文體分類練(四)說明文之研究報(bào)告/書評(píng)類高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2025Passage

1(2024安徽安慶二模)主題:利用藻類除碳

詞數(shù):335難度:★★★☆☆Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油煙機(jī))fanstoremovecarbon.Butotherscientistsarelookingtonature’scarboncycleforinspiration.They’relookingforwaystoimproveit,speeditupandhelpittakemorecarbonoutoftheairpermanently.OneofthosescientistsisProfessorLukeMackinder,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofYork.Hisresearchintocarbonremovalisinspiredbyoceanalgae(海藻).“Abouthalfofcarbonabsorptiontakesplaceintheocean,”hesays.“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”Inordertodothis,histeamhasstudiedthegeneticcode(基因密碼)ofalgaetoworkoutwhichgenesplayavitalroleincarbonabsorption.Hebelievestheyhavenowfiguredthisout.“Nowwehavealistandwecanstartthinkingabouthowtobringthemtogetherindifferentlivingthings,”hesays.“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”Mackinderanticipatesaddingthemtoarangeofcropsandtrees.Theresultingincreasedproductioncouldbegoodforfoodsecurity.Alternatively,theycouldhelptoenhancetheinfluenceofclimatechange.Italldependsonwhatwedowiththecarbononceit’strappedinthoseplants.Eatingthemwouldquicklyreturnittotheatmosphere.Butifinsteadwefindwaystostoreit,wecouldkeepitoutoftheatmosphereforgood.DaveHillyard,chiefadministratoroftheCarbonTechnologyResearchFoundationthatisfundingMackinder’sresearch,saysthatitisimportanttofundworkonawiderangeofcarbonremovalmethods,because“somewillnotgettheresultsthey’relookingforandsomewillsucceed.Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了關(guān)于利用藻類除碳的研究。1.What

is

discussed

in

the

first

paragraph?A.An

approach

to

carbon

removal.B.A

way

to

improve

big

extractor

fans.C.A

means

of

joining

a

company.D.A

method

of

doing

scientific

research.答案

A解析

主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容可知,第一段討論了一種去除碳的方法。故選A項(xiàng)。2.Why

does

Professor

Luke

Mackinder

focus

on

ocean

algae?A.It

is

secure.

B.It

is

effective.C.It

is

sufficient.

D.It

is

accessible.答案

B解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“Algae

are

extremely

efficient

at

absorbing

it.”可知,盧克·麥金德教授關(guān)注海洋藻類是因?yàn)樗怯行У?。故選B項(xiàng)。3.What

can

we

know

about

the

genes

of

algae

from

the

fourth

paragraph?A.They

bring

about

great

side

effects.B.They

are

useless

for

carbon

absorption.C.They

help

increase

food

production.D.They

have

been

put

into

other

plants.答案

D解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段中“We

place

the

genes

into

those

of

other

plants.It’s

genetic

modification.”可知,藻類的基因被植入到其他植物中。故選D項(xiàng)。4.What

is

required

according

to

Dave

Hillyard?A.The

government’s

permission.B.More

scientists’

participation.C.Increasing

experimental

chances.D.The

input

into

the

research.答案

D解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“There

are

a

lot

of

opportunities

here

but

very

little

funding

and

research

going

into

it.”可知,根據(jù)Dave

Hillyard的說法,對(duì)研究的投入是需要的。故選D項(xiàng)。Passage

2(2024福建福州三模)主題:機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究

詞數(shù):367難度:★★★☆☆Ourspecies’incrediblecapacitytoquicklyacquirewordsfrom300byage2toover1,000byage4isn’tfullyunderstood.Somecognitivescientistsandlinguistshavetheorizedthatpeoplearebornwithbuilt-inexpectationsandlogicalconstraints(約束)thatmakethispossible.Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootage(鏡頭)andsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.Althoughit’sasmallsliceofachild’slife,itwasapparentlyenoughtoprompttheAItofigureoutwhatcertainwordsmean.Thefindingssuggestthatlanguageacquisitioncouldbesimplerthanpreviouslythought.Maybechildren“don’tneedacustom-built,high-classlanguage-specificmechanism”toefficientlygraspwordmeanings,saysJessicaSullivan,anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatSkidmoreCollege.“Thisisareallybeautifulstudy,”shesays,“becauseitoffersevidencethatsimpleinformationfromachild’sworldviewisrichenoughtokick-startpatternrecognitionandwordcomprehension.”Thenewstudyalsodemonstratesthatit’spossibleformachinestolearnsimilarlytothewaythathumansdo.Largelanguagemodelsaretrainedonenormousamountsofdatathatcanincludebillionsandsometimestrillionsofwordcombinations.Humansgetbyonordersofmagnitudelessinformation,saysthepaper’sleadauthorWaiKeenVong.Withtherighttypeofdata,thatgapbetweenmachineandhumanlearningcouldnarrowdramatically.Yetadditionalstudyisnecessaryincertainaspectsofthenewresearch.Forone,thescientistsacknowledgethattheirfindingsdon’tprovehowchildrenacquirewords.Moreover,thestudyonlyfocusedonrecognizingthewordsforphysicalobjects.Still,it’sasteptowardadeeperunderstandingofourownmind,whichcanultimatelyhelpusimprovehumaneducation,saysEvaPortelance,acomputationallinguisticsresearcher.ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.“Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,”Portelanceadds.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了現(xiàn)在機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究表明,要從最少的數(shù)據(jù)中快速獲取單詞的含義并不需要預(yù)先編程的假設(shè)。5.What

is

a

significant

finding

of

machine-learning

research?A.Vocabulary

increases

gradually

with

age.B.Vocabulary

can

be

acquired

from

minimal

data.C.Language

acquisition

is

tied

to

built-in

expectations.D.Language

acquisition

is

as

complex

as

formerly

assumed.答案

B解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“Now,however,machine-learning

research

is

showing

that

preprogrammed

assumptions

aren’t

necessary

to

swiftly

pick

up

word

meanings

from

minimal

data.”可知,機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究的一個(gè)重要發(fā)現(xiàn)是詞匯可以從最小的數(shù)據(jù)中獲得。6.What

does

the

underlined

word

“prompt”

in

paragraph

2

mean?A.Facilitate. B.Persuade.C.Advise.

D.Expect.答案

A解析

詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文“A

team

of

scientists

has

successfully

trained

a

basic

artificial

intelligence

model

to

match

images

to

words

using

just

61

hours

of

naturalistic

footage

and

sound—previously

collected

from

a

child

named

Sam

in

2013

and

2014.”可知,雖然只是孩子生活中的一小部分,但顯然足以促使人工智能弄清楚某些單詞的意思。prompt意為“促使”。7.What

is

discussed

about

the

new

research

in

paragraph

5?A.Its

limitations.

B.Its

strengths.C.Its

uniqueness.

D.Its

process.答案

A解析

主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第五段內(nèi)容可知,第五段主要講述了這項(xiàng)新研究的局限性。8.What

is

Eva

Portelance’s

attitude

to

the

AI

research?A.Doubtful.

B.Cautious.C.Dismissive.

D.Positive.答案

D解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“She

notes

that

AI

research

can

also

bring

clarity

to

long-unanswered

questions

about

ourselves.‘We

can

use

these

models

in

a

good

way,to

benefit

science

and

society,’Portelance

adds.”可推知,Eva

Portelance對(duì)人工智能研究的態(tài)度是積極的。Passage

3(2024河北保定一模)主題:手勢(shì)對(duì)聽眾的影響

詞數(shù):330難度:★★★☆☆Politicians,businessbosses,andothertypesofleadersindeedtendtolikespeakingwiththeirhands,butdoesthehabitinfluencehowothersinterpretthosewords?Togettothebottomofit,ateamofresearchersfromtheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsconductedaseriesofexperimentsonvolunteerswhoviewedvideosofpeoplespeakingwithandwithouthandmovements.Aftershowingthevolunteersvideosofpeoplespeakingunderdifferentconditions,theresearchersaskedthemquestionsaboutwhattheyhadheard.Someconditionsinvolvedthespeakerstressingdifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.Otherconditionsinvolvedthespeakermakingvarioustypesofhandgestures,suchaspointingandsweepingmovements.Theteamrecordedthevolunteersastheyviewedthevideorecordings,questioningthevolunteersafterwardaboutwhattheyhadseenandheard.Researchersfoundthatthevolunteersweremoreaffectedbysyllables(音節(jié))spokenwiththeconjunctionofhandgestures:In20percentofthecases,theviewersweremorelikelytohaveheardandinterpretedthewordspokenwithahandgesture.Interestingly,however,volunteerswere40percentmorelikelytohearthewrongsoundwhenamismatchbetweenthewordspokenandthehandgestureoccurred.BodylanguageexpertCarolGomansaid,“Studieshavefoundthatspeakingwithyourhandsreallycanchangetheviewofyourcharacter.Peoplewhocommunicatethroughactivegesturingtendtobeconsideredwarm,agreeable,andenergetic,whilethosewhoremainstillareseenaslogical,cold,andanalytic.Infact,a2015studythatstudiedTEDTalks,whichpostsinternationaltalksonline,foundthatthemostpopularspeakersusednearlytwiceasmanygesturesastheleastpopularspeakersused.”Theresearchteamsaidthattheirfindingssuggestthathandgesturesareanimportantpartofin-personcommunicationthathaveadirectimpactonwhatthelistenerhears.Furthermore,theysuggestthatourresponsestohandgesturesmaybesomethingwelearnaswegrowup.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了研究人員通過實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在談話中使用或不使用手勢(shì)會(huì)對(duì)聽眾產(chǎn)生很大影響。9.What’s

the

researchers’

purpose

of

doing

the

experiments?A.To

examine

the

volunteers’

interpreting

skills.B.To

test

the

effect

hand

gestures

have

on

speaking.C.To

record

the

volunteers’

questions

for

the

speaker.D.To

confirm

the

influence

hand

movements

have

on

leaders.答案

B解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知,研究人員做實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是測(cè)試手勢(shì)對(duì)說話的影響。10.What

did

the

researchers

find

in

the

experiments?A.Hand

movements

affected

what

the

listener

heard.B.The

speaker

stressed

different

parts

of

words

in

a

sentence.C.People

speaking

with

different

hand

gestures

had

different

effects.D.The

most

popular

speakers

used

more

gestures

than

the

least

popular

speakers

did.答案

A解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“In

20

percent

of

the

cases,the

viewers

were

more

likely

to

have

heard

and

interpreted

the

word