鞣前準備

Aims:

notdecay,andlastforhundredsofyearsCharacteristic:Everyhideandskinisunique,andvariesnotonlyfromspeciestospecies,butevenbetweenindividualanimals.IntroductiontoLeatherIndustryWhatisLeatherTechnology？rawhidesandskinsleather

Tanners制革者

Usingmoderntechniques,tannershavetoproducetherelativelyuniformleather,andaddfurtherfeatures,suchascolour,softnessandfullness（豐滿度）,totheleatheraccordingtocustomer’srequirements.IntroductiontoLeatherIndustryTheproductioninatannery

（制革廠）beam-house（鞣前準備）

operationstanning（鞣制）

operationspost-tanning（鞣后）

operationsfinishing（涂飾，整理）

operationsIntroductiontoLeatherIndustryThefollowingoperationsaretypicallycarriedoutinthesoaking（浸水）,unhairing（脫毛）,liming（浸灰）,

fleshing（去肉）

andsplitting（片皮，剖層）

IntroductiontoLeatherIndustrybeamhouseTypicallythefollowingoperationsarecarriedoutinthe

deliming（脫灰）,

bating（軟化）,

pickling（浸酸）

andtanning.(usually,

deliming,bating,picklingbelongtobeamhouseprocesses.)IntroductiontoLeatherIndustrytanningareaInthetanningprocess,thecollagenfiberofthehideandskinisstabilizedbythetanningagentssothatthehideandskinisno1ongersusceptibletoputrefaction(腐敗）,andthetannedhideandskiniscalledwet-blue（藍濕皮）.

(qualitativechange)－－whichcanbetradedasintermediateproducts.However,manufacturingconsumerproductsneedsfurtherprocessingandfinishing.IntroductiontoLeatherIndustrygenerallyinvolve:

retanning(復鞣)

toimprovethehandle,

dyeing(染色)

withwater-solubledyestuffstoproduceevencolourovertheleathersurface,fatliquoring(加油)

tolubricatethefiberdrying.

Afterdrying,theleathermaybereferredtoascrust(坯革),whichisatradableintermediateproduct.IntroductiontoLeatherIndustry

Post-tanningoperationsaretogivetheleatherasthinafinishaspossiblewithoutharmingthenaturalcharacteristicsofleather,suchasitslookanditsabilitytobreathe.

IntroductiontoLeatherIndustryFinishingoperations

Bygrounding（涂底色）,coating（涂飾）,seasoning（噴光亮劑）,embossing（壓花）

andironing（熨平）,theleatherwillhaveashiny（光亮的）

ormatt（消光的）,singleormulti-coloured,smoothorclearlygrainedsurface.

－－improvetheappearanceoftheleatherandtoprovidetheappropriatecharacteristicsintermsofcolour,gloss,andhandle

IntroductiontoLeatherIndustryOperationscarriedoutinthebeamhouse,

thetanningareaandthepost-tanningareaareoftenreferredtoaswetprocessing（濕操作,水場）,

astheyareperformedinprocessingvesselsfilledwithwater

towhichthenecessarychemicalsareaddedtoproducethedesiredreaction.IntroductiontoLeatherIndustryAfterpost-tanningtheleatherisdriedandsubsequentoperationsarereferredtoasdryprocessing（干操作）.IntroductiontoLeatherIndustrywetprocessing水場作業(yè)

fleshing削肉–削除多余的殘肉及油脂Tanningprocess

鞣制工序

加化料除去毛發(fā),脂肪,肉等不需要之生皮成分,經(jīng)浸酸,加鞣劑鞣制,把生皮轉化成藍濕皮.藍濕皮經(jīng)分層,削勻就可復鞣,染色Splitting剖層

根據(jù)需要的厚度把藍濕皮分削成上層與二層皮(split)Shaving

削勻與復鞣retanning:根據(jù)需要的厚度把藍濕皮削到準確厚度；經(jīng)復鞣賦予皮革以各種特性,如豐滿柔軟性；經(jīng)染色可得各式各樣的色彩.Samming,wringing

擠水,drying干燥,milling摔軟

染色的皮擠壓出水,繃板烘干,再摔軟Finishing,dressing,doping,coating

涂飾工藝Mendtheblemishes補傷

Rollercoating

輥涂

Finishing,dressing,doping,coating

涂飾工藝

platingmachine,ironingmachine熨平機

sprayingmachine

噴涂機

Finishing,dressing,doping,coating

涂飾工藝

drawdrum摔軟轉鼓vibrationstakingmachine振蕩式拉軟機finishedleather成革finishedleatherfinishedleather

finishedleatherfinishedleatherfinishedleatherWhatisleather?Whatfeaturesdoesthetannerhavetoaddtheleatherduringtheleathermanufacture?Whatstepsdoesthetannerusuallytaketoproducewet-bluesfromrawhides?Whatstepsdoesthetannerusuallytaketofinishingleatherfromwet-blues?Whatoperationsdoweoftencallwet-processing?Whatoperationsdowecalldry-processing?Why?QuestionsTheproductionofleathercanbelookeduponastakingplaceinthreesteps.Thefirststepistoremovetheunwantedcomponents,what?…etc.,leavinganetworkoffibersofhideprotein.

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations

Thesecondstepistomakethisnetworkreactwithtanningmaterialstoproduceastabilizedfiberstructure.Thethirdstepistobuildontothetannedfibercharacteristicsoffullness,color,softnessandlubrication,andtofinishthefibersurface,toproduceausefulproduct.ChapterOnebeam-house

operationsThefirststepiscalledbeamhousework,istoremovetheunwantedcomponents,hair,fats,etc.,leavinganetworkoffibersofhideprotein.

Thisincludessoaking,trimming(修邊）,fleshing,

unhairing,liming,scudding（凈面）,deliming,bating,degreasing,pickling,depickling,etc.

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations

1.Wetback2.removetheunwantedcomponents,hair,epidermis,sebaceousglands,fats,sweatglands,interfibrillarsubstances,etc.,leavinganetworkoffibersofhideprotein3.destroyunwantedstructures,follicle,elastinfibers,pilimuscle,vein,etc.4.loosecollagenfibers,adjustpHtoafitpointfortanningChapterOnebeam-house

operationsPurposesofbeam-house

operations1.1

生皮在清水中的充水作用生皮在清水中會吸收水分,干皮由于吸收水分而逐漸增厚,增重,同時由僵硬變得柔軟—充水.原因:

生皮—組分—親水基團充水程度和充水速度:與干燥狀況有關,干燥溫度越高,處于干燥狀態(tài)時間越長,蛋白質熱變性程度,可溶性蛋白質因凝固而使膠原纖維粘結的程度越大,充水越慢.

鮮皮,15℃干燥的皮,37℃干燥的皮,太陽下曬干的皮??

鹽干皮,甜干皮??ChapterOnebeam-house

operations1.生皮在清水,酸堿鹽溶液中的充水和膨脹作用1.2

生皮在酸堿溶液中的膨脹作用

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations1.生皮在清水,酸堿鹽溶液中的充水和膨脹作用1.2

生皮在酸堿溶液中的膨脹作用

----pH2.5-3(最大值)---7(最小)----11-12(最大值)---等電點7.5左右,不帶電—膨脹度?等電點以下,帶?電—膨脹度?等電點以上,帶?電—膨脹度?

生皮的膠原纖維在酸堿中由于大量吸收水分而使其長度縮短,直徑變粗的現(xiàn)象—膨脹ChapterOnebeam-house

operations1.生皮在清水,酸堿鹽溶液中的充水和膨脹作用1.2生皮在酸堿溶液中的膨脹作用

滲透壓理論解釋,靜電排斥理論和水合理論補充說明.

滲透壓理論:PH遠離PI時,裸皮膠原分子內和分子間的離子鍵交聯(lián)大部分被打開,成為自由的-NH2,-COOH,使膠原原纖維內聚力降低,將皮看成半透膜,由于膜內基團不能擴散到膜外,且還可和酸堿結合,擴散的結果會使膜內離子濃度大于膜外離子濃度,在膜內外產(chǎn)生滲透壓差,使皮外水分向皮內滲透,以稀釋皮內的離子濃度,結果使皮充水膨脹.(但繼續(xù)增加酸堿濃度,皮外離子濃度增加,反向進行)

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations1.生皮在清水,酸堿鹽溶液中的充水和膨脹作用1.2生皮在酸堿溶液中的膨脹作用

靜電排斥理論:酸堿液中,膠原分子中由離子鍵交聯(lián)本身形成的內聚力被破壞,且膠原都帶同種電荷,肽鏈之間,分子鏈之間會相互排斥,增大鏈間距離,有利于鏈間充水.

水合理論:由于離子鍵交聯(lián)被破壞而變成自由的-NH2和-COOH,這些基團會發(fā)生水合,由于鏈間距離增大,部分氫鍵交聯(lián)被破壞,使其進一步與水形成氫鍵,因此充入皮內的水有相當一部分以氫鍵或水合形式與膠原結合.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations1.生皮在清水,酸堿鹽溶液中的充水和膨脹作用

PurposeInfluencefactors

additivestemperaturemechanicalactionlengthoftimeChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking

conditionofhidesandskins:preservationbasedondehydration.Nottoputrefy.dried:mostgoatskins,sometropicalcattlehidessalted:eitherintheformofbrine（鹽水浸泡）

orsaltpackcures(鹽腌堆跺保藏）.

Theskinshavetobewetbackandbroughttoaflaccidcondition

forsubsequentoperations.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking2.1purpose

Soakingisgenerallyaccomplishedbyplacingtheskinsinwater,whichmaycontainanadditive.

2soakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations2.2Thesoakingprocess

green-salted(鹽鮮)

cattlehides(Wet-saltedhides鹽腌皮):

inadrum,coldwaterBysoaking:

dissolvethecuringsalts,causesanosmotictake-upofwaterintothehidefibers,rehydrated;1oosenthecementingactionofdriedinter-fibrillaryproteinonthefibers;removesomeoftheglobularproteins,includingthebloodalbuminandothersolubleproteins.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking2.2Thesoakingprocess

indrumorpaddle,water2-5timestheweightofthehides(15-25℃),8-20hours.

Results:

Thebloodanddirtwerewashed,thehidesbecomecleanerandsofter,andincreaseinweightowingtotheabsorptionofwater.

judging:byfeel,cleanlinessandtheabsenceofsalt.

2soakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations2.2Thesoakingprocess

Dryhidesorskins:

longertime.

driedhideswithoutthebenefitofsalt,adhesionofonefibertoanother.

Mechanicalactionshouldbeavoidedintheearlystagessincethefibersaretoostiff--breakingofthefibers--damagetotheskins

forty-eighthours,changewateraftertwenty-fourhoursormoreoftheinitialsoak.Theinitialsoakmaycontainadisinfectant(殺菌劑)

orsomesoakingagents,--aidintherehydrationoftheskinsandallowprolongedsoakingwithreduceddangerofbacterialattack.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking2.2Thesoakingprocess

Soakingprocessisnotsimple,becauseputrefyingbacteriacanthriveassoonasthereisasurplusofwaterorthecuringagentiswashedout.

thebacteriadissolvedthehideaway－－putrid（腐爛）andthesoakliquorstink（變臭)offensively--theresultantleathermayshowtender(松軟）

ordamagedgrain(爛面),looseness（松面）,andlackofsolidity（堅實性）,

particularlyinthebelly（腹部）

orthinnerareas.

2soakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations2.2Thesoakingprocess

Oneoftheearliestsignsofthisdamageisthehairslips（溜毛）.Inthelaterstageholesmayactuallyappear.

However,itisessentialtosoaktheskinswell,ifoneistoobtainuniformlytannedandfinishedleatherofgoodstrengthandflexibility.Howtomakeanappropriatesoaking?ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking2.2Thesoakingprocess

theuseofadditiveschangesintemperaturedegreeofagitationlengthoftimeofsoaking2soakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

2.3Influencefactors

AlkaliAction:loosenthehairandepidermis.0.1-0.3%ofcausticsoda(燒堿),oramilderalkali,suchassodaash(純堿，碳酸鈉）Attention:toomuchalkali---swell--distort（扭曲）thesurface--blockup(阻礙）theinter-fibrillaryspaces,--preventingthewaterfromreachingtheinside.

----leatherloosegrain.

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking

2.3Influencefactors

2.3.1Additives

Sodiumsulfide－－alkalinesolution,speedingupthelooseningofhairandepidermis--asmallquantityofsodiumsulfide(硫化鈉）

orsodiumpolysulfide（多硫化鈉）--thebeginningoftheunhairingoperationandchemicalactiononthekeratin（角蛋白）(hairmaterial)inthefollicle（毛囊）

andstartingtheunhairingprocess.2soakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

2.3Influencefactors2.3.1Additives

3%saltsolution

Action：1.

removaloftheglobularproteins,speedingupsoaking2.disinfecting(殺菌),decreasingbacterialdegradationIfthecuredhide,thesaltfromthehideissufficienttoremovalofsomeofthesolubleprotein.

Inthecaseofdryhidesorprolongedsoakingsystems,theadditionofsaltwillpermithighertemperatureswithdecreasedofbacterialdamage.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking

2.3Influencefactors

2.3.1Additives

0.2-0.5%Wettingagentsparticularlyifthehidesorskinsareverygreasyand,therefore,difficulttowet.Action：1.Wetback2.Removesomeofthegrease2soakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

2.3Influencefactors

2.3.1Additives

enzymepreparationsSpecialenzymepreparationsareavailabletoassistsoaking.PellvitC(TFL,德瑞),SuperRever4,SuperReverLiquidST

(意大利

Neochimica公司)etc.

Action：proteolytic（水解蛋白質的）

actionontheinterfiberproteins,givingasmoother,flattergrain.

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking

2.3Influencefactors

2.3.1Additives

enzymepreparationsProcess:Wet-saltedhide,25-27℃,0.15%-1%preparation,pH9-10,3-5hours.

Anothersystemfavouredfordryhides，usingenzymes,pH4-5,alittlenon-ionicwettingagent.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking

2.3Influencefactors

2.3.1Additives

Theremovalofthecuringsaltandrehydrationoftheskinintroducesbacterialgrowth.

Thecuredhidecarriesalargequantityofbacteria,canbecomeactive.

Thebacteriamaydamagethehidesandmaybedangeroustoman.

Therefore,insomecasesdisinfectantsareusedinsoaking.

2soakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

2.3Influencefactors

2.3.2Disinfectants(Bactericides)（殺菌劑）

Somecasesdisinfectantsisnotnecessary.---asoftgreensaltedcondition(柔軟的鹽鮮皮狀態(tài)）

andnobacterialdamagepriortosoaking---ashorttimesoakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking

Raisingthetemperature---aidinginthedispersionoftheglobularproteins---acceleratingthesoakingprocess.Caution:38℃,therateofbacterialactionmayincreaseveryquickly,givingloose,emptyleather,damagedgrainorevenholes.

2soakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

2.3.3Temperature

2.3Influencefactors

signs:Afoulsmellandahairslip

Sokeeptemperatureatabout16-21℃,andifhighertemperaturesareusedorcannotbeavoided,higherproportionsof

bactericidesorshortertimesareused.2soakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

2.3.3Temperature

2.3Influencefactors---Mechanicalactioncirculatesthewaterroundtheskinorhelpslooseningofcementingfibers.---Theactionofdrummingismoreviolentthanpaddling.

---Mechanicalactionincreasedwiththediameterofthedrum,thesizeoftheload,andthespeedofrotation,anddecreasedwiththeamountofwater.

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking

2.3Influencefactors2.3.4MechanicalAction

Normaldrumspeedsare3-5r.p.m.anddrummingmaybeintermittent,e.g.for5minuteseveryhour.

Drummingmayreducesoakingtimeby50%andondriedhidesbyevenmore.

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking

2.3Influencefactors2.3.4MechanicalAction

Howevertherearebigdangersofdamagingdriedhidesindrumsoaking,unlesstheyhavebeenpre-soakedwithoutmovement,Excessivedrummingmaymaketheresultantleathertoosoftandloose,particularlyinthethinpartsoftheskin,ordamagethegrainoftender,thinskinsbyrubbing.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations2soaking

2.3Influencefactors2.3.4MechanicalActionWhatisthepurposeofsoaking?Whyshouldweavoidmechanicalactionintheearlystagesduringthesoakingofdryhides?Whydowesaysoakingprocessisnotsimple?Whatdamagesmaybacteriacauseduringsoaking?Whatdamageswilltakeplaceiftoomuchalkaliisusedinsoaking?Whatpurposesdoessaltaccomplishinthesoak?Whataretheactionsofenzymepreparationsinsoaking?Howdoweusuallycontrolthetemperatureinsoaking?Why?Questions

Purpose:

removalhairorwool,epidermis,hairrootsheath,gettingapelt(裸皮）withasmoothergrain.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing

Methods:paintunhairing

sulphideunhairing

hair-destructionunhairingindrum（硫化物）灰堿法脫毛hair-savingunhairingindrum

enzymeunhairing

酶脫毛

enzymeassistedunhairing

酶助脫毛

oxidativeunhairing

氧化脫毛ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing

3.1.1Paintunhairing（涂灰脫毛法）1.Method:

Thewashedorsoakedskinsaredrainedoffsurpluswater（控水）andthenpainted(涂脫毛糊）,swabbed（抹）orsprayed（噴）onthefleshsidewitha“paint”（脫毛糊）

Afterpainting,theskinsmaybefoldeddownthebackbone,fleshsideintokeepthepaintoffthehairorwool,andpiled(堆跺）orhunguntilthehairorwoolisloose.

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.1Paintunhairing1.Method:

Thesodiumsulfideandsuchlimeentertheskinfromthefleshside,penetratethroughthecorium,anddissolvetheyoungkeratincells,whichenclosethehairroots.woolispulled,usuallybyhandorbyanunhairingmachine.Thenliming,withalittleNa2Storemovesurplushairandepidermis.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.1Paintunhairingtake5-12hoursorlong,dependingonthethicknessoftheskin,thetightnessofthefiberstructureandtheamountoffleshorfatleftontheskin.

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.1Paintunhairing2.Benefits:(1)recoveringhair(2)decreasinginfluenceofS2-andhydrolysateofhairstocircumstance(3)differentquantityofpaintmaybeappliedindifferentareasoftheskinordifferentskins–decreasingdifferenceofdifferentareas.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.1PaintunhairingThemethodfitfor:withalargeamountofhairs,smallareas,thinskinsSuchas,sheepskins,goatskins,calfskins,yakhides

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.1Paintunhairing3.原理：毛干、毛根、表皮角蛋白結構不同毛根、表皮－－?角蛋白－－雙硫鍵?，結構?

穩(wěn)定性?，易破壞?毛干－－?角蛋白－－雙硫鍵?，不易破壞?

控制時間長短，在毛根、表皮松動后，毛其它部位未破壞前，將毛推去，既脫毛又不破壞毛（回收毛）ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.1Paintunhairing1。Be’=7。BK1。Be’=145-145/比重BK=(比重－1）/1000ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.1Paintunhairing4.unhairing“paint”:

50partsCa(OH)2/Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O高嶺土

50partswater5-20partsNa2S/NaHS

溶解Na2S/NaHS，加入高嶺土或熟石灰粉充分攪拌，調至25。Be’，放置一段時間使充分混勻。

Na2S一般20－70g/l,一般用兩種濃度，如山羊皮背脊部50－70g/l,邊腹部10－20g/l,為減輕膨脹，用NaHS代替部分Na2S。高嶺土、熟石灰作用：增稠，防止脫毛糊流失，一般增稠至15－30。Be’，高嶺土膨脹作用弱。多脂皮防止灰皂代替石灰。非離子滲透劑－－加速脫毛糊滲透胺類浸灰助劑－－減緩膨脹，促進脫毛ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.1Paintunhairing5.Pre-treating:

removingfatandfleshandallowingeasierpenetrationofthepaint;drainedoffsurpluswaterorsamming(擠水）;goodsoakingChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrumWhenthehairisoflittlevalue,theymaybedrummedintermittently（間歇性地）inarelativelystrongsodiumsulphidesolution.forexample:200%water,28℃2%-5%Na2S(60%)/NaHS2.5%Ca(OH)2ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrumWithin15minutesthehairlosesmostofitsfiberstructure.Afteronehourthehairandepidermisarereducedtoapulp,whichcanbereadilywashedoff,andthehidesbeginswellinggradually.limittheswelling---addingsalt;partofNaHSreplacingNa2S;Asthetemperatureincreasesto28-30℃,lessswellingoccurs,givingafinerflattergrain..ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrumSkin

hydrolysisisslowerandcanbecontrolledbytime.Afterthehairsarecompletelydissolved,thedrumisrunintermittently(5minuteseveryhour)forliming.Theunhairingandlimingarecarriedoutatthesametimeinsamebathfor16-18hours.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrum原理：毛、表皮、毛根鞘－－角蛋白組成－－含大量胱氨酸殘基－－分子中、分子間有許多雙硫鍵交聯(lián)，結構穩(wěn)定性高利用Na2S/NaHS的還原作用破壞角蛋白分子中和分子間的雙硫鍵交聯(lián)，從而破壞角蛋白分子的結構穩(wěn)定性，然后在堿性條件下將角蛋白分子的肽鏈水解成肽段或氨基酸，使毛、表皮毛根鞘被溶化而除去。ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrum

由于Na2S/NaHS濃度高（>3g/l),還原性強，對角蛋白幾乎無選擇性，先接觸先破壞。毛尖、表皮、毛干暴露在皮外，先被漿化和破壞，而毛根和毛根鞘深陷皮內，需較長時間。如果Na2S/NaHS濃度較低，或皮過早膨脹，或前工序膠原纖維松散不夠，都會妨礙Na2S/NaHS對毛根的作用，使毛根、毛根鞘不能被徹底毀壞而殘留在真皮中。因此，毀毛法難點在于徹底除去毛根和毛根鞘。ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrumCaution:swellingorplumpinggradually(anduniformly)toavoidpebbled(卵石紋)grainoraccentuatedgrowthmarks（生長痕）intheneck（頸）orshoulder（肩）area.Mechanicalactiongentletoavoidpebbling,e.g.3r.p.m.,runningintermittentlyfor5-10minuteseveryhour.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairingChapterOnebeam-house

operations

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrum

Temperaturecontrolshouldbekeptconstant.Anincreasefrom16to27℃inthelimingtemperaturewillhalvethetimerequiredfordissolvingthehair,moresignificantly,itwilldoubletherateofsolutionofthecollagen.Normallytemperaturesof10-16℃areusedinEurope,butsomemodernprocessesgomuchhigherthanthisonshoeupperleather.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrum方法：先脫毛，然后同浴浸灰。脫毛時盡量減小脫毛液對皮的膨脹作用，增強脫毛效果。毛基本脫掉后，補加石灰和水使皮逐漸膨脹。脫毛階段：C:小液比，0.3－0.7，皮膨脹程度小，Na2S/NaHS濃度高，轉動時皮之間摩擦力大，利于毛、表皮去除。

T:不能太低，25－30℃

，溫度低，膨脹程度大，脫毛作用弱，不易脫凈。ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrum

材料：盡量用NaHS或Na2S/NaHS配合，降低膨脹度，增強還原力。Criteria（檢查標準）：absenceofhair,especiallyshorthair,flatnessofgrain,absenceofpebbleandneckwrinkles，nohardareasintheneckorshoulderChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.2Hair-destructionUnhairinginDrum舉例：黃牛鹽腌皮脫毛浸灰浸水去肉后稱重，脫毛浸灰：液比：0.7，溫度：28℃

，70％NaHS1％，轉30’，停30’，加60％Na2S2％，轉30’，停30’，加石灰粉3％，水130％轉30’，以后轉5min/2h,總時間18－24h,水洗，去肉。ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.3Hair-savingUnhairinginDrum

Inordertoreducehairdegradation(降解)andsulfidecontentineffluent,manyhair-savingunhairingmethodshavebeenestablished.Twocommercialmethods,Sirolime（色諾法）

andBlairHair,arebasedonlime-sulfideunhairing.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.3Hair-savingUnhairinginDrumTheSirolimemethodwasdevelopedin1981byCSIRO(Commonwealth（國家，聯(lián)邦）

ScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganization)LeatherResearchCenter,Australia.Method:

(1)浸NaHS，使其滲透到毛根附近，相對低的pH（8.6）保證NaHS不對毛發(fā)生作用（immunize免疫）。液比：0.3，70％NaHS1％轉2h,排液（回收再用）ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.3Hair-savingUnhairinginDrum（2）洗滌，短時洗洗去毛和皮表面的NaHS

，液比0.4，水洗5min;

(3)氧化，用漂白粉漂洗氧化除去毛上殘留的NaHS

，而毛囊內仍有大量NaHS。液比：0.3，漂白粉0.1％，5min;

(4)脫毛，加石灰粉使pH提高到12以上，使NaHS

還原性增強，破壞毛根、毛根鞘，使毛與真皮聯(lián)系減弱，轉動摩擦脫落。過濾回收毛，廢液循環(huán)利用。漂白液中加1％石灰粉，轉30min,補加水30－40％，轉50min.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.3Hair-savingUnhairinginDrum(5)Relime

再浸灰，除去殘留毛、表皮和毛根鞘，并對膠原適當分散。液比：0.5－0.6，60％NaHS2％，30min,加石灰粉3％，水80－100％，轉1－2h,以后5m/2h,共浸灰16－18h。Results:

回收毛90％以上，降低廢液中COD、BOD值約80％以上，廢液中總氮降低90％以上，減少廢液80％，回收硫化物40％。但步驟多，操作繁瑣，脫毛時間長。ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.3Hair-savingUnhairinginDrumTheBlairHairmethodwasdevelopedin1985byRohmandHassincooperationwithEagleOttawaLeatherCo.

ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.3Hair-savingUnhairinginDrumMethod：

thehairisimmunizedbyalimetreatment，

thensodiumhydrosulphideisaddedandthehairgraduallyloosens,Whenthehairlooseningiscompleted，liquorispumped(用泵抽)outandfiltered,thenrelimingiscarriedoutbymeansoflime，hydrosulphide,andanauxiliary.UnhairingAssistFR-62.Thisproductisanaliphaticamine(脂肪胺）

whichhelpstocompletetheactiononhairrootsandepidermisandtopreventfurtherimmunizationor(bymeansofapHincrease)anyhydrogensulphidegeneration.Thetotalunhairingtimeisapproximately18.5hours.ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.3Hair-savingUnhairinginDrum

Method（1）immunizing:液比：1.5，溫度：27－28℃，石灰2％轉5min,停25min,轉5min,停25min,轉5min;

（2）loosinghair:加片狀NaHS1%轉10min，停20min，轉10min，停20min，轉10min，這時90％毛已掉；

(3)removinghair:用27－28℃水洗30－45min，過濾

（4）reliming:液比：1.5，溫度27℃，石灰2％，NaHS0.5%，F(xiàn)R-621％，陰離子表面活性劑0.2％，轉10min，以后轉5/h,共8h。廢液回收利用，水洗液回收利用。ChapterOnebeam-house

operations3Unhairing3.1SulphideUnhairing

3.1.3Hair-savingUnhairinginDrumCaution:Themethodrequiresahighlevelofcontrol,asprocesstemperatureandtimearecritical.Over-immunizationleadingtohairpatches(殘留在皮上的未脫掉的成片的毛）

isarealrisk.Notallhairsubstanceiseliminatedatthehairremovalstage;remai