題型篇閱讀之解題技巧提升第一板塊核心素養(yǎng)之閱讀篇第一講細(xì)節(jié)理解題專(zhuān)題一閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題是高考閱讀的基石,占比超過(guò)“半壁江山”。它看似簡(jiǎn)單——在文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)信息即可,但如今的命題早已超越了“原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)”的初級(jí)階段。它往往考查在信息海洋中精準(zhǔn)定位、在“高度相似”的選項(xiàng)中辨別真?zhèn)巍⒃谠幕A(chǔ)上合理轉(zhuǎn)述的綜合能力。考什么——透視細(xì)節(jié)題的“命題密碼”1.常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式(1)特殊疑問(wèn)句形式。以when、where、what、which、who、how等疑問(wèn)詞引出問(wèn)題。這是最常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)形式。(2)以“Accordingto...”開(kāi)頭的提問(wèn)形式。(3)就文中數(shù)字、排序等提問(wèn)。2.正確選項(xiàng)特征原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)中的某個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)與原文完全一致同義替換對(duì)原文中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化正話(huà)反說(shuō)把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)3.干擾選項(xiàng)特征擴(kuò)縮范圍與文章細(xì)節(jié)部分吻合,部分相悖無(wú)中生有明顯與文章內(nèi)容不符或沒(méi)有提及偷梁換柱符合常識(shí),但不是文章內(nèi)容張冠李戴是文章細(xì)節(jié),但不符合題干要求或不是要點(diǎn)正誤參半部分正確,部分錯(cuò)誤4.熱點(diǎn)考向5.解題步驟備考提示:細(xì)節(jié)理解題的本質(zhì)是一場(chǎng)信息匹配的游戲。你的任務(wù)不是創(chuàng)作,而是發(fā)現(xiàn)。通過(guò)“三步鎖定法”的刻意練習(xí),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論文章多長(zhǎng)、主題多深,解開(kāi)細(xì)節(jié)題的鑰匙,永遠(yuǎn)藏在原文的字里行間。怎么考——鑄造細(xì)節(jié)題的“四大破題利器”面對(duì)不同類(lèi)型的細(xì)節(jié)題,我們要告別“通讀全文再做題”的低效模式,掌握以下四大核心考向,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)從“大海撈針”到“GPS制導(dǎo)”的飛躍?？枷?

直接信息題——“定—尋—比”法此為細(xì)節(jié)題的基石,答案通常是原文信息的直接呈現(xiàn)或簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述。掌握此法,即可秒殺送分題。[典例]

(2025·全國(guó)一卷閱讀A)22.Whichmodeoftransportcangogreencomparativelyeasily?A.Planes. B.Trucks.C.Trains. D.Ships.自主解答

C

[導(dǎo)引]Step1:定——關(guān)鍵詞定位題干關(guān)鍵詞為:gogreen和comparativelyeasily。Step2:尋——文中尋句根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到TRAINS—Electricity部分的關(guān)鍵句:Sometrainsare...otherscanbemadeelectricinprettysimpleways。Step3:比——選項(xiàng)比對(duì)比對(duì)答案:“prettysimpleways”直接對(duì)應(yīng)題干中的“comparativelyeasily”,直接鎖定選項(xiàng)。[圖解]考向2

間接信息題——同義轉(zhuǎn)換法同義轉(zhuǎn)換是命題人最常用的“偽裝術(shù)”。答案是原文信息的“改寫(xiě)”或“換一種說(shuō)法”,考查考生識(shí)別“潛臺(tái)詞”的能力。25.Whydidthestudentsperformpoorlyinwritingtheirfirstessay?A.Theywerenotgivenenoughtime.B.Theyhadaverylimitedvocabulary.C.Theymisunderstoodthequestion.D.Theyhadlittleinterestinthetopic.自主解答

D[導(dǎo)引]Step1:定位信息區(qū)間用關(guān)鍵詞performpoorly和firstessay定位到原文第二段。Step2:解碼原文內(nèi)涵由原文關(guān)鍵句“Theycouldhave...simplydidn’tstrikethemasimportant.”可知,學(xué)生認(rèn)為寫(xiě)作本身不重要,即缺乏寫(xiě)作興趣導(dǎo)致表現(xiàn)不佳。Step3:匹配同義改寫(xiě)“Theyhadlittleinterestinthetopic.”與原文關(guān)鍵句完美匹配。[典例]

(2025·全國(guó)一卷閱讀B)Butthingsweredifferentfortheirfirstessay,whichwasaboutthequestion:“Whyiswritingimportant?”Mostoftheessaysfilledlessthanonepage,andfewcontainedasentencethatcouldbeinterpretedasathesis(論點(diǎn))statement.Iwasshocked.ThenIrealizedthattheproblemwasthequestionitself.Theycouldhavewrittenpagesonthenecessityofcomputers,butwriting,inandofitself,simplydidn’tstrikethemasimportant.Thiswouldhavetochange.[圖解]考向3

數(shù)字計(jì)算題——“定—篩—算”法此類(lèi)題目看似簡(jiǎn)單,實(shí)則考驗(yàn)信息篩選和簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)算的準(zhǔn)確性。陷阱往往在于信息干擾或信息整合。[典例]

(2025·全國(guó)一卷閱讀A)MovinggoodsandpeoplearoundtheworldisresponsibleforalargepartofglobalCO2emissions(排放).Astheworldracestodecarbonizeeverything,itfacesparticularproblemswithtransportation—whichaccountsforaboutaquarterofourenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissions.Here’sthebreakdownoftheemissionsin2018fordifferentmodesoftransport.21.Whatpercentageofglobaltransportemissionsdidroadvehiclesaccountforin2018?A.11.6%. B.45.1%.C.74.5%. D.86.1%.自主解答

C[導(dǎo)引]Step1:定——定位數(shù)字定位到圖表中與roadvehicles相關(guān)的部分。找到兩個(gè)數(shù)字:ROAD(PASSENGER)45.1%和ROAD(GOODS)29.4%。Step2:篩——篩選信息題干問(wèn)的是roadvehicles的總和,因此客運(yùn)(PASSENGER)和貨運(yùn)(GOODS)都需要計(jì)算在內(nèi)。Step3:算——準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算/判斷進(jìn)行加法運(yùn)算:45.1%+29.4%=74.5%。將計(jì)算結(jié)果與選項(xiàng)比對(duì),鎖定正確選項(xiàng)。[圖解]考向4

綜合信息題——?dú)w納概括法當(dāng)答案無(wú)法從單一“關(guān)鍵句”獲得時(shí),考生需要化身偵探,將散落在不同位置的線(xiàn)索拼合成完整的證據(jù)鏈。[典例]

(2025·全國(guó)二卷閱讀B)“SometimesIdon’tlikesayingthatI’mateacher,”saysHo.“Peoplegetintheirmindsanideaofwhatteachersdo,butthat’snotreallywhatitishere.”...

Still,inroom386,academicsdon’tcomefirst.Physicalhealthandmentalhealtharethepriority.“Ifyou’rescaredaboutsomethingandthinkingonlyaboutthat,there’snowayyou’regoingtobeabletolearn,”Hosays.“I’macoach,anadviser,andacomforter,andthat’swhatitmeanstobeahospitalteacher.”

25.WhatisacharacteristicofHo’sjob?A.Prioritizingacademics.B.Encouraginginnovation.C.Treatingvariousdiseases.D.Playingmultipleroles.自主解答

D[導(dǎo)引]Step1:多點(diǎn)定位題干問(wèn)Ho’sjob的特點(diǎn)。掃描全文,找到所有描述她工作的句子。Step2:整合信息信息1:Idon’tlikesayingthat...whatitishere.信息2:...academicsdon’tcomefirst.Physicalhealthandmentalhealtharethepriority.信息3:I’macoach...beahospitalteacher.Step3:提煉共性將這些線(xiàn)索整合起來(lái),發(fā)現(xiàn)Ho的工作遠(yuǎn)不止“教學(xué)”,她還需要扮演多種角色。[圖解]1.(2025·全國(guó)二卷閱讀A)Mevagissey,CornwallEvenifyouhaven’tbeentothesmallfishingvillageMevagissey,you’veprobablyseenitinamovieorBritishTVshow.Theworkingharbor(港口)tookshapein1774.Fishermengoouttoseadailyandselltheirfishinharbor-sidemarkets.Don’tleavetheharborwithoutatraditionalCornishpie.It’sdelicious.運(yùn)用所學(xué)方法解答下列題目WhatdoestheauthorsuggestvisitorsdoinMevagissey?A.TrytheCornishpie. B.WatchaBritishTVshow.C.Gofishinginthesea. D.Takepicturesoftheharbor.本題為

。

定位:題干關(guān)鍵詞

和

。

尋句:快速定位到原文最后一段倒數(shù)第二句:Don’tleavetheharborwithoutatraditionalCornishpie.比對(duì):該句直接給出了對(duì)游客的建議。Don’tleavewithout...是一種強(qiáng)烈的建議語(yǔ)氣,與選項(xiàng)A意思完全吻合。直接信息題suggestvisitorsdoinMevagissey2.(2025·全國(guó)一卷閱讀A)Thisenergytransition(變革)isglobal,andtheamountofrenewableenergytheworldwillneedis“alittlebitmind-blowing,”saysmechanicalengineerKeithWipkeattheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.It’sestimatedthattheglobaldemandforelectricitycouldmorethandoubleby2050.Fortunately,analysessuggestthatrenewablesareuptothetask.“Weneedtospeedupthedevelopmentofgreenenergy,anditwillallgetused,”saysWipke.WhatdoesWipkesuggestregardingenergytransition?A.Limitingfuelconsumption.B.Puttingmoreeffortintorenewables.C.Improvingenergyefficiency.D.Makingelectricitymoreaffordable.本題為

。

定位:題干關(guān)鍵詞

和

。

間接信息題Wipkesuggestenergytransition解碼:定位到Wipke的原話(huà):Weneedtospeedupthedevelopmentofgreenenergy...。這里的

與文中的renewableenergy是同義概念。

匹配:

與選項(xiàng)B中的Puttingmoreeffortinto構(gòu)成了完美的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。

greenenergyspeedupthedevelopment3.(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷閱讀A)PricesHowmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?本題為

。

尋找:題干要求計(jì)算abikewithhandbrakeandthreegears租twodays的費(fèi)用。數(shù)字計(jì)算題篩選:在表格中找到對(duì)應(yīng)列

。篩選出兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵價(jià)格:1day(24hours)的價(jià)格是

,以及Eachadditionalday的價(jià)格是

。

計(jì)算:兩天的費(fèi)用=第1天的費(fèi)用+額外1天的費(fèi)用,即

,故選C項(xiàng)。

HandBrake,ThreeGears4.(2024·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷閱讀A)Choice

of

Walks

for

Beginnerand

Experienced

Walkers…Walk

1—The

Natural

World…DateandTime:Saturday,1stOctober,at09:00StartPoint:ScratoesBridgeWalkDuration:6hoursWalk

2—Introduction

to

Hillwalking…DateandTime:Sunday,2ndOctober,at09:00StartPoint:DeerparkCarParkWalkDuration:5hoursWalk

3—Moonlight

Under

the

Stars…DateandTime:Saturday,1stOctober,at18:30StartPoint:TheTownHallWalkDuration:3hoursWalk

4—Photographic

Walk

in

Kilbrannish

Forest…DateandTime:Sunday,2ndOctober,at11:45StartPoint:KilbrannishForestRecreationAreaWalkDuration:1.5hoursWhatdothefourwalkshaveincommon?A.Theyinvolvedifficultclimbing.B.Theyareforexperiencedwalkers.C.Theysharethesamestartpoint.D.Theyarescheduledfortheweekend.本題為

。

多點(diǎn)定位:題干關(guān)鍵詞fourwalks和incommon。需要定位到四個(gè)步行方案中各自的DateandTime信息。綜合信息題整合信息:Walk1:Saturday(星期六)Walk2:Sunday(星期日)Walk3:Saturd