhighdustcontentandstrongabrasiveness，theduct

locationswherearevulnerabledtoerosionshallbeprotectedagainstabrasiveness.

7Sealedcleanoutshouldbearrangednearthedeformedductfittingspronetodustsettlement.

8Thebranchductshouldbesetwithanairrateregulatorandanairsamplingport.Theairrate

regulatorshouldbeinstalledontheverticalduct.

9Themaximumspanofsupportandhangerofductshouldbedeterminedaccordingtothe

deflection.Thedeflectionshouldnotexceed1/600ofitsspanforoutdoorductsand1/300ofitsspanfor

indoorducts.

10Iftheinstallationheightofductishigherthan2.5m，thelocationsforregularoperationand

maintenanceshouldbeequippedwithplatformsandladders.

11Forthedustremovingductwithalargediameter，ifitispossibleforoperationand

maintenancewithpersonnelentering，theholesinsidetheductshallbeinstalledwithagridorrailingfor

protectionagainstmissedstep.

6.8Equipmentselectionandlayout

6.8.1Inselectionairheater，aircoolerandairheatrecoveryunitandthelike，airleakagerateofduct

·37·andequipmentshallbeadd.Theallowableairleakagerateofsystemshallnotexceedthevaluespecified

inArticle6.7.4ofthiscode.Ifthedesignconditionsdifferentfromtheratedconditionsofequipment，the

heatexchangecapacityofequipmentshallbecheckedaccordingtothedesignconditions.

6.8.2Thefanshallbeselectedaccordingtothecharacteristiccurveoftheductandfan，ofwhichthe

performanceparametersshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Theairrateoffanshallbeaddedtheairleakagerateofductandequipmentinthetotalairrate

ofthesystem；thepressureoffanshallbeadded10%-15%inthetotalpressurelossofthesystem.

2Ifthedesignconditionsdifferentfromtheratedconditionsoffan，theairrateandtotalpressure

ofratedconditionsoffanshallbeconvertedintothevaluesdesignconditions.

3Inselectionoffan，theefficiencyofdesignconditionsshallnotbelessthan90%ofthemaximum

efficiency.

4Ifconstant-speedfanisused，theshaftpowerofmotorshallbedeterminedaccordingtothe

designcondition；iffrequency-variablefanisused，theshaftpowerofmotorshallbedetermined

accordingtothedesignconditionandadded15%-20%basedonthevalueat100%rotatingspeed；ifthe

conveyingmediumisathightemperature，themotorpoweroffanshallbeaddedincoldstatecondition.

6.8.3Ifthefansareinstalledinparallelorinseries，theairrateandpressureoffanunderthecombined

operatingshallbedeterminedaccordingtothecharacteristiccurvesoffansandducts，andshallbein

accordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Differenttypesandperformancesoffanshouldnotbeinstalledinparallel.

2Theairrateoffansinstalledinseriesshallbethesame.

3Variable-speedfansinparallelorinseriesshallbeofsynchronousspeedregulation.

6.8.4Incaseoftheregulationrangeofairrateandpressureofventilationsystemisgreater，double

speedfanorvariable-frequencyfanshouldbeused.

6.8.5Theexhaustfanforpoisoningpreventionshallbesetseparately，anditshallnotbeinstalledin

thesamefanroomwiththeventilationequipmentofothersystems.

6.8.6Forlargefan，siteformaintenanceshallbereserved，whichshouldbeprovidedwithlifting

facilitieandanoperatingplatform.Ifthefanarearrangedoutdoor，weatherproofmeasuresforthemotor

shallbeadopted，andtheprotectionlevelofmotorshallnotbelessthanIP54.

6.8.7Iftheairinletandoutletoffanarenotconnectedwithoutductortheductisshort，safetyscreen

shallbeset.Theprotectivecoverofdrivebeltbetweenthefanandmotorshallbeprovided.

6.8.8Underoneofthefollowingcases，thermalinsulationorantifreezingmeasureshallbetakenfor

theventilationequipmentandduct：

1Ifthetemperatureoftheconveyedairisnotallowedtoriseordropobviously.

2Ifthetemperatureoftheconveyedairishigherorlowerthantheambienttemperature.

3Ifitispossibletocondensateinthedustremovingductordrydustcollector.

4Iftheexhaustgascanbecooledtoformcondensateblockingorcorrodingthedustand

equipment.

5Ifitispossibletofreezethewetdustcollector.

6.8.9Theinletandoutletofvibratingventilationfacilitiesshallbeinstalledwithaflexiblejoint.The

ductconnectedtotheinletandoutletoftheventilationfacilitiesshallbeinstalledwithseparatesupport

andhanger.Theductloadshallnotbesupportbytheventilationfacilities.

6.8.10Thelargecentrifugalfanwithmotorpowerlargerthan300kWshouldbeprovidedwithhigh-

·38·voltagepowersupply.

6.8.11Thecentrifugalfanshouldbeequippedwithainletdamper.Ifitisrequiredtoreducethe

startingcurrentoffanbyshuttingdamper，adamperforfanstartupshallbeprovided，anditshallbe

equippedinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Ifthemediumandlow-voltagepowersupplyisused，thesupplyconditionarepermittedandthe

motorpowerislessthanorequalto75kW，thedamperforfanstartuponlymaynotbeprovided.

2Ifthemediumandlow-voltagepowersupplyisusedandthemotorpowerislargerthan75kW，

aninletdamperforfanstartupshouldbeprovided.

3Thedamperforfanstartupshouldbeelectrical，anditshallbeinterlockedwiththefanmotor.

6.8.12Ifthebearingboxoflargecentrifugalfanandmotoriscooledbywater，thecirculatingwater

coolingmethodshallbeadopted.

6.8.13Forexhaustofairwithsteam，theventilationfacilitiesshallbeprovidedwithawatersealed

outletatthelocationwhereliquidiseasytoaccumulate.

6.9Fireprotectionandexplosionproofing

6.9.1Ventilationmeasuresshallbetakenaspertheprocessrequirementsforthesiteswith

flammableandexplosivesubstancescontainingairinplantbuildingorwarehouses.

6.9.2Circulatingairshallnotbetakenforthefollowingsites：

1ForClassA，Bplantbuildingorwarehouse.

2ForClassCplantbuildingorwarehousewheretherearedustandfiberwithexplosion

hazard，andthedustconcentrationislargerthanorequalto25%ofthelowerexplosionlimit.

3Forotherplantbuildingorwarehousewheretheaircontainflammableandexplosivegas，

andthegasconcentrationislargerthanorequalto10%ofthelowerexplosionlimit.

4ForClassA，Bfirehazardroomsinbuilding.

6.9.3Ventilationsystemshallbeindependentlyarrangedunderthefollowingsitesorconditions：

1FordifferentfirecompartmentsinClassA，Bplantbuildingorwarehouse.

2Wherethemixingofdifferentharmfulsubstancesmayleadtocombustionorexplosion.

3SingleroomswithClassA，Bfirehazardorotherwithrequirementsforfireprotection

andexplosionproofinginthebuilding.

6.9.4Fortheplantbuildingorlocalroomemittingthesubstanceswithburningorexplodinghazard

duringproductionandtest，localventilationshouldbetakenforthemechanicalventilationsystem.

6.9.5Forthelocalexhaustsystemtoexhaustgasandvapor，steamordustwithexplosionhazard，the

airrateshallbecalculatedaspertheratetoensuretheconcentrationofsuchsubstancesinairductshall

notbelagerthan50%oftheexplosivelimitundernormaloperatingconditions.

6.9.6Negativepressureshallbemaintainedfortheroomemittingsubstanceswithexplosionhazard.

6.9.7Forthepositivepressureairsupplysystemthatisinstalledinthezonewithexplosionhazardas

pertheprocessrequirementsfortheenclosedspaceofthenon-explosion-proofingequipment，theair

intakeshallbesetatthecleanzone，andthepositivepressurevalueshallbedeterminedaccordingtothe

processrequirements.

6.9.8FortheClassA，Bplantbuildingandwarehouseandothersingleroomorzonewithburningor

explosionhazard，theairintakeoftheirairsupplysystemshallbearrangedseparatelyfromtheairintake

ofotherroomorzone，andboththeirairintakesandexhaustoutletsshallbearrangedattheoutdoor

·39·safetyzoneswithnosplashingsparks.

6.9.9Thenon-sparkingdustcollectorshallbeadoptedtotreattheaircontainingthedustwith

burningorexplosionhazardbeforeitenterstheexhaustfan.Thedustcollectorsandexhaustfans

usedtocleanthedustwithexplosionhazardshallbearrangedseparatelyfromotherexhaustfans

anddustcollectors.

6.9.10Thedrydustcollectorusedtocleanthedustwithexplosionhazardshouldbearrangedinthe

individualbuilding.Thefireseparationdistancebetweenthebuildingandtheplantbuildingthatit

belongsshallnotbelessthan10.0m.

6.9.11Underoneofthefollowingcases，thedrydustcollectorusedtocleanthedustwithexplosion

hazardmaybearrangedinthesingleroomsoftheplantsbutshallnotbearrangedatthelowerfloorsof

therooms，suchasrestroomsandmeetingroomsandthelike，oftheplants.Iftheyarearrangednextto

theserooms，theyshallbeseparatedfromotherpartsbyusingthewallwiththefireresistanceratingnot

lessthan3.00handfloorslabwiththefireresistanceratingnotlessthan1.50h，andatleastonesideof

theroomwherethedustcollectorsarrangedshallbeprotectedwithanoutsidebuildingenvelope.

1Thereisthecontinuouslydislodgingdustequipment.

3

2Fortheperiodicdislodgingdustcollector，airrateshallnotbeexceed15000m/handcapacity

ofthedusthoppershallbelessthan60kg.

6.9.12Wherethesubstanceswithburningorexplosionhazardcompoundmaybeproducedafter

thedustmeetingwater，wetdustcollectorshallnotbeused.

6.9.13Thedustcollectorforremovingthedustanddebriswithexplosionhazardshallbe

installedinthenegativepressuresectionofthesystem，andexplosionventingdeviceshallbe

arrangedforthedustcollector.

6.9.14Thewetdustcollectorforremovingthesubstancewithexplosionhazardmaybearrangedin

theplantbuildingthatitbelongsorexhaustfanroom.

6.9.15Explosion-proofequipmentshallbeemployedfortheheating，ventilationandair

conditioningunderthefollowingconditions：

1Wheretheequipmentistobearrangeddirectlyinthezoneswithexplosionhazard.

2Equipmentusedforexhausted，conveyedortreatedClassA，Bsubstance，thosesubstances

concentrationisequaltoandabove10%ofthelowerexplosionlimit.

3Equipmentusedfortheexhausted，conveyedortreatedsubstances，suchaspowderand

fiberandthelike，andthosesubstancesconcentrationisequaltoandabove25%ofthelower

explosionlimit.

6.9.16ThearrangementoftheventilationfacilitiesusedfortheClassA，Bplantbuildingand

warehouseandotherplantbuildingwiththezonewithexplosionhadardshallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Exhaustequipmentshallnotbearrangedinthebasementorsemi-basementofthebuildingsbut

shouldbearrangedoutsidetheplantbuildingorinthesingleexhaustfanroom.

2Air-supplyandexhaustequipmentshallnotbearrangedinthesamefanroom.

3Exhaustequipmentshallnotbearrangedinthesamefanroomwiththeair-supplyandexhaust

equipmentofotherroom.

4Wheretherearecheckdamperinstalledattheoutletoftheairsupplyequipment，itmaybe

arrangedinthesamesupplyfanroomwiththeairsupplyequipmentofotherroom.

·40·6.9.17TheselectionoftheventilationfacilitiesusedfortheClassA，Bplantbuilding，warehouseand

thezonewithexplosionhazardinotherplantbuildingshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1TheTheexplosion-proofoftheexhaustfanshallbeadoptedinthespecialroom，andthe

closingmotormaybeadopted.

2FortheairsupplyandexhaustequipmentdirectlyarrangedinClassA，Bplantbuilding，

warehouseandthezonewithexplosionhazardinotherplantbuilding，thefanandmotoroftheexplosion-

proofshouldbeadopted，andthebelttransmissionshallnotbeadoptedbetweenthefanandmotor.

3Iftheairsupplyequipmentistobearrangedinthefanroom，andthereisacheck

damperarrangedattheair-supplytrunkduct，theairsupplyequipmentofnon-explosion-proofmaybe

adopted.

6.9.18Theventilationmeasuresshallbetakenforthesupplyfanroomusedforthezonewith

explosionhazardofClassA，Bplantbuildingandwarehouse；theairchangerateoftheseexhaustfan

roomshouldnotbelessthanonceperhour.

6.9.19Airductusedtoexhaustorconveythesubstanceswithburningorexplosionhazardshall

notpassthroughfirewallandthepartitionwalloftheplantbuildingwithdangerofburningor

explosionandshallnotpassthroughthecrowedroomortheroomwithmorecombustible

materials.

6.9.20Theairductofcommonventilationsystemshouldnotpassthroughthefirepartitionssuchas

firewallandnoninflammablefloorslab.Iftheductmustpassthrough，firedampersshallbeinstalledat

thepassingposition.Airductsandinsulationmaterialswithin2matbothsidesofthefiredampersshall

bemadeofnoninflammablematerials.Thegapswheretheductspassthroughfirewalls，partitionwalls

andnoninflammablefloorslabsshallbeblockedupusingfire-resistingmaterials.

6.9.21Theexhaustductusedtoexhaustthesubstanceswithexplosionhazardshallbemadeofmetal

materialandshallaccessdirectlytotheoutdoor，anditshallnotembeddinstallation.

6.9.22Fortheexhaustsystemusedtoexhaustorconveyancethesubstanceswithburningorexplosion

hazard，nocontrolvalveshallbeinstalledatthebranchducts，unlessthereisprocessrequirement.

However，thestatic-pressurebalanceshallbecalculatedforthejunctionoftwoductsandbetweenthe

eachbranchducts.

6.9.23Thecomponents，suchasfiredampersandcontroldampers，oftheventilationsystemsthatare

arrangeddirectlyatthesiteswiththeaircontainingthesubstanceswithexplosionhazardandthatare

usedtoexhaustthesubstanceswithexplosionhazardshallcomplywiththeapplicationrequirementsfor

theexplosion-proofplaces.

6.9.24Anti-staticgroundingmeasuresshallbetakenforbothventilationfacilitiesandductsthatare

usedtoexhaustorconveyancethesubstanceswithburningorexplosionhazard.Additionally，ifthenon-

metallicmaterialsareusedfortheflangegasketsorboltwashersofducts，themeasureofflangebridging

jointshallalsobetaken.

6.9.25Heatsupplypipewiththeheatingmediumtemperaturehigherthan110℃shallnotpass

throughanairductwiththeconveyanceofsubstanceswithexplosionhazard，suchasthegasandvapor，

dustoraerosol，andshallnotbelaidalongtheoutsidewalloftheduct.Nonflammablematerialsshallbe

usedforthermelinsulationwhenheatingmediumpipeandairductarelaidingcross-wise.

6.9.26Theductsusedtoexhaustthecombustiblegasmixturethatislighterthanairshallhavean

·41·acclivousslopeintheair-flowdirection，andtheslopegradientshallnotbelessthan0.005.

6.9.27Thecircularductshouldbetakenfortheductusedtoexhaustthedustwithexplosionhazard

andshouldbelaidverticalorinclined.Whentheductarelaidhorizontally，theductshouldnotbetoo

long.Ifitisrequiredtowashoffdustdepositwithwater，theductshallhaveaninclinateslopeintheair-

flowdirection，andtheslopegradientshallnotbelessthan0.01.

6.9.28Whenequippedwithcombustiblegasdetectionandalarmdevice，theexplosion-proofing

ventilationequipmentshallbeinterlockedwiththecombustiblegasdetectionalarmdevice.

6.9.29Metalairductofnon-thermalinsulationorflueductforexhaustorconveyanceofairorgas

mixturewiththetemperaturehigherthan80℃andtheductsorpipeswithconveyanceofthesubstances

withexplosionhazardshallkeepasafetydistancefromeachother.Whenlaidatdifferenthigher，ducts

withhighersurfacetemperatureshallbelaidatupperlever.Airductsshallbekeptthesafetydistance

thatnotlessthan150mmwiththeflammableornonflammablestructuresofabuilding，orthe

noncombustiblematerialswiththethicknessnotlessthan50mmshallbeadoptedforthermalinsulation.

6.9.30Thepipelineswithcombustiblegasandliquid，thecablesandthelikemustnotpass

throughtheinnerchamberoftheductandmustnotbelaidalongtheoutsidewalloftheducts.The

pipeswiththecombustiblegasandliquidshallnotpassthroughtheirrelevantexhaustfanrooms.

6.9.31Ifthereareelectricheatersinducts，theductswithinthescopeof800mmbeforeandafter

electricheatersandtheductspassingthroughtheflammableroomswithignitionsourcesandthelike

shallbemadeofnoninflammablematerials，andthethermalinsulationmaterialsoftheseductsshallalso

benoncombustiblematerial.

·42·7Dustremovalandcleaningofharmfulgasandvapor

7.1Generalrequirements

7.1.1Whenharmfulgasandvaporisdischargedtotheatmosphere，itspollutantsemission

concentrationandrateshallbeinaccordancewiththecurrentrelevantstandardofthenationon

pollutantemission.

7.1.2Whenitisnecessarytoimplementtheinterlockcontrolwithprocessequipment，theequipment

usedfordustremovalandharmfulgasandvaporcleaningshallbestartedearlierandstoppedlaterthan

processequipment.

7.1.3Thedustremovingsystemshallbedividedinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Ifdustysitesworkingatthesametimewithidenticalproceduresarenottoofarapart，onlyone

systemshouldbearranged.

2Thedustysitesworkingatthesametimebutproductingdifferentdustsmayuseonesystemin

casethatmixtureandonecollectionofdifferentdustsareallowableintheprocessorthedustshaveno

valueforcollection.

3Thedustygaswithdifferenttemperatureandrelativehumidityshalluseseparatesystemin

casethattheirmixturewillleadtocondensation.

7.1.4Whentherearemanysourcesofdustfortheprocessequipment，thedustremovingsystem

shouldbesetcentrallyindifferentarea；thenumberoftheexhaustpointconnectingtoeachdust

removingsystemshouldnotbetoomuch；whenthehydraulicbalanceofthesystemcannotbemetby

onlyregulatingductdiameters，thedampersmaybeinstalledonlowresistancebranchesforbalance；

Dampersshouldbearrangedontheverticalduct.

7.1.5Theexhaustairrateofthedustremovingsystemshallbecalculatedbysumofthemaximum

exhaustairrateworkingatthesametimeandtheairleakagerateoftheexhaustpointsforintermittent

operation.Thedampersinterlockingwiththeprocessingequipmentshallbeinstalledateachexhaust

pointforintermittentoperation.Whenthedampersareclosed，theairleakagerateshallbe15%-20%of

thenormalexhaustairrate.

7.1.6Thedustcollectedbythedrydustremovingsystemshallbereturnedtotheproductionprocess

systemforrecyclingorsecondaryutilization.Whenthedusthasnovalueinuse，itshallbetreatedasper

'

thecurrentnationalstandardsonsolidwastesstorage，treatmentorlandfilling.Reentrainmentofdust

shallbepreventedduringthestorageandtransportationofthedust.

7.1.7Theeffluentofthewetdustremovingsystemshallbeuseddirectlywherepossibleandshallbe

treatedbeforerecyclingwhennecessary.Thesludgeformedafterthetreatmentoftheeffluentshallbe

returnedtotheproductionprocesssystemforrecyclingorsecondaryutilization.Whenthesludgehasno

valueinuse，itshallbetreatedasperthecurrentnationalstandardsonsolidwastes'storage，treatment

orlandfilling.

7.2Dustremoval

7.2.1Theselectionofdustcollectorshallbedeterminedaccordingtothefollowingconditionsafter

·43·technicalandeconomiccomparison：

1Thechemicalcomposition，corrosivity，explosibility，temperature，humidity，dewpoint，gas

volumeanddustconcentrationofthedustygas.

2Thechemicalcomposition，density，particlesizedistribution，corrosivity，hydrophile，grinding

degree，specificresistance，bonding，fibrationandflammabilityandexplosibilityofthepowder.

3Allowableemissionconcentrationofthegasordustafterpurification.

4Thepressuredropandtotalseparationefficiencyofadustcollector.

5Thecollectionvalueofdustandutilizationformofcollecteddust.

6Equipmentcost，operatingcost，servicelife，sitelayoutofdustcollectorandexteriorwaterand

powerconditionsandthelike.

7Thecomplicationextentforthemaintenanceandmanagement.

7.2.2Thedrycollectionshouldbeselectedforthedustcleaning.Thewetseparationmaybeselectedif

itismorereasonablethanthedrycollection.

7.2.3Fabriccollectorsshouldbeadoptedwhenthedustwiththeparticlesizelargerthan0.1μmand

3

thetemperaturelowerthan250℃andthedustconcentrationlowerthan50g/m.Theperformance

parametersofthefabriccollectorshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Thetotalseparationefficiencyofthefabriccollectorshallbemettotherequirementsofthe

pollutantsdischargestandardortechnicalrequirementsofthedustremovingprocessforthedust

collector.Thetotalefficiencyofthefiltercollectorshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothedistributionof

bothparticlesizeandqualityofthedustthatisactuallydisposedandthegradeefficiencyofthedust

collector.

2Theoperatingresistanceofthefabriccollectorsshouldbe1200Pa-2000Pa.

3Thefiltrationvelocityofthefabriccollectorshallbedeterminedasperthefactorssuchastypes

ofthedust，dislodgingmethodandperformanceofthefiltermedia.Whenusedthepulsejetdislodging，

thefiltrationvelocityshouldnotbelargerthan1.2m/min.Ifotherdislodgingmethodsareadopted，the

filtrationvelocityshouldnotbelargerthan0.60m/min.

4Theairsystemleakageratioofthefabriccollectorshallbelessthan4%andshallmeetthedust-

removalprocessrequirements.

7.2.4Forfabriccollector，thedustdislodgingmethodshallbedeterminedaspertheengineering

condition，thepulsejet，reverseblowingmethodsshouldbeadopted，andthemechanicalrappingand

hybriddustdislodgingmethodsmaybeadopted，andshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Forthehumid，rainyregions，atmosphericairshouldnotbeuseddirectlyasthereverseblowing

gassource.

2Whentheinterfusionofairtendstocausecombustionorexplosioninthedustcollectors，air

shallnotbeusedasthedust-cleaninggas.

3Forthereverse-blowingfabriccollectorwiththenumberofbaghouseslargerthanandequalto

4，theoff-linedust-cleaningmethodsshouldbeadopted.

7.2.5Thefiltermediaofthefabriccollectorshallbeadapttothegastobetreated.Theheatresistance，

hydrolyticresistance，antioxygenicpropertyandcorrosionresistanceofthefiltermediashallmeetthe

applicationrequirements.Whenthetechnicalandeconomicconditionsarereasonable，thefiltermedia

wiichhasbeencoatedonthesurfaceshallbeselected.

·44·7.2.6Cyclonedustseparatorsmaybeusedaspreliminarydustcollectors.Theparametersfor

calculationofthecyclonesshallbeinaccordancewiththosespecifiedinTable7.2.6.

Table7.2.6Parametersforcalculationofcyclonedustseparator

ParameterParameterindex

Inletwindspeed12m/s-25m/s

Barrelsectioncurrentwindspeed3m/s-5m/s

Resistance800Pa-1500Pa

Allowableoperativetemperature＜450℃

3

Allowabledustconcentration1000g/m

7.2.7Thetotalseparationefficiencyofthewetdustcollectorshallbemettherequirementsofthe

pollutantsdischargestandardortechnicalrequirementsofthedustremovalprocessforthedust

collector.Theparametersforcalculationofthewetdustcollectorshallbeinaccordancewiththose

specifiedinTable7.2.7.

Table7.2.7Parametersforcalculationofthewetdustcollector

Applicabledust

TotalseparationWindspeedResistanceCircuitflowrate

Equipmentparticlesize

3

efficiency（%）（m/s）（Pa）（L/m）

（μm）

Water-filmseparator≥80Inletwindspeed16-20600-9000.1-0.4≥5

Impactdustcollector≥85Inletwindspeed18-351000-16000.2-0.5≥1

Throatopeningwind

Venturiscrubber≥952000-60000.3-1.0≥1

speed30-80

Wettriple-effectdust

≥85Inletwindspeed16-201000-40001.0-1.5≥1

collector

Superficialwindspeed

Sprayscrubber≥70250-5000.4-2.7≥5

0.6-1.5

4

7.2.8Whenusingelectrostaticprecipitator，thespecificresistanceofdustshallbe1×10Ω·cm-4×

12

10Ω·cm.

7.2.9Thedustcollectorusedtocleanthesubstanceswithexplosionhazardshallmeetthe

requirementslistedinArticle6.9.9-Article6.9.14inthiscode.

7.2.10Whenthereispossibleofdeworfreezing，themeasuressuchasthermalinsulation，heattracing

andindoorarrangementshallbetakenforthedustcollector.

7.3Cleaningofharmfulgasandvapor

7.3.1Thecleaningofharmfulgasandvaporshallbedeterminedaccordingtothephysicaland

chemicalpropertiesoftheharmfulgasandvapor，andshallbeselectedthroughthetechnicaland

economiccomparison，forwhichthemethodssuchasintake，absorption，condensation，catalytic

combustion，biochemicalprocess，electronbeamirradiationandphotocatalyticmethodcouldbetaken.

Thefinalproductsoftheharmfulgasandvaporcleaningshallbetreatedwithaviewtorecycling

harmfulsubstances，producingotherproductsandgeneratingharmlesssubstances.

7.3.2Theselectionofabsorptionequipmentforcleaningharmfulgasandvaporshallbeinaccordance

·45·withthefollowingrequirements：

1Theeconomicandreasonableairwindspeedfortheabsorptionequipmentshallbeselected

accordingtotheabsorbedgasandvapor，absorbent，scrubberformsandpurificationefficiency.

2Thereshouldbecounter-currentrunning，alargecontactarea，acertaincontactperiodand

intenseagitationbetweenharmfulgasandvaporandabsorbent.

3Suitablegas-liquidratioshallbeadoptedaccordingtothedifficultylevelfortheabsorptionof

harmfulgasandvapor，andthegas-liquidratioshouldbeadjustable.

4Thereshallbeair-flowdistributiondevicesinstalledatthegasentranceoftheabsorption

equipment，andthereshallbedemistequipmentinstalledattheoutlet.

5Theequipmentshallbeofcorrosionresistanceandoperateinasafety，reliablemanner.

6Thestructureoftheequipmentshallbesimpleandshouldbeeasytobefabricatedand

maintained.

7.3.3Theabsorbentshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Itshallhaveahighsolubilityfortheabsorbates，afastabsorptionrateandafavorableselectivity.

2Itsvaporpressureshallbelow.

3Itshallhavealowviscosity，agoodchemicalstability，alowcorrosivity，notoxicityoralow

toxicityandshallbefireretardant.

4Itspriceshallbereasonable，anditshallbereusedeasily.

5Itshallmakefortherecyclingortreatmentoftheabsorbates.

7.3.4Thelow-concentrationtoxic，harmfulgasandvaporshallbecleanedwiththeadsorption

method，andtheadsorbentshouldberecycledandreused.Theparticles，oilmist，thegaseouspollutants

thatarehardtobediffusedandtheingredientsthatcancauseadsorbentpoisoningshallberemoved

beforetheadsorptiontreatmentforthewastegas.Thegastemperature，humidity，concentration，

pressureandotherelementsshallalsobeadjustedtomeettherequirementsoftheadsorptionprocess

operation.

7.3.5Theadsorptionequipmentshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Itshouldbedesignedbasedon120%ofthemaximumexhaustairrate.

2Itspurificationefficiencyshouldnotbelessthan90%.

3Thecontinuousserviceperiodoftheadsorbentshallnotbelessthan3months.

4Theairvelocityoftheadsorptionlayerofthefixedbedadsorptionequipmentshallbe

determinedaccordingtothematerial，structureandpropertyoftheadsorbent.Ifadoptedthegranular

activecarbon，itshouldbe0.20m/s-0.60m/s.Ifusedtheactivecarbonfiberfelt，itshouldbe0.10m/s-

0.15m/s，andifusedthealveolateadsorbent，itshouldbe0.70m/s-1.2m/s.

5Thecontacttimebetweentheadsorbentandharmfulgasandvaporshouldbe0.5s-2.0s.

7.3.6Iftheadsorptionmethodisadoptedforcleaningtheharmfulgasandvapor，activecarbon，silica

gel，activealuminiumoxide，molecularsieveandthelikeshouldbeselectedastheadsorbent.

7.3.7Forthedesorptionoftheadsorbent，themethodsofheatingup，depressurization，replacement，

purging，chemicalconversionandthelikemaybeadopted，andthecombinationofthesemethodsmay

alsobeadopted.Additionally，itshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Thedesorptionproductsshouldbeseparatedandrecycled.

2Iftheactivecarbonisselectedastheadsorbent，thetemperatureofthedesorptiongasshouldbe

below120℃.

·46·3Ifcondensedthedesorptiongasisusedforrecyclingtheorganicsolvents，thecoolingwater

shouldbelow-temperaturewater.

7.4Equipmentlayout

7.4.1Whenthecollecteddustisallowedtobedirectlybackintheprocess，thedustcollectorshouldbe

arrangedattheupperpartsofthebeltconveyors，storehousesandothermanufacturingfacilities.When

thecollecteddustisnotallowedtobebackorhardtobebackdirectlyintheprocess，thedustcollector

maybearrangedatothersuitablesite，butthedusthopperandthecorrespondinghandlingequipment

shallbeprovided.

7.4.2Thedustcollectorshouldbearrangedatthenegative-pressuresectionofthesystem.Whenthe

dustcollectorisinstalledatthepositive-pressuresection，thedustexhaustingfanshouldbeadopted.The

imbalanceratioofthecalculatedpressuredropforeachventilationpointofthedustremovingsystem

shouldnotbelargerthan10%.Whenstillcannotbeloweredasrequiredbyadjustingpipediametersor

changingairflowrate，airvolumeregulatormaybeinstalled.

7.4.3Ifitispossiblethatthewetdustcollectorwouldbefrozen，theantifreezingmeasuresshallbe

taken.Inseverecoldzone，itshallbeinstalledindoors；incoldzone，itshouldbeinstalledindoors.

7.4.4Themeasuresforpreventingairleakageshallbetakenforthedischargeductofdrydust

collectorandthewastewaterdischargepipeofwetdustcollector.

7.4.5Ifthefabriccollectorisarrangedindoor，thespacefortheeasierinspectionandreplacementof

thefilteringbagsshallbereserved.

7.4.6Operatingplatformsshallbearrangedoroperatingspaceshallberemainedfortheequipment

dampers，motors，manholes，detectingholes，andthelike.

7.4.7Whentheequipmentisarrangedonroof，itshallbedesignedaccordingtotherequirementsofthe

humanroof.

7.5Exhaustverticalpipe

7.5.1Theheightoftheexhaustverticalpipeshallmeettherequirementsofthecurrentrelevant

standardsofthenationonairpollutantsemissionandshallnotbelowerthan15m.

7.5.2Theoutletwindspeedoftheexhaustverticalpipeshouldbe15m/s-20m/s.Theairexhausting

capacityshouldbereservedfortheconcentrated，largeexhaustverticalpipes.

7.5.3Thesamplingapertureusedformonitoring，monitoringplatformandothernecessaryauxiliary

facilitiesshallbearrangedfortheexhaustverticalpipes.

7.5.4Insulatinglayers，anti-corrosionlayersandthelikeshallbeinstalledaccordingtothefumes

conditionsfortheexhaustverticalpipes.

7.5.5Themultipleemissionpointsincertainareashouldbecombinedtoconcentratedexhaustvertical

pipe.

7.6Dustinhibition

7.6.1Withoutaffectingproductingandchangingmaterialproperties，thehydraulicsprayingdust

inhibitionshouldbeadoptedforthesourceofdust.

7.6.2Fortheplantbuildingwheredustisemitted，vacuumcleaningshouldbeadoptedfortheground

cleaning.Thesetofthevacuumcleaninginstallationshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

·47·requirements：

1Themaximumvacuumdegreeshouldbelargerthan30kPa.

2Theinspiratoryvolumeshouldallowthesimultaneousoperationof2-3suctionnozzlesand

maybedesignedasperthe3.0mm-30mmparticlesizeofdustormaterial.

3Thesettingofmobileorstationaryvacuumcleaninginstallationshallbedeterminedaccording

tothecleaningarea，dustunloadingconditionsandotherfactors.

4Thevacuumcleaninginstallationshallbeprovidedwiththefunctionofautomaticprotection.

7.6.3Thedesignofthevacuumcleaningpipingsystemshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Anindividualvacuumcleaningpipingsystemshouldbearrangedforeachproductionunitand

thecorrespondingstorehouse.

2Thereasonabledistancesbetweendustsuckingmouthshallbedeterminedaccordingtothe

lengthsofthedustcollectionflexiblepipeandtheirworkingradiuses.

3Thematerialofthedustcollectionpipeshallbedeterminedaccordingtothedustproperty.

4Whenbranchpipesareledinthroughthemainpipe，thebranchpipecouplingsorY-joints

shouldbeapplied，andthebranchpipesshallbeinsertedthroughthesidesorupperpartofthemainpipe.

Additionally，itshallbeensuredthattheanglebetweentheflowdirectionsofthematerialinthebranch

pipesandthematerialinthemainpipeisnotlargerthan15°，andtheflowdirectionsofthematerialinthe

branchpipesandthemainpipearethesame.

5Thecurvatureradiusesofelbowpipesshallnotbelessthan4timesofthenominalpipe

diameter.

7.7Transportationofdust

7.7.1Thedustconveyingshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Whenthehumidifieddustismoreeasierrecycling，thedustshallbeconveyingafterhumidified

ormixedthepulp.

2Ifthedustcollectedwithdustcollectorsrequiresdistanttransportation，mechanicalor

pneumaticconveyingshouldbeadoptedasthedryconveyingmethod.

3Fortheselectionofthemechanicalconveyingequipment，theconveyingcapacityofthelatter

equipmentshallnotbelessthanthatoftheformerequipment.Thereshallbeover50%ofallowancefor

thecapacityofthepneumaticconveyingequipment.

4Whenashisdischargedfromtheashstoragesilo，thevacuumtanktrucks，dust-freeloading

devicesandhumidifiersshouldbeapplied；ifthetrucks，devicesandhumidifiersmaynotbeused，local

exhaustventilationshallbeinstalledatthedischargeddustlocation.

7.7.2Theadoptionofthepneumaticconveyingequipmentshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowin

requirements：

1Whenconveyingthedustwithexplosionhazard，explosion-proofingmeasuresshallbetakenfor

pneumaticconveyingsystem.

2Anintermediateashesstoragesiloshouldbeinstalledbeforethepneumaticconveying

equipment，andthecapacityoftheintermediateashesstoragesiloshallbedesignedonthebasisof1d-

2dduststorageamount.

3Wearproofmeasuresshouldbetakenforthewearingcomponentsofthepneumaticconveying

·48·pipeline.

4Whenanamountofthedustwithstrongabrasionistransported，sparesilopumpdust

conveyingsystemshouldbearranged.

5Thecurvatureradiusesofelbowpipesinthepipesshallnotbelassthan8timesofthenominal

diameter.

·49·8Airconditioning

8.1Generalrequirements

8.1.1Theindustrialairconditioningsystemshallmeettherequirementsoftheairparametersfor

productionprocessesorproducts；thecomfortairconditioningshallmeettherequirementsoftheair

parametersforhumancomfortandhealth.

8.1.2Underoneofthefollowingcases，airconditioningshallbearranged：

1Whentherequirementsofprocessonindoortemperature，humidity，cleanlinessandthelikecan

notbemetbyheatingandventilation.

2Whentheairconditioningmaycontributetoahigherlaborproductivity，alowerlifecycle

costingoftheequipmentandmoreeconomicbenefits.

3Whentheairconditioningmaycontributetoprotecthealthoftheoccupant.

4Whentheairconditioningmaycontributetoimproveandensureproductquality.

5Theairconditioningsystemismorecost-effectivethantheheatingandventilationsystem.

8.1.3Theairconditioningzoneandtheequipmentemittingheatandmoistureshouldbereducedwhen

theprocessrequirementsaresatisfied.Whentherequirementscanbesatisfiedbythelocalorlocal-

regionalairconditioning，thewhole-plantairconditioningshallnotbeapplied.

8.1.4Forthelargespaceoftheindustrialbuilding，stratifiedairconditioningshouldbearrangedwhena

certaintemperatureandhumidityisrequiredonlyforthelowerproductionareas.Iftherearedifferent

requirementsoftemperatureandhumidityfordifferentareas，thezonedairconditioningshouldbeapplied.

8.1.5Theairpressureinairconditioningzonesshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Fortheindustrialairconditioning，theairpressureshallbedeterminedaccordingtotheprocess

requirements.

2Ifthereiswithoutprocessrequirement，thepressuredifferencebetweentheconditionedzone

andoutdoorsshouldbemaintainedas5Pa-10Pa；ifthereisanypressuredifferencerequirementfor

differentconditionedzones，thepressuredifferencebetweentheconditionedzonesshouldbe5Pa-10Pa.

8.1.6Theconditionedzonesshouldbearrangedinaconcentration.Theconditionedzoneswithsimilar

indoorreferencesforallowablefluctuationrangeofroomtemperatureandrelativehumidityand

applicationrequirementsshouldbearrangedadjacently.

8.1.7Thecoefficientofheattransferforbuildingenvelopeintheindustrialconditionedzonesshallnot

belargerthanthevaluesstipulatedinTable8.1.7andshallbemettherequirementsofArticle5.2.4in

thiscode.

Table8.1.7Thelimitsofthemaximumcoefficientofheattransfercoefficient（Kvalue）

2

forthebuildingenvelopesofindustrialconditionedzone［W（/m·℃）］

Perature（℃）

Nameofbuildingenvelope

±（0.1-0.2）±0.5±1.0

Roof--0.8

Ceiling0.50.80.9

·50·Table8.1.7（continued）

Perature（℃）

Nameofbuildingenvelope

±（0.1-0.2）±0.5±1.0

Exteriorwall0.81.0

Interiorwallandfloorslab0.70.91.2

Note：Therevelentvaluesofinteriorwallandfloorslabinthetableshallbeonlyapplicablewhenthetemperaturedifferencebetweenthe

adjacentconditionedzonesislargerthan3℃.

8.1.8Fortheindustrialconditionedzone，whentheallowedindoorfluctuationrangeoftemperature

islessthanorequalto±0.5℃，theindexofthermalinertia（Dvalue）ofbuildingenvelopeshallnotbe

lessthanthosespecifiedinTable8.1.8.

Table8.1.8Indexofthermalinertia（Dvalue）ofbuildingenvelope

Allowedindoorfluctuationrangefortemperature（℃）

Buildingenvelope

±（0.1-0.2）±0.5

Exteriorwall-4

Roof-3

Ceiling43

8.1.9Theexteriorwall，theorientationoftheexteriorwallandthefloorsofthewallfortheindustrial

conditionedzoneshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsspecifiedinTable8.1.9.Theconditioned

zonewithallowedindoorfluctuationrangeoftemperaturelessthanorequalto±0.5℃shouldbe

arrangedintheconditionedzonewithalargerallowedindoorfluctuationrangeoftemperature，andwhen

thezonesarearrangedinsingle-floorbuilding，ventilatedroofshouldbeconstructed.

Table8.1.9Exteriorwall，orientationofwallandfloor

Allowedindoorfluctuation

ExteriorwallOrientationoftheexteriorwallLayerfloorlocation

rangefortemperature（℃）

Exteriorwallsshouldbe

±1.0TheorientationshouldbenorthThetopfloorshouldbeavoided

reduced

TheorientationshallbenorthifThewallsshouldbeatthe

±0.5Exteriorwallsshouldnotbeset

thereareexteriorwallsgroundfloor

Thewallsshouldbeatthe

±0.1-0.2Exteriorwallsshallnotbeset-

groundfloor

Note：Northorientationisapplicablefortheregionstothenorthoflatitude23.5°N；thesouthorientedmaybeadoptedfortheregionstothe

southof23.5°N.

8.1.10Fortheconditionedzonewiththeallowablefluctuationrangeoftheroomtemperatureislarger

than±1.0℃，theopenableexteriorwindowshallbeinstalled.

8.1.11Fortheindustrialconditionedzone，whentheallowablefluctuationrangeoftheroom

temperatureislargerthan±1.0℃，theorientationoftheexteriorwindowsshouldbenorth；iftherange

isequalto±1.0℃，nowindowshallbeeastorwestoriented；whentherangeisequalto±0.5℃，there

shouldbenoexteriorwindows，andifthereareexteriorwindows，thewindowsshallbenorthoriented.

8.1.12Thedooranddoorfoyeroftheindustrialconditionedzoneshallbeinaccordancewiththe

requiremnentsofTable8.1.12.Thedoorslotanditsframeshallbetight.Whenthetemperature

differenceattwosidesofthedoorislargerthanorequalto7℃，thermalinsulatingdoorshallbeadopted.

·51·Table8.1.12Doorsanddoorfoyer

Allowablerangeof

fluctuationfortheroomExteriordoorsandanteroomInteriordoorsandfoyer

temperature（℃）

Exteriordoorsshouldnotbeinstalled；FoyerWhenthetemperaturedifferencebetweenthetwosidesof

±1.0shallbeinstalledforfrequentopenedexteriorthedoorislargerthanorequalto7℃，foyershouldbe

doorinstalled

Whenthetemperaturedifferencebetweenthetwosidesof

±0.5Exteriordoorsshallnotbearranged

thedoorislargerthan3℃，foyershouldbeinstalled

Interiordoorshouldnotleadtotheadjacentroomwitha

±0.1-0.2-differentroomtemperaturereferenceorwiththeallowable

fluctuationrangeoftheroomtemperaturelargerthan±1.0℃

8.1.13Fortheall-airairsystembasedoneliminatingexcessiveheatandmoistureexcess，itsoutdoor

airratioshouldbeadjustable，andtheequipmentforfulloutdoorairmodeintransitionseasonsshallbe

installed.

8.1.14Fortheairconditioningsystemsdesignoftheindustrialbuildingwithalargerscaleand

complexfunctions，theprogramshouldbeoptimizedthroughtheanalysisonthecomprehensiveenergy

consumptionforthewholeyearandthecomparisonsoftheinvestment，operatingcostandthelike.

8.2Loadcalculation

8.2.1Thecoolingloadoftheconditionedzonemaybeestimatedwiththecoolingloadindexinthe

schemedesignorpreliminarydesignphase，andthehourlycoolingloadshallbecalculatedinthe

constructiondocumentsphase.

8.2.2Thewinterheatingloadoftheconditionedzoneshallbecalculatedinaccordancewiththe

requirementsoftheSection5.2inthiscode，theoutdoordesignparametersshallbetheoutdoordesign

parametersforwinterairconditioning.

8.2.3Thecalculatedheatgainsfortheconditionedzonesinsummershallincludethefollowingitems：

1Theheattransferedthroughthebuildingenvelope.

2Thesolarradiantheatthroughthetransparentpartsofthebuildingenvelope.

3Heatgainfromoccupants.

4Heatgainfromlighting.

5Theheatreleasefromtheequipment，instruments，pipelineandotherindoorheatsources.

6Heatreleasefromfoodormaterials.

7Heatbroughtinbyinfiltratedairfromtheoutdoor.

8Latentheatproducedalongwithvariousmoisturegainprocesses.

9Theheattransferredfromnon-conditionedzonesorotherconditionedzones.

8.2.4Thecoolingloadforconditionedzonesoftheindustrialbuildingsinsummershallbedetermined

throughthecalculationbasedonthecategoriesandpropertiesoftheheatgainsofvariousitemsaswell

astheheatstoragecapacityoftheconditionedzones，anditshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Whentheproductioncontinuouslyfor24-hour，theheatgainfromproductionprocessing

applianceandequipment，heatgainfromoccupantsandtheheatreleaseoflightingfixturesmaybe

·52·calculatedwiththesteady-stateheattransfermethod；

2Whentheproductionintermittently，thecoolingloadformedbytheheatgainfromproduction

processingapplianceandequipment，heatgainfromoccupantsandtheheatreleaseoflightingfixtures，

aswellastheunsteady-stateheattransferthroughthebuildingenvelope，thesolarradiantheatentering

throughthetransparentpartsandthelikeshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheunsteady-stateheat

transfermethod.Thehourlyvaluesoftheheatgainsshallnotbeuseddirectlyastherealtimevaluesof

thecoolingloadsforeachrelevantmoment.

8.2.5Whencalculatingtheheattransferofbuildingenvelopeinsummer，theoutdoordesign

temperatureortheadjacentroomdesigntemperatureshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing

requirements：

1Fortheexteriorwindowortheothertransparentparts，theoutdoordesignhourlytemperature

forsummerairconditioningshallbeadopted，andthetemperatureshallbecalculatedaccordingtothe

Formula（4.2.10-1）inthiscode.

2Fortheexteriorwallsandroofs，theoutdoordesignhourlysol-airtemperatureshallbeadopted

andshallbecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingformula：

ρJ

t=t+（8.2.5-1）

zssh

α

w

Where：t—Outdoordesignhourlysol-airtemperatureforsummerairconditioning（℃）；

zs

t—Outdoordesignhourlytemperatureforsummerairconditioning，whichshallbeadopted

sh

accordingtotherequirementsofArticle4.2.10inthiscode（℃）；

ρ—Absorptioncoefficientofexteriorsurfaceofbuildingenvelopetosolarradiantheat；

2

J—Hourlytotalsolarirradiancefortheorientationofthebuildingenvelope（W/m）shallbe

adoptedaccordingtotherequirementsofAppendixCinthiscode；

2

α—Heattransfercoefficientofthebuildingenvelope［W/（m·℃）］.

w

3Forallowablefluctuationrangeoftheroomtemperaturelargerthanorequalto±1.0℃，the

approximateoutdoordesignaveragedailysol-airtemperaturemaybeadoptedfortheoutdoordesign

temperatureofnon-light-weightexteriorwall，anditshallbecalculatedaccordingtothefollowing

formula：

ρJ

p

t=t+（8.2.5-2）

zpwp

α

w

Where：t—Outdoordesignaveragedailysol-airtemperatureforsummerairconditioning（℃）；

zp

t—Outdoordesignmeandailytemperatureforsummerairconditioning，whichshallbeadopted

wp

accordingtotherequirementsofArticle4.2.9inthiscode（℃）；

2

J—Meandailyvalueofthetotalsolarirradianceintheorientationofthebuildingenvelope（W/m）.

p

4Fortheinternalenvelopessuchaspartitionwalls，floorslabsandthelike，whentheadjacent

roomsarenon-conditionedzones，thedesignmeantemperatureoftheadjacentroomsmaybeadopted，

anditshallbecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingformula：

t=t+Δt（8.2.5-3）

1swp1s

Where：t—Designmeantemperatureofadjacentroom（℃）；

1s

Δt—Differencebetweenthedesignmeantemperatureofadjacentroomandtheoutdoordesign

1s

meandailytemperatureforsummerairconditioning，whichshouldbeadoptedaccordingto

Table8.2.5（℃）.

·53·Table8.2.5Valueoftemperaturedifference

Δt

Volumetricheatreleaserateofadjacentroom

1s

3

（W/m）（℃）

Little（suchasoffices，corridorsandthelike）0-2

＜233

23-1165

8.2.6Hourlycoolingloadscausedbytheheattransferofexteriorwallsandroofsshouldbecalculated

accordingtothe（Formula8.2.6）.Iftheroofsarelocatedoutsidetheconditionedzones，coolingloads

causedbytheheattransferoftheroofsshallbemodifiedbasedonthecalculatedresultsby（Formula

8.2.6）：

-t）（8.2.6）

CL=KF（t

w1n

Where：CL—Hourlycoolingloadsformedbytheheattransferoftheexteriorwallsorroofs（W）；

2

K—Coefficientofheattransfer［W/（m·℃）］；

2

F—Heattransferarea（m）；

t—Hourlycoolingloadcalculatingtemperatureofexteriorwallsorroofs（℃），whichis

w1

determinedthroughconvertiblecalculationbasedont，theoutdoordesignhourlysol-air

zs

temperatureforsummerairconditioning，accordingtotheheatstoragecapacityandheat

transfercharacteristicsoftheconditionedzones；

t—Indoordesigntemperatureforsummerairconditioning（℃）.

n

8.2.7Fortheconditionedzonewithallowablefluctuationrangeoftheroomtemperaturelargerthanor

equalto±1.0℃，thecoolingloadformedbytheheattransferofnon-light-weightexteriorwallmaybe

calculatedaccordingtothefollowingformula：

CL=KF（t-t）（8.2.7）

zpn

Where：CL—Hourlycoolingloadsformedthroughtheheattransferoftheexteriorwallsorroofs（W）；

2

K—Coefficientofheattransfer［W/（m·℃）］；

2

F—Heattransferarea（m）；

t—Outdoordesignaveragedailysol-airtemperatureforsummerairconditioning（℃）；

zp

t—Indoordesigntemperatureforsummerairconditioning（℃）.

n

8.2.8Hourlycoolingloadformedbyheattransferatexteriorwindowbythetemperaturedifference

shouldbecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingformula：

CL=KF（t-t）（8.2.8）

w1n

Where：CL—Hourlycoolingloadformedbyheattransferatexteriorwindowbythetemperature

difference（W）；

2

K—Coefficientofheattransfer［W/（m·℃）］；

2

F—Heattransferarea（m）；

t—Hourlycoolingloadcalculatingtemperatureofexteriorwindows（℃），whichisdetermined

w1

throughtheconvertiblecalculationbasedont，theoutdoordesignhourlytemperaturefor

sh

summerairconditioningthatisdeterminedofArticle4.2.10inthiscode，accordingtothe

geographicallocationofthebuildingandtheheatstoragecapacityandheattransfer

characteristicsoftheconditionedzones；

t—Indoordesigntemperatureforsummerairconditioning（℃）.

n

·54·8.2.9Whenthesummertemperaturedifferencebetweentheconditionedzonesandtheadjoining

roomsislargerthan3℃，thecoolingloadsformedbytheheattransferthroughpartitionwalls，floorslabs

andotherinteriorbuildingenvelopesshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothefollowingformula：

CL=KF（t-t）（8.2.9）

1sn

Where：CL—Coolingloadsformedbytheheattransferoftheinteriorbuildingenvelope（W）；

2

K—Coefficientofheattransfer［W/（m·℃）］；

2

F—Heattransferarea（m）；

t—Meandesigntemperatureofadjoiningroom（℃）；

1s

t—Indoordesigntemperatureforsummerairconditioning（℃）.

n

8.2.10Ifthereareexteriorwallsintheindustrialconditionedzone，andallowablefluctuationrangeof

theroomtemperatureislessthanorequalto±1.0℃，thecoolingloadformedbytheheattransferofthe

groundwithinthescope2mfromtheexteriorwallsshouldbecalculated.Inotherconditions，thecooling

loadformedbytheheattransferofthegroundinsummermaynotbecalculated.

8.2.11Thesolarradiantheatenteringtheconditionedzonesthroughtheexteriorwindowsortheother

transparentpartsshallbedeterminedbycalculationaccordingtothelocalsolarirradiance，thestructures

oftheexteriorwindowsorothertransparentparts，thetypeofthesun-shadingfacilities，theinfluenceof

thenearbyhigh-risebuildingsorshadowandotherfactors.

8.2.12Thecoolingloadsformedbythesolarradiantheatenteringtheconditionedzonesthroughthe

exteriorwindowsorothertransparentpartsshallbedeterminedthroughcalculationthesolarradiant

heatstipulatedaccordingtoArticle8.2.11inthisCodeandconsideringthetypesoftheexterior

windowsorsun-shadingfacilitiesforothertransparentparts，thedistributioncharacteristicsoftheindoor

air，theheatstoragecapacityoftheconditionedzonesandotherfactors.

8.2.13Whencalculatingthecoolingloadsformedbytheheatreleasedfromequipment，humanbody，

lightingandotherthermalsources，thesuitableequipmentpowercoefficients，simultaneoususage

coefficients，ventilationthermalinsulationcoefficientsandthepercentageofmen，womenandchildren

shallberespectivelyselectedaccordingtothethermalstoragecharacteristicoftheconditionedzones，

differentfunctionsandtheoperationperiodoftheequipment，andtheactuallymeasuredvaluesshould

beadoptediftheconditionsallow.Whenthepercentageofthecoolingloadsformedbytheheatrelease

fromtheequipment，humanbody，lightingandotherheatsourcesinthecoolingloadsoftheconditioned

zonesisrelativelysmall，theinfluenceoftheheatstoragecharacteristicoftheconditionedzonemaynot

betakenintoaccount.

8.2.14Thedesignmoisturegaininconditionedzonesinsummershallincludethefollowingitems：

1Moisturegainfromoccupants.

2Moisturegainfromthetechnologicalprocess.

3Moisturegainfromvariousdampsurfaces，liquidsurfaceorliquidflows.

4Moisturegainfromapplianceandequipment.

5Moisturegainfromfoodorothermaterials.

6Moisturegainfromtheinfiltrationair.

8.2.15Whendeterminingthemoisturegain，appropriatepercentageofmen，womenandchildren，

equipmentsimultaneoususagecoefficientsandventilationcoefficientsshallberespectivelyselected

accordingtothecategoryofthemoisturesources.Theactuallymeasuredvaluesshallbeadoptedifthe

conditionsallow.

·55·8.2.16Thecalculationofthecoolingloadfortheairconditioninginsummershallbeinaccordance

withthefollowingrequirements：

1Thecoolingloadofconditionedzonesshallbedeterminedaccordingtothemaximumvalueof

varioushourlycoolingloads.

2Thecalculationofthecoolingloadsoftheairconditioningsystemshallbeinaccordancewith

thefollowingrequirements：

1）Ifthereareautomaticcontroldevicesfortheroomtemperatureinallconditionedzones，the

coolingloadsshouldbedeterminedaccordingtothemaximumsumofthehourlycoolingload

foreachconditionedzones；iftherearenoautomaticcontroldevicesfortheroomtemperature，

thecoolingloadsmaybedeterminedaccordingtotheaccumulatedvaluesofthecoolingloads

fortheconditionedzones.

2）Whencalculatingthecoolingloadfromoutdoorair，theoutdoordesigndry-bulbandwet-bulb

temperatureforsummerairconditioningshouldbeadoptedastheoutdoorairparametersfor

calculation.

3）Theadditionalcoolingloads，suchasheataddedduetofan，leakagelossesintheairductsand

reheat，shallbeincludedintothecalculation.

3Thecalculationofthecoolingloadsofthecoolingsourcesfortheairconditioningshallbe

determinedinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1）Thecoolingloadsofthecoolingsourcesshouldbedeterminedaccordingtothecomprehensively

maximumvalueofeachairconditioningsystem，andthesimultaneoususagecoefficientshould

beapplied.

2）Thecalculationofcoolingloadfromoutdoorairshouldbeadoptedbasedonthehourly

enthalpyofoutdoorairforsummer，andthecomprehensivelymaximumvalueshouldbe

adoptedwhensummarizingthetotalcoolingloadsoftheairconditioningsystemandthe

coolingloadfromoutdoorair.

3）Thecoolinglossfromthepipingsystemoftheairsonditioningsystemshallbetakeninto

account.

8.3Airconditioningsystem

8.3.1Theselectionoftheairconditioningsystemshallbedeterminedthroughtechnicalandeconomic

comparisonaccordingtouseandscale，usingcharacteristics，loadvariationandparameterrequirements

ofthebuilding，themeteorologicalconditionsandstatusofenergyresourceinthelocationofbuilding.

8.3.2Ifdifferentconditionedzonesareunderoneofthefollowingcases，theall-airsystemsshouldbe

installedrespectivelyforthesezones.Iftheintegratedinstallationisnecessary，theall-airsystemshallbe

abletoadapttothedifferentrequirementsofdifferentzones：

1Conditionedzoneswithdifferentservicetime.

2Conditionedzoneswithindoorreferenceforairtemperatureandrelativehumidityandallowed

indoorfluctuationrangeoftemperatureandrelativehumidity.

3Conditionedzoneswithdifferentrequirementsonaircleanliness.

4Conditionedzoneswithdifferentcriteriafornoisecontrol.

5Whenheatsupplyandcoldsupplyareneededseparatelyatthesametime.

8.3.3Theconstantvolumeairconditioningsystemshouldbeadoptedforthefollowingairconditioned

·56·zones：

1Conditionedzoneswithlargespaceandlotsofoccupants.

2Conditionedzoneswithsmallallowedindoorfluctuationoftemperatureandrelativehumidity.

3Conditionedzoneswithhighstandardsonnoiseorcleanliness.

4Theoutdoorairmaybeusedasthecoolingsourceinthetransitionseasonsfortheconditioned

zones.

8.3.4Ifagreatersupplyairtemperaturedifferenceisallowablefortheconditionedzone，theconstant

volumeairconditioningsystemwiththeprimaryreturnairshouldbeadopted.

8.3.5Underoneofthefollowingcases，returnairfansmaybeinstalledfortheall-airsystem：

1Thevariationofoutdoorairrateindifferentseasonsisgreater，butotherventilationmeasures

maynotmeettherequirementsoftheairratevariation；

2Whentheresistanceofthereturnairsystemisgreat，andtheinstallationofthereturnairfanis

economicalandreasonable.

8.3.6Thevariableairvolumeairconditioningsystemshouldnotbeadoptediftheallowable

fluctuationrangeofthetemperatureandrelativehumidityissmallorthenoisecontrolrequirementsis

strictintheconditionedzones.Thevariableairvolumeairconditioningsystemmaybeadoptedifitis

technicallyandeconomicallyreasonableandanyoneofthefollowingcasesissatisfied：

1Whenthesystemservesmultipleconditionedzoneswheretheloadvariationineachzoneis

relativelylarge，thelow-loadoperationdurationisrelativelylong，andindoortemperatureneedstobe

controlledrespectively.

2Whenthesystemservesasingleconditionedzonewherethelow-loadoperatingdurationis

relativelylongandtherelativehumidityisnotexcessivelyhigh.

8.3.7Ifthevariableairvolumeairconditioningsystemisadopted，itshallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Variablespeedadjustmentshallbeadoptedforfans.

2Themeasuresofensuringtheminimumoutdoorairrateshallbetaken.

3Themaximumsupplyairvolumefortheconditionedzonesshallbedeterminedaccordingtothe

summercoolingloadsintheconditionedzones；theminimumsupplyairvolumeshallbedetermined

accordingtotheloadchanges，airsupplymode，systemstabilityrequirements，andthelike.

4Whenthesupplyairterminaldevicewithvariableairvolumeisadopted，theairsupplyoutlet

shallcomplywiththerequirementsofArticle8.4.2inthiscode.

8.3.8Iftherearemanyconditionedzonesinthebuildingwhereseparateadjustmentisrequired，and

thefloorheightofthebuildingisrelativelylow，theprimaryairfan-coilsystemshouldbeadopted，and

thehandledoutdoorairshallbeintoaroomdirectly.Iftherequirementsfortheairqualityandthe

fluctuationrangeofthetemperatureandrelativehumidityfortheconditionedzonesarestrict，ortheair

containsalotofharmfulsubstancessuchasoilfume，thefan-coilunitsshouldnotbeadopted.

8.3.9Underoneofthefollowingcases，theevaporativecoolingairconditioningsystemshouldbe

adopted.

1Dryzoneswiththedesignoutdoorwet-bulbtemperaturelessthan23℃.

2High-temperatureplantswithlargesensiblecoolingloads，alittleornomoisturegain，and

thehightemperatureplantswhereneedtocooldownforthewholeyear.

3Productionplantswithstrictrequirementsonrelativehumidityornostrictlimitsofhumidity.

·57·8.3.10Thedesignoftheevaporativecoolingairconditioningsystemshallbeinaccordancewiththe

followingrequirements：

1Theairconditioningsystemformsshallbedeterminedaccordingtotheoutdoordesignwet-

bulbtemperatureforsummerairconditioningandthesensibleheatloadoftheconditionedzones.

2Thesupplyairvolumeoftheevaporativecoolingairconditioningsystemshouldbedetermined

accordingtotheairvolumetoeliminatethesensibleheatloadunderthedesignsummerairconditioning

conditions.

8.3.11Placeswithgreatvibration，muchgreasydirtandsteamandgeneratedelectromagneticwaves

orhigh-frequencywaves，thevariablemultisplitairconditioningsystemsshouldnotbeadopted.The

designofthemultisplitairconditioningsystemshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements：

1Theconditionedzoneswithsimilarservicetimeshouldbearrangedforthesameairconditioning

system.

2Themaximumpipelengthandthemaximumheightdifferencebetweentheindoorandoutdoor

unitsortheindoorunitsshallcomplywiththetechnicalrequirementsoftheproducts.

3Forthehotsummerandcoldwinterzones，thehotsummerandwarmwinterzonesandwarm

zones，theheat-pumpunitsshouldbeadoptedwhentheairconditioningsystemneedstobeoperatedfor

thewholeyear.

4Whenthesimultaneouscoldsupplyandheatsupplyarerequiredforthesamesystem，heat

recoveryunitsmaybeselected.

8.3.12Whenlow-temperaturecoolantisavailable，thecoldairdistributionsystemshouldbeadopted；

fortheconditionedzonesrequiringthemaintenanceofahigherrealati