陪會計英語FF【字體：大中，

I.背景介紹

中國注冊會計師協(xié)會決定在今年的中國注冊會計師資格考試會計科、審計科加試io分英語試題,并將該成績納入最上

成績，也即110分的試卷60分及格。該安排看似突然,實際上代表了一個趨勢，就是要全面提升中國注冊會計師的語言水平

中西合璧，融會貫穿，取長補短,為我所用的目的。

針對此變化,廣闊考生應(yīng)該做到：

穩(wěn)定情緒調(diào)整心態(tài)振奮精神悉心備考

該考試變化對廣闊考生的參考并未產(chǎn)生實質(zhì)性的不利影響。

所以應(yīng)該充滿自信，不要出現(xiàn)急躁、不安情緒！

積極應(yīng)對！從積極方面來看待這個趨勢和變化！

I[.考試題型預(yù)測

目前獲得的關(guān)于這10分英語考試最新的信息為：

1.一道題

2.主觀題

3.專業(yè)題

分析：

正是針對此次考試“三題”的特點，我們預(yù)測此次考試極有可能的題型如卜.：

1.名詞解釋

2.簡答題

3.翻譯（英漢互譯）

4.案例分析

這四類題型都會很好地表達“三題”精神。

會計科考試體系是在中國會計準則（CAS）與國際會計準則（IAS/JFRS）趨同的背景下考察英文水平的;趨同不是等同

具體某些業(yè)務(wù)的分錄的可能性雖然存在，但是不大；更重要考察的是一些“務(wù)虛”的內(nèi)容，即理論或文字表述的內(nèi)容。

輔導(dǎo)大體安排

TIMESCHEDULEMEMO

1-1.5hrs題型分析對每類題型結(jié)合具體實例進行說明，并講解答題技巧

2.5-3hrs考點預(yù)測結(jié)合題型對可能考查的內(nèi)容進行預(yù)測講解

該項英語考試對書面表達的要求在英語四級水平。

該項考前緊急沖刺輔導(dǎo)時間緊，任務(wù)重,不是零起點輔導(dǎo)，需要有一定的英語基礎(chǔ)。

DI.內(nèi)容講解

考試題型

極有可能的題型如下：

案例分析

名詞解釋簡答題翻譯

案例分析是在名詞解釋、簡答題和翻譯基礎(chǔ)上構(gòu)建起來的，是這三種題型的綜合，因此，在分別介紹各種題型后,將著國

分析及應(yīng)對策略和答題技巧。

目前2006版中國會計準則(CAS2006)和國際會計準則體系大體趨同，但在諸多細節(jié)上仍存在差異。要么是國情特

要么是引進的新的理念。

對于會計科英語考試,主要從以下方面來準備：

1.ACCOUNTINGTERMS

2.ACCOUNTINGTHEORIES

3.ACCOUNITNGAPPLICATIONS

4.IAS/IFRS/CAS

題型分析

一、名詞解釋

EXAMPLE

FairValue

［答疑編號31010101：針對該題提問］

Solution:

Fairvalueistheamountforwhichanassetcouldbeexchangedoraliabilitysettledbetweenknowledgeable

partiesinanarm'slengthtransaction。

所謂公允價值計量模式,就是資產(chǎn)和負債按照在公平交易中，熟悉情況的交易雙方自愿進行資產(chǎn)交換或者債務(wù)清償?shù)慕?/p>

Notes:

1.forwhich---inanarm,slengthtransaction：“介詞+關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾theamount

2.arm'slengthtransaction公平交易

答題規(guī)律：開門見山，言簡意賅

二、簡答題

OfparticularimportancewithintheFrameworkarcthedefinitionsandrecognitioncriteriaforaj

1labilities.

Required：

Defineassetsandliabilitiesandexplaintheimportantaspectsoftheirdefinitions.Explainwhythesede

areofparticularimportancetothepreparationofanentity,sbalancesheetandincomestatement.

［答疑編號31010201：針對該題提問］

Solution：

Definitions-assets：

TheIASB'sFrameworkdefinesassetsas'aresourcecontrolledbyanentityasaresultofpastevents

whichfutureeconomicbenefitsareexpectedtoflowtotheentity,.

Thefirstpartofthedefinitionputstheemphasisoncontrolratherthanownership.Thisisdonesothatth

sheetreflectsthesubstanceoftransactionsratherthantheirlegalform.

Thismeansthatassetsthatarenotlegallyownedbyanentity,butoverwhichtheentityhastherights

normal1yconveyedbyownership,arerecognisedasassetsoftheentity.Commonexamplesofthiswouldbefinan

assetsandothercontractualrightssuchasaircraftlandingrights.

Animportantaspectofcontrolofassetsisthatitallowstheentitytorestricttheaccessofothers

Thereferencetopasteventspreventsassetsthatmayariseinfuturefrombeingrecognisedearly.

國際會計準則委員會的框架文件將資產(chǎn)定義為：由過去事項而由企業(yè)控制的、預(yù)期會導(dǎo)致未來經(jīng)濟利益流入企業(yè)的旅

義的前半局部強調(diào)的是對控制而不是所有權(quán)。之所以這樣是因為資產(chǎn)負債表反映的是交易的實質(zhì)而不是交易的法律形式。

即使在法律上所有權(quán)不歸企業(yè),但企業(yè)享有與擁有該所有權(quán)同樣的權(quán)利，此時也應(yīng)在資產(chǎn)負債表上將其確認為資產(chǎn)。通常仃

資租餞資產(chǎn)和其他類似航空著陸權(quán)的其他和約義務(wù)C資產(chǎn)的控制權(quán)另一重要表達是限制他人對該資產(chǎn)的染指C對過夫事小

阻止對未來可能擁有的資產(chǎn)過早得在資產(chǎn)負債表予以確認。

—liabilities：

TheIASB,sFrameworkdefinesliabilitiesas'apresentobligationoftheentityarisingfrompastcv

settlementofwhichisexpectedtoresultinanoutflowfromtheentityofresourcesembodyingeconomicbe

Manyaspectsofthisdefinitionarecomplementary(asamirrorimage)tothedefinitionofassets,ho

IASBstressesthattheessentialcharacteristicofa1iabi1ityisthattheentityhasapresentobiigatioi

Suchobligationsareusuallylegallyenforceable(byabindingcontractorbystatute),butobligationsE

wherethereisanexpectation(byathirdparty)ofanentityassumingresponsibi1ityforcostswhereth

legalrequirementtodoso.

Suchobligationsarereferredtoasconstructive(byIAS37Provisions,contingentliabilitiesandc

assets).Anexampleofthiswouldberepairingorreplacingfaultygoods(beyondanywarrantyperiod)or

environmentalcosts(c.g.landscapingthesiteofapreviousquarry)wherethereisnolegalobligation

Whereentitiesdoincurconstructiveobiigationsitisusuallytomaintainthegoodwillandreputationofth

Oneareaofdifficultyiswhereentitiescannotbesurewhetheranobligationexistsornot,itmaydependupor

uncertainevent.Thesearemoregenerallyknownascontingentliabilities.

—負債

國際會計準則委員會編報財務(wù)報表的框架將負債定義為:企業(yè)由于過去事項而承當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)時義務(wù)，該義務(wù)的履行預(yù)期會專

濟利益的資源流出企業(yè)。該定義許多方面與資產(chǎn)定義遙相照應(yīng)。但國際會計準則強調(diào)負債的本質(zhì)特征是指企業(yè)要有現(xiàn)時白

樣的義務(wù)通常在法律上是強制執(zhí)行的(具有約束力的合同或法定要求)義務(wù)。有時該項義務(wù)來來自第三方的期望，即企業(yè)4

非法定要求的本錢。這樣的義務(wù)稱之為推定義務(wù)。例如企業(yè)在產(chǎn)品保證期期滿后才顯現(xiàn)缺陷也要予以修理或承當(dāng)環(huán)保本專

不是法定要求去做的。如果企業(yè)產(chǎn)生了推定義務(wù)，則是為了保持商譽或信譽而做。但比較困難的一點是企業(yè)有時很難確品

一項義務(wù)，它將取決于某件將來要發(fā)生的不確定事件。這些通常稱為或有負債。

Importanceofthedefinitionsofassetsandliabilities：

ThedefinitionsofassetsandliabilitiesarefundamentaltotheFramework.Apartfromformingtheobvi

forthepreparationofabalancesheet,theyarealsothetwoelementsoffinancialstatementsthatarcused

theequityinterest(ownership)whichistheresidueofassetslessliabilities.

資產(chǎn)和負債的定義是框架文件的根本概念。除了形成編制資產(chǎn)負債表的基礎(chǔ)外，他們也是財務(wù)報表中用來計算所有彳

個因素，所有者權(quán)益是資產(chǎn)和負債的差額。

Assetsandliabilitiesalsohaveaparttoplayindeterminingwhenincome(whichincludesgains)and

(whichincludelosses)shouldberecognised.Incomeisrecognised(intheincomestatement)whenthereisar

infutureeconomicbenefitsrelatingtoincreasesinassetsordecreasesinliabilities,providedtheycanbe

reliably.Expensesaretheoppositeofthis.Changesinassetsandliabilitiesarisingfromcontributions

distributionsto,theownersareexcludedfromthedefinitionsofincomeandexpenses.

資產(chǎn)和負債在確認收入(包括資本利得)和費用(包括損失)。當(dāng)資產(chǎn)增加或負債減少引發(fā)的未來經(jīng)濟利益增加且能準可

在損益表中確認收入。費用確認與此相反.但所有者出資或向所有者分配不在收入和費用的定義涉及范圍內(nèi)。

Currentlythereisagreatdealofconcernover'offbalancesheetfinance'.Thisisanaspectofwhatis

referredtoascreativeaccounting.

Keyratio

Manyrecentcompanyfailurescandalshavebeeninpartduetocompanieshavingoftenmassiveliabilities

notbeenincludedonthebalancesheet.Robustdefinitions,oasedonsubstance,ofassetsandliabilitiesinp

shouldensurethatonlyrealassetsareincludedonthebalancesheetandallliabilitiesarealsoinclude

Incontradictiontotheabovepoint,therehavealsobeenoccasionswherecompanieshaveincludedliabi

theirbalancesheetswheretheydonotmeetthedefinitionofliabilitiesintheFranework.Commonexample

aregeneralprovisionsandaccountingforfuturecostsandlosses(usuallyaspartoftheacquisitionofasubs

Companieshaveusedthesegeneralpi'ovisinnstnsmonthpi'ofit.si.e.creatingaprovisionwhenthecompanyh

year(intermsofprofit)andreleasingthemtoboostprof'itsinabadyear.Providingforfuturecostsa

duringanacquisitionmayeffectivelyallowthemtobypasstheincomestatementastheywouldbecomepartofthe

figure.

目前比較關(guān)注的是表外融資。這是通常所說的創(chuàng)造性會計的一局部。最近出現(xiàn)的許多公司破產(chǎn)倒閉丑聞，局部原因者

些公司大最的負債未在資產(chǎn)負債中予以表達。特別是應(yīng)從資產(chǎn)和負債的實質(zhì)含義入手，將真實的資產(chǎn)和全部的債務(wù)包含存

表中。還有與上述相反的情況，也即公司將不符合負債定義的債務(wù)包括在資產(chǎn)負債表中。通常的例子是總體準備和計提米

本錢，即以豐補歉的做法。在并購時計提將來本錢和損失實際上使之繞過損益表而成為商譽的一局部。

三、翻譯(英漢互譯)

A.英譯漢

DefinitionsofFourCategoriesofFinancialAssets

Afinancialassetorliabilityheldfortradingisonethatwasacquiredorincurredprincipallyforth

ofgeneratingaprofitfromshort-termfluctuationsinpriceordealer5smargin.Afinancialassetshouldbec

asheldfortradingif,regardlessofwhyitwasacquired,itispartofaportfolioforwhichthereisev

arecentactualpatternofshort-termprof'it-taking.Derivativefinancialassetsandderivativefinancial1i

arealwaysdeemedheldfortradingunlesstheyaredesignatedandeffectivehedginginstruments.

Held-to-maturityinvestmentsarefinancialassetswithfixedordeterminablepaymentsandfixedmaturit

enterprisehasthepositiveintentandabilitytoholdtomaturityotherthanloansandreceivablesoriginal

enterprise.

Besides：除了…,包括所“除’事物在內(nèi)；

Except：除了…，不包括所“除”事物在內(nèi)。

Loansandreceivablesoriginatedbytheenterprisearefinancialassetsthatarecreatedbytheente

providingmoney,goods,orservicesdirectlytoadebtor,otherthanthosethatareoriginatedwiththeint

soldimmediatelyorintheshortterm,whichshouldbeclassifiedasheldfortrading.Loansandreceivableso

bytheenterprisearenotincludedinheld-to-maturityinvestmentsbut,rather,areclassifiedseparatelyu

Standai'd.

Avaikible-for-salefinancialassetsarethosefinancialassetsthatarenot(a)loansandreceivablesorig

theenterprise,(b)held-to-maturityinvestments,or(c)financialassetsheldfortrading.

［答疑編號31010202：針對該題提問］

參考譯文

四類金融資產(chǎn)的定義

為交易而持有的金融資產(chǎn)或金融負債,指主要為了從價格或交易商保證金的短期波動中獲利而購置的金融資產(chǎn)或承W

債。一項金融資產(chǎn)不管因何種原因購置，如果它屬于投資組合的組成局部，且有證據(jù)說明最近該組合可實際獲得短期收金

融資產(chǎn)應(yīng)歸類為為交易而持有的金融資產(chǎn)。對于衍生金融資產(chǎn)和花生金融負債，除非它們被指定且是有效的套期工具，？

是為交易而持有的金融資產(chǎn)和金融負債.

持有至到期口的投資指具有固定或可確定金額和固定期限，且企業(yè)明確打算并能夠持有至到期口的金融資產(chǎn)。企業(yè)功

和應(yīng)收款項不包括在內(nèi)。

企業(yè)源生的貸款和應(yīng)收款項,指企業(yè)直接向債務(wù)人提供資金、商品或勞務(wù)所形成的金融資產(chǎn)。但打算立即或在短期內(nèi)京

款和應(yīng)收款項不包括在內(nèi)，而應(yīng)歸類為為交易而持有的金融資產(chǎn)。在本準則中，企業(yè)源生的貸款和應(yīng)收款項不應(yīng)包括在卡

日的投資內(nèi)，而應(yīng)另行歸類。

可供出售的金融資產(chǎn)，指不屬r?以下三類的金融資產(chǎn)：(1)企業(yè)源生的貸款和應(yīng)收款項；(2)持有至到期日的投資；(

而持有的金融資產(chǎn)。

節(jié)選自：國際會計準則第39號一一金融工具：確認和計量

R漢譯英

開發(fā)階段

只有當(dāng)企業(yè)可證明以下所有各項時，開發(fā)(或內(nèi)部工程的開發(fā)階段)產(chǎn)生的無形資產(chǎn)應(yīng)予確認：

1.完成該無形資產(chǎn),使其能使用或銷售,在技術(shù)上可行；

2.有意完成該無形資產(chǎn)并使用或銷售它；

3.有能力使用或銷售該無形資產(chǎn)；

4.該無形資產(chǎn)如何產(chǎn)生很可能的未來經(jīng)濟利益.其中，企業(yè)應(yīng)證明存在著無形資產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)出市場或無形資產(chǎn)本身的市場;

形資產(chǎn)將在內(nèi)部使用，那么應(yīng)證明該無形資產(chǎn)的有用性；

5.有足夠的技術(shù)、財務(wù)資源和其他資源支持，以完成該無形資產(chǎn)的開發(fā),并使用或銷售該無形資產(chǎn)；

6.對歸屬于該無形資產(chǎn)開發(fā)階段的支出，能夠可靠地計量.

［答疑編號31010203：針對該題提問］

DevelopmentPhase

Anintangibleassetarisingfromdevelopment(orfromthedevelopmentphaseofaninternalproject)

recognisedif,andonlyif,anenterprisecandemonstrateal1ofthefollowing：

(a)thetechnicalfeasibilityofcompletingtheintangibleassetsothatitwillbeavailableforuse

(b)itsintentiontocompletetheintangibleassetanduseorsei1it；

(c)itsabilitytouseorselltheintangibleasset；

(d)howtheintangibleassetwillgenerateprobablefutureeconomicbenefits.Amongotherthings,thee

shoulddemonstratetheexistenceofamarketfortheoutputoftheintangibleassetortheintangibleasseti

ifitistobeusedinternally,theusefulnessoftheintangibleasset；

(e)the<ivailabilityofadequatetechnical,financialandotherresourcestocompletethedevelopmente

orselltheintangibleasset；

(f)itsabi1itytomeasuretheexpenditureattributabletotheintangibleassetduringitsdevelopment

三、案例分析

EXAMPLE2

Ambush,apubliclimitedcompany,isassessingtheimpactofimplementingtherevisedIAS39'FinancialIns

RecognitionandMeasurementr.Thedirectorsrealisethatsignificantchangesmayoccurintheiraccounting

offinancialinstrumentsandtheyunderstandthatoninitialrecognitionanyfinancialassetorliabili'

designatedasonetobemeasuredatfairvaluethroughprofitorloss(thefairvalueoption).However,

certainissuesthattheywishtohaveexplainedandthesearesetoutbelow.

Required:

(a)OutlineinareporttothedirectorsofAmbushthefollowinginformation:

(i)howfinancialassetsardliabilitiesaremeasuredandclassified,brieflysettingouttheaccounti

usedforeachcategory.(Hedgingrelationshipcanbeignored.)(10marks)

［答疑編號31010301：針對該題提問］

ThefollowingreportsetsouttheprincipalaspectsofIAS39inthedesignatedareas.

(i)Classificationoffinancialinstrumentsandtheirmeasurement

Financialassetsandliabilitiesareinitiallymeasuredatfairvaluewhichwillnorma］lybethefairval

considerationgivenorreceived.Transactioncostsareincludedintheinitialcarryingvalueoftheinstrume

itiscarriedat'fairvaluethroughprofitorloss*Whenthesecostsarerecognizedintheincomestate

Financialassetsshouldbeclassifiedintofourcategories:

(i)financialassetsatfairvaluethroughprofitorloss

(ii)loansandreceivables

(iii)held-to-maturityinvestments(HTM)

(iv)available-foLsalefinancialassets(AFS)

ThefirstcategcryahnvehastwosubcatpgoriPSwhichare'heldfcrtrading,andthosedesignatedtnthis

atinception/initialrecognition.Thislatterdesignationisirrevocable.

Financialliabilitieshavetwocategories:thoseatfairvaluethroughprofitofloss,and'other'lia

Aswithfinancialassetsthoseliabilitiesdesignatedasatfairvaluethroughprofitorlosshavetwosubc

whicharethesameasthoseforfinancicilassets.

ReclassificationsbetweencategoriesareuncommonandrestrictedunderIAS39andareprohibitedintoa

thefairvaluethroughprofitorlosscategory.ReclassificationsbetweenAFSandHTMarepossiblebutitisnot

fromloansandreceivablestoAFS.Theheldtomaturitycategoryislimitedinitsapplicationasifthecomp

orreclassifiesmorethananimmaterialamountoftheportfolio,itisbarredfromusingthecategoryforat

years.

Alsoal1remainingHTMinvestmentswou1dbereclassifiedtoAFS.

Subsequentmeasurementoffinancialassetsandliabilitiesdependsontheclassification.Thefollow

summarizestheposition:

FinancialAssetsMeasuremen:

Financialassetsatfairvaluethroughprofitorlossfairvalue

Loansandreceivablesamortisedcost

Heldtomaturityinvestmentsamortisedcost

Available-for-salefinancialassetsfairvalue

Financialliabilitiesatfairvaluethroughprofitorlossfairvalue

Otherfinancialliabilitiesamortisedcost

Amortisedcostisthecostofanassetorliabilityadjustedtoachieveaconstanteffectiveinterest

thelifeoftheassetofliability.

Itisnotpossibletocomputeamortisedcostforinstrunentsthatdonothavefixedordeterminablepayme

asforequityinstruments,andsuchinstrumentsthereforecannotbeclassifiedintothesecategories.

Acompanymustapplytheeffectiveinterestratemethodinthemeasurementofamortisedcost.Theeffective

ratemethoddetermineshowmuchinterestincomeorinterestexpenseshouldbereportedinprofitandloss.

Forfinancialassetsatfairvaluethroughprofitorlossandfinancialliabilitiesatfairvaluethi'ou

orloss,allchangesinfairvaluearerecognizedinprofitorlosswhentheyoccur.Thisincludesunrealize

gainsandlosses.

Foravailable-for-salefinancialassets,unrealizedholdinggainsandlossesaredeferredinreservesu

arerealizedandlossesarerecognizedinprofitorloss.

Investmentsinunquotedequityinstrumentsthatcannotbereliablymeasuredatfairvaluearesubsequently

atcost.Unrealizedholdinggains/lossesarenotnormallyrecognizedinprofit/loss.

答題思路：

1.其實是考查名詞解釋、簡答題、翻譯

2.根本準則：在案例給定的框架和范圍內(nèi)

3.問什么答什么

EXAMPLE1

Trident,apubliclimitedcompany,operatesinthefinancialservicessectorandisplanningtoprepare

financialstatementsunderinternationalFinancialReportingStandards(IFRSs)asat31December2005.The

AcceptedAccountingPractices(GAAP)usedbyTridentareverysimilartoIFRSbuttherearesomedifferen

aresetoutbelow.TheGroupiscurrentlypreparingitslocalGAAPfinancialstatementsfortheyearending31

2004.

Thecompanyhastwoforeignsubsidiaries,SparandMask,bothpubliclimitedcompanies.Sparis80%ownedt

andprepareditsfirstIFRSfinancialstatementat31December2003inordertocomplywithlocallegislation

acquireda70%holdinginMaskin1999.Maskwasconsolidatedfromthatdateusingpurchaseaccountingpract

aresimilarhut.not.thestampasthoseusedhyTFRS.Howeverthelocalrulesrelatingtnthefinancialstat

Maskasregards,forexample,theconceptofsubstanceoverformaretotal1ydifferenttoIFRS.Maskhasad

internationalaccountingstandardsrelatingtofinancialinstrumentsinitsownfinancialstatementsforthey

31December2003becausethesestandardshadbeenincorporatedintothelocallegislation.

Grouppolicyistoamortisegoodwillbutsomegoodwillhadbeentotcillywrittenoffagainstretainedea

theacquisitionofcertainsubsidiaries.Onthedisposalorclosureofthebusinesstowhichthegoodwillrelated,

previouslyeliminatedagainstretainedearningsischargedtotheincomestatement.Thegainsandlosse

translationofthefinancialstatementofoverseassubsidiarieshavebeenchargedtoretainedearningsform

andnotrecycledtotheincomestatementonthedisposalofsubsidiaries.

On30October2004,theGrouprevalueditstangiblenon-currcntassetsandincorporatedthesevalues

financialstatement.Thecompanyusesastraightlinemethodtodepreciateitstangiblenon-currentassets

Tridenthadbeendevelopingcomputersoftwarewhichwastobeusedasafinancialmodelingtool.Thesoftware

notbeencapitalisedbutchargedtotheincomestatement.

TheGrouphasaseparatelyadministereddefinedbenefitpensionscheme.Contributionsarechargedtot

statementandtheregularpensioncostsareattributedusingtheprojectedunitmethod.Variationsinpens

asaresultofactuarialvaluationsareamortisedovertheaverageremainingservice1ivesofemployees.No

gainsandlosseshadbeenrecognisedinthefinancialstatements.

Tridenthasseveralfinancialinstrumentsinissue.Ithaspreferencesharecapitalwhichwasoriginallyr

on1January2001.Howeverifthepreferenceshareholderssowishthecapitalcanbeconvertedintoordina

ofTridentatanytimeupto31December2007atwhichtimethepreferenceshareswillbeconvertedcomp

AdditionallyTridententersintoforeignexchangecontreictstohedgeexistingmonetaryassetsandliabilities,c

againsttheeffectsofchangesinexchangeratesinthenetinvestmentinoverseassubsidiaries.Hedgeacco

currentlynotusedbyTrident.

Required:

Basedontheinformationabove,draftamemorandumtotheDirectorsofTridentsettingout:

(a)thegeneralprinciplesbehindIFES1'First-timeAdoptionofinternationalFinancialReportingSta

(5mai'ks)

［答疑編號31010302：針對該題提問］

(b)whetherthemeasurementcriteriainIFRS1wouldbeappliedtotheopeningbalancesofMaskandSp

firstIFRSgroupfinancialstatements.(5marks)

［答疑編號31010303：針對該題提問］

Solution

MemorandumtotheDirectorsofTrident,apubliclimitedcompany

ImplicationsofIFRS1'FirsttimeAdoptionofInternationalFinancialReportingStandardsJ

(a)TheintroductionofIFRS1willhavewideimplicationsforanycompanywhichadoptsIFRSsforthefi

TheI?RSapplieswhenacompanyadoptsIFRSsforthefirsttimebyanexplicitandunreservedstatementofc

withIFRSs.

TheopeningbalancesheetforthepurposeofIFRS1andthedateoftransitionwillbeasat1January20C

isthebeginningofthecomparativeperiod.Asofthatdatethecompanywi11haveto:

(i)RecogniseandderecogniseassetsandliabilitiesasrequiredbyIFRSs

(ii)ReclassifyitemsrecognisedunderlocalGAAPasanasset,1iabi1ityorequitythataretreateddi

underIFRSs

(iii)ApplyIFRSsinmeasuringallrecognisedassetsandliabilities

(iv)RecogniseanyadjustmentsrequiredtomovefrompreviousGAAPtoIFRSdirectlyinretainedearni

appropriatecategoryofequity.

IFRS1grantslimitedexemptionsfromtheserequirements.TheIFRSrequiresretrospectiveactioninsome

alsnprohibitsthiswherejudgment,wouldherequiredbymanagpmentaboutpastconditionsaftertheouteni

transactionisalreadyknown.ThstransitionalprovisionsinIFRSgeneral1ydonotapplyandthelatestversi

IFRSatthedateofthefirstfinancialstatements(31December2005)shallapplytoitsopeningbalance

January2004)andthroughoutallperiodspresentedinitsfirstfinancialstatements.ThusTridentwillhavet

itsopeningbalancesheetretrospectively,whichmaycauseproblemsintermsofthecollectionoftheinformatior

asat1January2004.

(b)AnimmediatequestionarisesastowhetherpartialadoptionofIFRS,asintiecaseofthesubsidi

wouldconstituteprioradoptionofIFRSand,therefore,wouldnotrequiretheuseofIFRS1.(IFRS1appliesto

IFRSfinancialstatementsbeginningafter1January2004.)However,becauseMaskonlyuti1isedIAS32andlAf

financialstatementstherewouldnothavebeenanexplicitandunreservedstatementofcomplianccwith

therefore,Maskwillbetreatedasa"first-timeadopter*:FTA)andtheassetsandliabilitiesmeasuredusi

TridenthasbecomeafirsttimeadopterlaterthanitssubsidiarySpar.SparhasalreadyappliedtheIFRSir

31December2003,andthosebalanceswillboincludedintheopeningbalancesheetofTridentat1January200

thenormalconsolidatedadjustments).Thustherewillbenoneedtoadjustretrospectivelythefinancials

ofSparfortheIFRSeffectiveat31December2005,andnoneedtoapplyIFRS1totheopeningbalancesof

January2004.

考點預(yù)測

重要的會計概念、理論

財務(wù)報表的簡單分析

用英語表達的簡單的會計分錄

某些重要會計準則(IAS/IFRS/CAS)的研讀理解

對中國會計準則趨同的宏觀分析

GOODWILL

［答疑編號31010304：針對該題提問］

Anyexcessofthecostoftheacquisitionovertheacquirer,sinterestinthefairvalueoftheidentifiat

andliabilitiesacquiredasatthedateoftheexchangetransactionshouldbedescribedasgoodwillandrcco

anasset.

交易發(fā)生時，購置本錢超過購置企業(yè)在所取得的可識別資產(chǎn)和負債的公允價值中的股權(quán)份額的局部,應(yīng)作為商譽并確1

產(chǎn)。

SUBSTANCEOVERFORM

Theprincipleofrecordingthesubstanceoreconomicrealityoftransactionsratherthantheirlegalfor

theheartoftheFrameworkforPreparationandPressentationofFinancialStatements(Framework)an<

InternationalAccountingStandards.Thedevelopmentofthisprinciplewaspartlyinreactiontoaminority

interestcompaniesenteringintocertaincomplextransactions.Thesetransactionssometimesledtoaccusat

companydirectorswereinvolvedincreativeaccounting,.

Required:

(a)(i)explain,withrelevantexamples,whatisgenerallymeantbytheterm'creativeaccounting";

［答疑編號31010305：針對該題提問］

(ii)explainwhyitisimportanttorecordthesubstanceratherthanthelegalformoftransactionsand

thefeaturesthatmayindicate:hatthesubstanceofatransactionisdifferentfromitslegalform.(5r

［答疑編號31010306：針對該題提問］

Solution:

(a)(i)creativeaccountingisatermingeneralusedtodescribethepracticeofapplyinginappropriatea

policiesorenteringintocomplexor'specialpurpose,transactionswiththeobjectiveofmakingacompany,s

statementsappeartodiscloseanurefavourableposition,particularlyinrelationtothecalculationofcertai

ratios,thanwouldotherwisebethecase.Mostcommpntatnrsh=liPVPcreativeaccountingstopsshortofdelibera

butisnonethlessundesirableasitisintendedtomisleadusersoffinancialstatements.

Probablythemostcriticisedareaofcreativeaccountingrelatestooffbalancesheetfinancing.Thisocc

acompanyhasfinancialobligationsthatarenotrecordedonitsbalancesheet.Therehavebeenseveralex

thisinthepast:

-financeleasestreatedasoperatingleases

-borrowings(usuallyconvertibleloanstock)beingclassifiedasequity

-securedloansbeingtreatedas'sales'(saleandrepurchaseagreementes)

-thenon-conso1idationof'specialpurposevehicles'(quasisubsidiaries)thathavebeenusedtorais

-offsetting1iabi11iticsagainstassets(certaintypesofaccountsreceivablefactoring)

Theothermainareaofcreativeaccountingisthatofincreasingorsmoothingprofits,Examplesofth

-theuseofinappropriateprovisions(thisreducesprofitingoodyearsandincreasestheminpoory(

-notprovidingforliabilities,eitheratallornotinfull,astheyarise.Thisoftenrelatedtoenvi

provisions,decommissioningcos:sandconstructiveobligations.

-restructuringcostsnotbeingchargedtoincome(oftenrelatedtoanewlyaccuiredsubsidiary-the

effectivelyaddedtogoodwi11)

ItshouldbenotedthatrecertinternationalAccountingStandardshavenowpreventedmanyoftheabovepas

howevermorerecentexamplesofcreativeaccountingareinusebysomeofthenewIntermetDo1comcompanies

thesecompaniesdonot(yet)makeanyprofitsootherperformancecriteriasuchassite'hits',convers

(browsersturningintobuyers),bumperiods(thelengthoftimecashresourcesarcexpectedtolast)andc

revenusearemassagedtogiveamordfavourableimpression.

(ii)Oneoftheprimarycharacteristicsoffinancialstatementsisreliabilityi.e.theymustfaithfully

t