IIIAbstractPeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsofprivacy,becausetheyareinfluencedbydifferentcultures,socialnormsandvalues.Thediscrepancysometimesbecomesanobstacleincross-culturalcommunication.Inordertoavoidtheembarrassingsituation,thispaperfocusesontheoriginanddevelopmentofprivacyandthedifferentculturalinthecountries,andmainlyexploresprivacyinChinaandAmerica,aswellasthecausesofthesedifferences.ItattemptstoprovideculturalbackgroundsupportforstrengtheningandpromotethefurtherunderstandingandcommunicationbetweenChineseandwesterncultures.ThispapercomparesandanalyzestheprivacyviewsofChinaandAmerica,andillustratesthedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanculturesintermsofprivacy,soastobenefitthecross-culturalcommunicationbetweenthetwocountries.Keywords:privacy;difference;culture摘要因為不同文化、社會規(guī)范和價值觀的影響，不同文化背景的人對隱私有不同的理解。這種差異有時會成為跨文化交際的障礙。本文著重研究了隱私的起源和發(fā)展以及中美兩國不同的文化背景。主要探討了中美兩國的隱私，以及這些差異產(chǎn)生的原因，力圖為加強和推進中西方文化的進一步理解和交流提供文化支持。本文比較了中美兩國的隱私觀，說明了兩國文化在隱私方面的差異。希望通過本文的研究，為兩國的文化交流提出一些合理的建議。關(guān)鍵詞：隱私；差異；文化CONTENTSAcknowledgments 錯誤!未定義書簽。Abstract i摘要 ii1. Introduction 12. CulturaldifferencesinAmericanandChineseprivacyright 22.1Differencesinhistoricalbackground 32.2Differencesintopicchoice 42.3Differencesinspaceawareness 62.4Differencesinmentality 63. ProtectingprivacyrightinAmericaandChina 73.1SimilaritiesinprivacyprotectioninAmericaandChina 73.2DifferencesinprivacyprotectioninAmericaandChina 93.3Legalpracticesunderdifferentcognizance 94. Conclusion 11Bibliography 錯誤!未定義書簽。CulturalDifferencesbetweenChinaandAmerica:AnInvestigationintoPrivacyRightsIntroductionAsauniversalphenomenon,privacynotonlyisanindicationofeleganceandcivilization,butalsohasitsbindingeffectoneverymemberofthesociety,whichplaysacrucialroleinhelpingtoestablish,maintainfriendlyinterpersonalrelationshipandfacilitatesocialinteractions.Privacyasasocietylubricantplaysanimportantroleineverydaycommunication.TheprivacyissueshaveprovedtobeamajorobstacleincommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica,whichpeoplehavetofaceininterculturalcommunication.InordertoovercomethisobstacleandpromoteunderstandingandexchangebetweenChineseandAmericancultures,thispaperexplorestheoriginanddevelopmentofprivacy,thedifferentculturalbackgroundsofChinaandtheAmericas,andthecausesforthesedifferences.ThereisnowordforprivacyintraditionalChineseculture.Thereisno"privacy"entryinCiHai,revisedin1979.TheModernChineseDictionarydefines"privacy"as"aprivatematterthatisnotwantedtobedisclosedormadepublic"(Dictionaryeditorialoffice,instituteoflinguistics,Chineseacademyofsocialsciences.2012:1556).InEnglish,OxfordAdvancedLearnersEnglish-ChineseDictionarydefines"privacy"as"(1)thestateofbeingaloneandnotwatchedordisturbedbyotherpeople(2)thestateofbeingfreefromtheattentionofthepublic"(Diana,2014:1626)."RightofPrivacy"wasfirstproposedbyLouisin1890intheHarvardlawreviewpaper"RightofPrivacy",andwiththecontinuousdevelopmentofAmericaneconomyandsociety,moreandmorescholarsaroundtheworldpayattentiontoit.Asforthesourceofprivacyright,ChineseandAmericanscholarshavegivenexplanationsfromdifferentperspectives.However,duetothedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericancultures,ChineseandAmericanscholarsstillhavedifferencesintermsofcontentandinterpretation.ThecontentofprivacyinEnglishisalmostall-inclusive.Anyprivatematter,whetherbigorsmall,importantornot,isprivacy,neverlimitedtotheprivacyofindividuals.Becauseofculturaldifferences,whatweChinesetakeforgrantedisconsideredtaboobyAmericans.ThereisasentenceinthebelovedpoemTheReverendMotherWallbyRobertFrost:Godfencesmakegoodneighbors.ThisreflectsAmericans'respectforprivatespaceandtheirviewofprivacy.Animportanttenetofthewestisthat"Myhomeismycastle"andthatoneshouldneverentersomeone'sterritorywithoutpermission.Languageisamirrorofculture,andprivacyplaysanimportantandinviolableroleinAmericanculture.However,intraditionalChineseculture,thereisnothingshamefulforawell-behavedandmoralpersonasexpressedbysayingslike"Agentlemanisopenandpoised,whileavillainisoftenupset"and"nothingevilisgoingoninhisstomach,andheisnotafraidofthecoldwind"（MoXiangzhai，2016）.InChina'sgroupculture,therearenaturalconnectionsbetweenpeople,forminganindivisiblewhole,withpersonalprivacyplayingasecondaryrole.Thelevelofdesireforprivacyvariesfromsituationtosituation,andsomeculturesvalueprivacyverymuchandhavemoreprivacyneeds.InAmerica,privacyviolatorsareannoyinganddifficulttointegrateintoAmericansociety.CulturaldifferencesinAmericanandChineseprivacyrightThedifferenceintheconceptofprivacyisanimportantcauseofculturaldifferences.TheconceptofprivacyisfullyreflectedintheChineseandAmericanlanguages.ThispaperexplorestheculturaldifferencesreflectedbytheprivacyviewsofChinaandtheAmericafromtheperspectiveofculture.Incrossingculturalbarriers,themostdifficultthingtocrossisthedifferenceinideas.Ourdifferentunderstandingofprivacyisundoubtedlyoneoftheimportantfactorsthatdeterminesthesuccessorfailureofcommunication.Therefore,itisnecessaryforustoexploretheprivacyviewsinthetwocountriesandunderliningtheculturaldifferences.Thischapterwillexplainthecausesofdifferencesfromfouraspects.2.1DifferencesinhistoricalbackgroundThemainreasonforthedifferencesinprivacyviewsbetweenChinaandAmericaisthedifferenceintraditionalculturalvalues.Fromtheperspectiveofideology,undertheinfluenceofConfucianism,Chinaregardsthestabilityandharmonyofgroupsasitspurpose,whichrequiresallsocialmemberstoimprovetheirmorality,enhancetheirideologicalstate,andservethegroupastheirgoal.Self-cultivation,familymanagement,governanceandpeaceareuniversallyrecognizedastheidealofpersonality.Thevalueoflifeistosafeguardtheoverallinterestsofthesociety.Thousandsofyearsofhistoricalevolutionhavemadethisconceptthenationalspirit.UndertheinfluenceofConfucianism,ambitiousyoungChineseregardsocialdevelopmentandnationalstrengthasloftyideals.UndertheinfluenceofConfucianism,Chinesepeopleattachmoreimportancetogroupsthantoindividuals.Fromtheperspectiveofgroupharmony,peopleshowconcern.Itisunderstandablethatpeoplecareaboutotherpeople'saffairsasiftheyweretheirown,anddonotconsideritaninvasionofpersonalprivacy.Undertheinfluenceofoceanculture,Americahasformedavalueorientationcenteredonindividuals,whosesurvivalanddevelopmentaredeterminedbythem.Familyandindividualaretemporaryrelations.Inthefamily,membersemphasizeindividualfreedom,rightsandindependence,anddownplayindividualresponsibilityandobligationtothefamily.Theextensionofprivateownershipenablesfatherandson,brothersandhusbandandwifetohavetheirownprivateproperty,whichisprotectedbylaw.Thebloodrelationshipoffamilymembersisreplacedbythelegalrelationship,thepatriarchyandhusband'srightsareweakened,theequalitybetweenhusbandandwifeandthevalueofsexualloveareenhanced,andthepersonaldignityoffamilymemberscanberecognized.UndertheinfluenceofMarineculture,Americansattachgreatimportancetoindividuals.Theindividualstandardhasreplacedthegroupstandard,soAmericansareunderstandablyconcernedaboutpersonalprivacy.Nomatterwhatculture,therearealwayspeoplewholiketopryintootherpeople'sprivateaffairs.SomewordsinEnglishareoftenusedtodescribethesepeople:"Pokeintootherpeople'sbusiness","meddleinotherpeople'saffairs","nosy".Theusualwarningforsuchpeopleis:"keepyournoseoutofourbusiness,""mindyourownbusiness,""itisnoneofyourbusiness,"and"I'llputnotyourhandbetweenthebarkandthetree."ItfollowsthatAmericansplaceaspecialemphasisontheprotectionofone'sprivatelifeandwillneverallowinterferenceorintrusionintoit.Privacyisabovemorality,andpersonalprivacyissacrosanct.IntraditionalChineseculture,thereisnothingshamefulforadecentandmoralperson."Ifyoudon'twantpeopletoknow,you'dbetternotdoit".Althoughthereisnoword"privacy"inChinesetraditionalculture,itisanindisputablefactthatprivacydiscourseexistsinChineseculture.TherearemanyancientChinesesayingsaboutprivateaffairsandsecretsthatcannotbepassedon.Oneshouldneversay:“hewhoknowsthesecretdoesnottalkaboutit","domesticshameshouldnotbepublished"(LiYuxiu&ChengDengji,2010).Therearealsomanyproverbs,suchas"hitapersonnottohittheface,exposeapersonnottoexposetheshort","hitapersonnottohitthepain,scoldpeoplenottoscoldshame","breakingpaperwindowiseasytorepair,woundinghiddenvirtuetheistoodifficulttorepair"（MoXianghzhai，2016）.Itcanbeseenthattheword"privacy"hasalwaysbeenconsideredderogatoryinChineseculture.However,sincethereformandopeningup,influencedbythewesternconceptofprivacyandstrengthenedjudicialprotectionofprivacyrights,theChinesepeople'sawarenessofprivacyhasgraduallyincreased,andtheChinesepeople'sattitudetowardsprivacyprotectionhaschangedalot.2.2DifferencesintopicchoiceAmericansaresensitivetocommonquestionsandconversationsinChineseculture,regardingthemasaninvasionofprivacy.AmericanshavetoomuchprivacycomparedtoChinese.InAmericanculture,age,weight,wages,background,religiousbelief,personalletters,diaries,familyrelationship,husbandandwifelife,personalfriendship,pastmistakes,specialdisease,mentalpreference,physicalcharacteristics,personalhobby,healthstatus,marriagehistory,originandpropertyincomeasprivacy,andprotectedbylaw.Chinesepeopleliketoask"haveyoueatenyet?","Whereareyougoing?"asagreeting,andlovetoaskpeopleandothertopicstoshowfriendly.ButAmericansdon'tliketobeaskedpersonalquestionsabouttheirage,income,ormarriage.Thefollowingtopicsarenottobeasked."Howoldareyou?""What'syourage?""Whatisyoursalary?""Areyouarepublicanorademocratic?"Doyougotochurch?IntheeyesoftheChinese,theabovetopicsarefriendlyandcaring.Chinesepeopleareusedtotheirownwayoftalking.WhentalkingtoBritishorAmericanpeople,theymayusethesamewayoftalkingtotheircompatriots,whichwillcausemisunderstanding.Withtheincreaseofforeignexchanges,youngpeoplearenowreluctanttotalkaboutwhatwesternersconsidertobeprivatecontent.Thus,westernersplacemoreemphasisonpersonalprivacythaneasterners.ZhuangEnping(1998)thinksthatChinesepeoplecareaboutothersandAmericansrespectpersonalprivacywhencomparingChineseandAmericancultures.Whythestarkcontrast?Thisisinseparablefromthewayoflifeandvaluesthathavebeenformedforalongtime.WangZongyan(1996)explained:"forthousandsofyears,thevastmajorityofChinesepeoplelivedinthecountryside,whileafewlivedinsmallcities.Theylivedtogether,saweachotheroften,caredforeachother,andtalkedaboutalmosteverything.Thisisnotpossibleinthewesternindustrialcountries.Mostpeopleliveincities,theydon'tknoweachother,theydon'tknoweachother,eveninthecountryside,andthereisabiggapbetweenneighbors.Chinesepeopleattachimportancetocollectiveharmony.Whentherearemoreopportunitiesforpeopletocontactwitheachother,theywillhelpandcareforeachother."2.3DifferencesinspaceawarenessTheChinesepeoplehavebeenusedtothecitywallasaboundarysinceancienttimes.FencementalityisaveryimportantfeatureofChineseculture.Weseeitsuniversalityinlanguage."Don'twashyourdirtylineninpublic","closethedoorismyfamily","citypeople".Withinthewalls,thefamilyformsanundividedwhole,withindividualprivacytakingabackseat.Thestructureandfunctionofthefamilyseemtobeinfinitelyreplicableandamplified.Everysocialunitislikenedtoafamilyandistreatedassuch.Wetaketheschoolasthehome,thecompanyasthehome,theorganasthehome,andthetradeunionasthehome.Inshort,thehomeofthe"workunit"isstillthebelief,preferenceandpursuitofmostpeople.ThisshowstheChineseconceptofgroupprivacy.Theconceptofgroupprivacyshouldberecognizedandrespected.TheChinesecannotlightlydenytheancestralkernelofgroupprivacy,whichiscollectivismandpatriotism.However,weshouldseekthebalanceandharmonybetweengroupprivacyandindividualprivacy,andseekthegoldensectionandthebestcombinationofthem.Americansrespectspace,especiallytheboundarybetweenpublicplacessuchascollegecampusesandotherterritoriesseemstobenon-existent.However,intheeyesofAmericans,theboundarybetweenneighborsborderingontheirhomesisclear,andstrangersarenotallowedtosteponpeople.Americansusespaceasaprivateprivacyregulationmechanism,andthemorewealth,themorespaceandprivacy.2.4DifferencesinmentalityAmericansavoidgettingtooclosetostrangerswhilestandinginlinetobuythingsorridingbusesandelevators.TheChinese,ontheotherhand,areveryclosetoeachotheranddonotneedtokeepagreatdistance.Theirprivacyisprotectedbypsychologicaldistance.TheproblemofChina'soverpopulationhasexistedforthreeorfourhundredyears.Theheavypressureofoverpopulationnaturallyleadstoaculturalcompensationmechanism,whichispsychologicaldetachment.InAmerica,doctorsdonotallowotherpatientstowatchwhiletheydiagnoseapatient'scondition,whichtheyviewaspartoftheirpersonalprivacy.InanAmericanhospital,nomatterthesize,thebedsareseparatedfromeachotherbyapieceofclothorsomethingelse.It'salsoaboutprotectingyourprivacyasmuchaspossible.Otherpeople(patientsorfamilymembers)werepresentwhenChinesedoctorsexaminedthepatient'scondition.Inasense,thisisaninvasionofprivacy,atleastunintentionally.ThisisrelatedtotheideathatChineseConfuciancultureemphasizesthecollectiveandtheindividualisamemberofthecollective.Indailylifeeveryonebecaringandattentive,itseemsverynaturaltoaskpersonalquestions.Confuciancultureflaunts"nothingisimpossibletosaytoothers".Americansemphasizeindependenceandfreedomandattachgreatimportancetopersonalprivacy.InthecommunicationbetweenChinaandAmerica,therearemanyphenomenathatinformationmisunderstandingandevenharmseachotherduetotheculturalbackground.ProtectingprivacyrightinAmericaandChinaInhistory,differentdegreesofstatesystemandlegalprotectionarealsofactorsthatcannotbeignored.China'sfeudalsystemforalongtimerestrictedtheliberationofhumannatureandthefreedevelopmentofindividualthought.America,anearlycapitalistcountrythatemphasizedfreedomandequality,valuedthegovernment'srespectfortheprivacyofitscitizens.Americanemphasisonprivacystemsfromadistrustofgovernment,especiallystronggovernment.Lawswereenactedtolimitthegovernment'spowertousecitizens'privacybecausethegovernment'scontrolofinformationandmanipulationofstatemachinerycandogreatharmtocitizens.TheAmericanlawandjudicaturestronglyprotecttherightofprivacy,whichpromotestheformationanddevelopmentofAmericans'viewofprivacy.3.1SimilaritiesinprivacyprotectioninAmericaandChinaWiththecontinuousadvancementofsocialcivilization,peoplepaymoreandmoreattentiontoindividualrightsandpersonaldignity,andprivacyhasbecomeanimportantrightforcontemporarycitizenstoprotecttheirownpersonality.SincetheprivacyrightwasfirstproposedbyAmericanscholarsWarrenandBrandeisin1890,ithasbecomeanindependentandrecognizedrightofpersonality.Manycountries'lawsrecognizeandprotecttherightofprivacy,andhaveenactedmanyseparateregulations.America,whichfirstproposedandestablishedtheprivacytheoryandlegalsystem,hasbasicallyestablishedacompletesetofprivacyprotectionsystem.InChina,therearealsomanylegalprovisionsandjudicialinterpretationsontheprotectionofpersonalprivacy.Thetwocountriesdefinetherightofprivacyindifferentways.Americahasfourviewsontherightofprivacy.First,therightnottobedisturbedbyothers,therighttobeinviolableinrespectofone'sprivatelife,ortherightnottomakeone'sprivatelifeunlawfullypublic.Second,therighttoaprivatelifewithoutinterferencehastraditionallybeenunderstoodas"therighttobealone".Third,donotappropriation,intrusion,publicdisclosureofprivatefacts,distortedintheeyesofthepublic.Fourth,citizenshavetherighttokeepinformationsecret.Privacyinourcountryisarelativelynewlegalconcept,tostudyisinrecentyears,theconceptofprivacyproblemhasnotagreedtoknow:first:privacy,alsoknownastheprivatelifeofsecretrightsreferstothecitizensforyourpersonallifeandpersonallifefreedomforcontent,prohibitotherstointerfereinakindofpersonalityright.Second,privacyrightreferstotheinviolablerightsenjoyedbycitizensandlegalpersonsfortheirpersonalsecretsorcorporatesecrets.Third,therighttoprivacyisacitizen'slegalrighttolivefreefromtheintrusionofothersandtokeephisorherinnerworld,propertystatus,socialrelations,sexlife,pastandpresentandotherprivateaffairsthatheorshedoesnotwanttobeknowntotheoutsideworld.Byanalyzingvariousdefinitionsofprivacyright,wecanfindthattheyhavesomethingincommon,thatis,thepurposeofprivacyrightistomakecitizens'privatelifeandinnerworldundisturbed,whichisalsothepurposeofprivacyright.3.2DifferencesinprivacyprotectioninAmericaandChinaThedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanviewsonprivacyarealsoreflectedintheprotectionoftherighttoprivacybylaw.Asalegalright,therighttoprivacywasfirstproposedbytwoAmericanscholars.In1890,SamuelD.andLouisD.,twoprofessorsoflawatHarvardUniversity,publishedTheRighttoPrivacyintheLawReviewofHarvardUniversity.Theylistedprivacyasanaturalrightofhumanbeingsandputforwardtheconceptofprivacy.（SamuelD.Warren&LouisD.Brandeis,1890）Sincethen,privacyhasbeenbroughtintotheperspectiveoflegalresearch.InChina,thelegalcommunityhasalwaysequated"privacy"with"shamefulsecret".Theyhavealwaysunderstoodtherightofprivacyastherightofpersonalsecretsbetweenthesexes.Foralongtime,privacyrighthasnotbeendefinedasaspecificpersonalityrightinChina.Inthe1980s,therighttoprivacywasintroducedanditsresearchandprotectionbegan.Butitonlyindirectlyprotectstherightofprivacythroughtherightofreputationandgeneralinfringement.OnMarch10,2001,theSupremePeople'sCourtofficiallyestablishedtherightofprivacyintheInterpretationofSeveralQuestionsConcerningtheDeterminationofCompensationLiabilityforMentalDamageinCivilTort.Atpresent,thetheoreticalresearchandlegalprotectionoftherighttoprivacyinChinalagfarbehindthoseinWesterncountries.TheChinesepeople'sawarenessofusingthelawtosafeguardtheirrighttoprivacyisalsoweak.3.3LegalpracticesunderdifferentcognizancePrivacyrightisaveryimportantsysteminAmericanlaw,anditisanewinterdepartmentallegalfield.Thepromotionofeconomicdevelopment,thedevelopmentofmassmediaposesagreatthreattopersonalprivacy,thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandthewideapplicationofnetworktechnologyandotherfactorsmaketheAmericanprivacysysteminanexpandingtrend.TherighttoprivacyinAmericanlawhasdualattributes,whichisbothaconstitutionalrightandacommonlawright.Americanlawelevatestherightofprivacyintoaconstitutionalright,elevatingthestatusofprivacyagainststateintervention,butthisiscloselyrelatedtothespecialbackgroundoftheSupremeCourtofAmericahavingthepowertointerprettheconstitution.TheconceptofprivacyhasdevelopedinAmericaandhasbecomeaveryimportantinstitutioninAmericanlaw.Althoughsimilarconceptshavebeenproposedforhundredsofyears,theconceptofprivacyasaclearlegalconceptwasreallyestablishedin1890whenWarrenandBrandeis,twofamousAmericanscholars,publishedanarticleentitled"TheRighttoPrivacy"inHarvardLawReview.Sincethen,theconceptofprivacyhasbeengraduallyadoptedbylegalprecedentsanddoctrines.Ingeneral,therighttoprivacyinAmericatotheconstitutiondoesstrengthentheprotectionofprivacy.Thishassomeimplicationsforus,butwedon'thaveaconstitutionalcourtinthiscountry,andtheSupremeCourtdoesn'thavethepowertointerprettheconstitution,whichiscompletelydifferentfromthesituationinAmerica.Sowedon'thavetointerpretprivacyasaconstitutionalrightanymore,becausewedon'thaveaccesstoconstitutionalremedies.Therefore,weshouldstrengthentheprotectionofprivacy,mainlythroughthecivillawtoremedy,makeitacivilright,aftertheinfringementofcivillawtoprotect.TermsofprivacyprotectioninChinarefersto"theConstitutionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina","GeneralPrinciplesoftheCivilLaw"andsoon.Theprotectionofprivacyisoftenachievedinanindirectanddecentralizedway.Forexample,whenitcomestotheissueofprivacy,itshouldbedecomposedandmeasuredaccordingtotheconstitutionconditionsofrelevantlawssuchastherightofreputationandtherightofportrait,andsanctionsorprotectionshouldbecarriedoutaccordingtorelevantlawsandregulations.Article38oftheConstitutionofthePeople'sRepublicofChinapromulgatedin1982stipulatesthat"thepersonaldignityofcitizensofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisinviolable".Inmorethan20years,therelevantlawsandregulationshavebeenconstantlyaddedandperfectedtocopewithnewchallenges.InChina,duetotheinfluenceoftraditionalcultureandthelatestartoftheresearchonpersonalright,thisisstillarelativelynewthing.Forthelegalprotectionofprivacy,Chinaadoptsindirectanddecentralizedlegislation,mainlyincludingtheconstitution,criminallaw,procedurallaw,administrativelawandcivillaw,formingamulti-levellegalprotectionofprivacy.ConclusionEverysocietyhasitsownvaluesandthesevaluescanhelppeopledistinguishbetweenbeautyandugliness,goodandevil,constitutingthecodeofconduct.Differentvalueswillleadtodifferentsocialphenom