科學(xué)家從皮膚細(xì)胞中培育出人類卵細(xì)胞（解析版）目錄時文精讀------------------------------------------------------------精選外刊閱讀理解【閱讀理解】【課標(biāo)詞匯積累】【課標(biāo)詞匯訓(xùn)練】【參考譯文】好題精練----------------------------------------------------------精選名校及聯(lián)考話題專練【閱讀理解】【閱讀7選5】【完形填空】【語法填空】時文精讀時文精讀讀【話題·導(dǎo)語】科學(xué)家從皮膚細(xì)胞中培育出人類卵細(xì)胞。【原文·時文閱讀】文章來源：https:///article/human-egg-cells-from-skin-cellsAtechniqueusedincloningcombinedwithfertilizationandabitofchemicalcoaxingcausedhumanskincellstoproduceeggsabletogiverisetoearlyhumanembryos,researchersreportSeptember30inNatureCommunications.Theeffortisthelatestattempttomakeeggsandspermfromhumancells.Researchershavealreadysucceededinmakingtheseimportantcelltypesfrommanytypesofanimals,includingpandas.Butproducinghumaneggsandspermhasprovenelusive.Suchtechnologymayonedaytreatinfertilityforwomenwhonolongerhaveeggsbecauseofage,earlymenopauseorpreviouscancertreatments.Same-sexmalecouplesmayalsobeabletousethetechnique“tohave,potentially,achildthat’sgeneticallyrelatedtobothpartners,”saysreproductiveendocrinologistPaulaAmatoofOregonHealth&ScienceUniversityinPortland.Fornow,thetechnique“istooinefficientandhighrisktoapplyimmediatelytoclinicalapplication,”saysstemcellresearcherKatsuhikoHayashioftheUniversityofOsakainJapan.Hayashiwasnotinvolvedwiththiseffortbutpreviouslyreprogrammedtailcellsfromtwoadultmalemiceintoeggsandsperm.Thosereprogrammedcellsgaverisetohealthymicethathadtwobiologicalfathersandwereabletohaveoffspringoftheirown.Aversionofthenewtechniquealsoworksinmice,Amatosays.“Usually,thingsthatwecangettoworkinmiceeventuallyworkinhumans.”Atleast,inmakingstemcellsitdoes.Amatoandcolleaguesremovedthenucleus（細(xì)胞核）fromahumaneggcellandreplaceditwiththenucleusofatypeofskincellcalledafibroblast（細(xì)胞核移植技術(shù)）.Thatstep,calledsomaticcellnucleartransfer,isthesamefirststepusedincloningDollytheSheepandmanyotherspecies.Buttheresearchersweren’ttryingtomakeahumanclone.Theywantedtomakeaneggcell,whichhas23chromosomes（染色體）.That’shalfthenumberofchromosomesasmostothercellsinthebody,whichcarryasetof23chromosomesinheritedfromthemotherand23fromthefather.Cellsthatwillgiverisetoeggsandspermgothroughatypeofcelldivisioncalledmeiosis（減數(shù)分裂）,whichhalvesthenumberofchromosomes.Inthatprocess,eachchromosomepairswithitscounterpartfromtheotherparentandswapssomeDNA.Thecellthendivides,pullingonehalfofeachpairintodaughtercells.Then,wheneggsandspermgettogether,theyproduceazygote（受精卵）with46chromosomesthatwilldivideandmakeeverycellinthebody.Buttheclonedeggalreadyhad46chromosomes.Withmice,Amatoandcolleaguesjustfertilizedtheclonedeggwithsperm.Thatcausedtheeggtojettisonhalfitschromosomes,producinganembryowiththecorrectnumberofchromosomes.Thehumaneggs,though,didn’textrudehalftheirchromosomeswhenfertilized.Sotheresearchershadtoaddchemicalpersuasionintheformofamoleculecalledroscovitine.Thatmoleculeallowedthewinnowingofchromosomestobegin.Someofthefertilizedeggsmadeearlyhumanembryos,butmanydidnot.“That’sprobably,wethink,becausetheyhadanabnormalnumberofchromosomes,”Amatosays.Thesefailedwould-beeggskickedouthalftheirchromosomes,onaverage,butnottherighthalf.Noneoftheembryoswereallowedtodevelopbeyondtheblastocyst（胚囊）stage,growingforaboutsixdays.Manystoppeddevelopingatearlierstages.Noneoftheembryosendedupwiththecorrectsetsofchromosomessoultimatelywerenotviable.Forinstance,oneembryohad48chromosomesinsteadof46.Thatembryohadall23chromosomesfromthesperm,butamishmashof25chromosomesfromtheskincell.Somechromosomeswerepresentinasinglecopy,whileothershadtwocopies,andotherchromosomesweremissingentirely.Theunequaldivisionsprobablyresultedbecausethechromosomespairedrandomlyinsteadofwiththeirspecificmateastheywouldinnormalmeiosis,Amatosays.“Itwasnottheoutcomewewanted,really,butitwasmoreproof-of-concept.‘Hey,wecankindofmakethisprocesshappennow,’”Amatosays.Theteamisworkingtogetthechromosomestodivvyupproperlybutsheestimatesatleastadecadebeforethetechniquecouldbetestedinclinicaltrials.Eventhen,suchtrialswouldprobablynottakeplaceintheUnitedStates,whichprohibitsgeneticmodificationofhumanembryos,shesays.Thenewtechniquehasadrawbackinthatitrequiresdonoreggcellsforthecloningstep,Hayashisays.Reprogrammingasheandcolleagueshavedonedoesnotneedeggcellstomakeothereggcells.Still,hesays,“thistechnologyhasmadeasignificantbreakthroughinhalvingthehumangenome.”Hepredicts“newtechnologieswillstemfromthisachievement.”【原創(chuàng)·閱讀理解】1.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraphmean?A.difficulttofindB.successfultosolveC.failtodoD.easytomakeA詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的Researchershavealreadysucceededinmakingtheseimportantcelltypesfrommanytypesofanimals,includingpandas.But研究人員已成功從多種動物（包括大熊貓）中培育出這些重要細(xì)胞類型。但是……，根據(jù)句中的but可知，后面的事情，應(yīng)該是難以做到的，完成是有困難的。故選A。2.WhatwasthepossiblereasonwhydidAmato’sexperimentfail?A.BecausetheAmericangovernmentdidn’tsupporttheresearch.B.Becausethefertilizedeggshadanabnormalnumberofchromosomes.C.Becausehisteamdidn’tcollectenoughmoneyfortheexperiment.D.Becausehisteamdidn’thavetheorytosupporttheexperiment.B考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章中的Someofthefertilizedeggsmadeearlyhumanembryos,butmanydidnot.“That’sprobably,wethink,becausetheyhadanabnormalnumberofchromosomes,”Amatosays.部分受精卵發(fā)育為早期人類胚胎，但多數(shù)未能成功?！拔覀冋J(rèn)為這很可能源于染色體數(shù)目異常，”阿馬托解釋道。故選B。3.Whichiscorrectaccordingtotext?A.Hayashithinksthatthenewtechniqueisuseless.B.Makingeggcellsfromskincellsfrommanytypesofanimalsissuccessful.C.HayashiisamemberoftheAmato’sexperiment.D.Amatopredictstenyearsbeforethetechniquecouldbetestedinclinicaltrials.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的Theeffortisthelatestattempttomakeeggsandspermfromhumancells.Researchershavealreadysucceededinmakingtheseimportantcelltypesfrommanytypesofanimals,includingpandas.這項研究是利用人類細(xì)胞制造卵子和精子的最新嘗試。研究人員已經(jīng)成功地從包括大熊貓在內(nèi)的多種動物中制造出這些重要的細(xì)胞類型。故選B。4.WhatisAmato’sattitudetothetechnique?A.confidentB.skepticalC.negativeD.indifferentA考查推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章中的“Itwasnottheoutcomewewanted,really,butitwasmoreproof-of-concept.‘Hey,wecankindofmakethisprocesshappennow,’”Amatosays.Theteamisworkingtogetthechromosomestodivvyupproperlybutsheestimatesatleastadecadebeforethetechniquecouldbetestedinclinicaltrials."雖未達(dá)預(yù)期目標(biāo)，但驗證了技術(shù)可行性，"阿馬托表示。團(tuán)隊正著力解決染色體精準(zhǔn)分配難題，預(yù)計至少需十年才可能開展臨床試驗。可知，Amato對這個科學(xué)實驗是有信心的。故選A?！菊n標(biāo)詞匯積累】1.techniquen.技術(shù),技能Theteacherdemonstratedanewmemorizationtechniquebyusingcolorfulmindmapstohelpstudentsrememberhistoricaleventsmoreeffectively.

老師展示了一種新的記憶技巧，通過使用彩色思維導(dǎo)圖幫助學(xué)生更有效地記住歷史事件。2.combinev.使結(jié)合，混合,聯(lián)合,（使）聯(lián)合；（使）合并n.聯(lián)盟，集團(tuán)Thescienceprojectrequiredustocombinedifferentchemicalstoobservethereactions,whichwasbothexcitingandeducational.科學(xué)項目要求我們將不同的化學(xué)物質(zhì)混合以觀察反應(yīng)，這既有趣又有教育意義。3.previouslyadv.事先,以前,倉促Previously,ourschoollibraryonlyhadafewoutdatedbooks,butnowit'sfilledwithnewnovelsandreferencematerials.以前，我們學(xué)校圖書館只有幾本過時的書，但現(xiàn)在堆滿了新小說和參考資料。4.attemptv.努力，嘗試，企圖n.努力，嘗試，（殺人）企圖Ourclasswillattempttoorganizeacharitybakesaletoraisefundsforthelocalanimalshelter.我們班將嘗試組織一場慈善烘焙義賣，為當(dāng)?shù)貏游锸杖菟I集資金。5.potentiallyadv.潛在地；可能地Stayinguplatetoplayvideogamescanpotentiallyaffectyourconcentrationinclassthenextday.

熬夜玩電子游戲可能會影響你第二天的課堂注意力。6.reprogrammev.再次（重新）設(shè)定程序Afterfailingthemidterm,Idecidedtoreprogrammemystudyhabitsbycreatingastrictscheduleandstickingtoit.期中考試不及格后，我決定重新調(diào)整學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，制定嚴(yán)格的時間表并堅持執(zhí)行。7.modificationn.修改，修正，變更，改良，改進(jìn)Theschoolcafeteriamadeahealthymodificationtoitsmenubyreplacingfriedfoodswithgrilledoptions.

學(xué)校食堂對菜單做了健康調(diào)整，用烤制食品替代了油炸食品。8.randomlyadv.隨便地，未加計劃地Theprincipalwouldrandomlyvisitclassroomstocheckifstudentswerefocusedduringlessons.校長會隨機(jī)抽查教室，看學(xué)生上課是否專注。9.abnormaladj.不正常的，異常的；畸形的Itwasabnormalfortheusuallypunctualstudenttobelatethreedaysinarow,sotheteacheraskedifeverythingwasokay.一向守時的學(xué)生連續(xù)三天遲到很不尋常，所以老師詢問是否一切正常。10.persuasionn.勸說，說服（力）；信仰Thestudentcouncilusedcreativepersuasiontacticslikefreesnackstoencouragemorestudentstoattendtheafter-schoollecture.學(xué)生會用免費零食等創(chuàng)意勸說策略鼓勵更多學(xué)生參加課后講座?！菊n標(biāo)詞匯訓(xùn)練】根據(jù)語境，從上面的“課標(biāo)詞匯”中選用合適的單詞及其正確形式將句子補(bǔ)充完整。1.Thebasketballcoachtaughtusaspecialshooting_____________thatimprovedouraccuracyduringpractice.籃球教練教了我們一種特殊的投籃技巧，在訓(xùn)練中提高了我們的命中率。2.Wedecided_____________ourideasfortheschoolfestivalandcreateauniqueperformancethatincludedbothdanceanddrama.我們決定將校園節(jié)的想法結(jié)合起來，創(chuàng)作一個包含舞蹈和戲劇的獨特表演。3.Ihad_____________struggledwithmath,butafterextratutoringsessions,mygradesimprovedsignificantly.我之前數(shù)學(xué)很差，但在額外輔導(dǎo)課后，成績顯著提高了。4.Duringthesportsmeet,Johnmadeabrave_____________tobreaktheschool'slongjumprecord,landingjustafewcentimetersshort.運動會上，約翰勇敢嘗試打破學(xué)校的跳遠(yuǎn)紀(jì)錄，只差幾厘米就成功了。5.Joiningthedebateclubcould_____________helpshystudentsbuildconfidenceinpublicspeaking.參加辯論社可能幫助害羞的學(xué)生建立公開演講的信心。6.Thecomputerteachershowedushow_____________therobottocompleteanobstaclecourseinsteadofjustmovinginstraightlines.計算機(jī)老師教我們?nèi)绾沃匦戮幊虣C(jī)器人，讓它完成障礙路線而不僅是直線移動。7.OurEnglishteachersuggestedsome_____________toouressayoutlinestomakeourargumentsclearer.英語老師對我們的作文提綱提出了一些修改建議，使論點更清晰。8.Forthegroupproject,ourteacher_____________assignedteammatestoensureeveryoneworkedwithdifferentclassmates.分組作業(yè)時，老師隨機(jī)分配組員以確保每個人和不同的同學(xué)合作。9.The_____________heatwaveinOctoberforcedourschooltocanceloutdoorPEclassesforsafetyreasons.十月的異常熱浪迫使學(xué)校出于安全取消戶外體育課。10.Aftermuch_____________fromtheartteacher,theshystudentfinallyagreedtodisplayherpaintingsintheschoolexhibition.經(jīng)過美術(shù)老師的多次勸說，害羞的學(xué)生終于同意在學(xué)校展覽中展示她的畫作。Keys:1.technique2.tocombine3.previously4.attempt5.potentially6.toreprogramme7.modifications8.randomly9.abnormal10.persuasion【參考譯文】研究人員在9月30日的《自然-通訊》中報告稱，通過結(jié)合克隆技術(shù)與體外受精，并輔以化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)手段，成功使人類皮膚細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生能夠發(fā)育為早期人類胚胎的卵細(xì)胞。該研究是人類細(xì)胞制造卵子和精子技術(shù)的最新突破。此前科學(xué)家已從包括大熊貓在內(nèi)的多種動物細(xì)胞中培育出配子，但人類配子的制備始終面臨挑戰(zhàn)。這項技術(shù)未來或可幫助因年齡、早發(fā)性絕經(jīng)或癌癥治療而卵子枯竭的女性解決不孕問題。"同性男性伴侶也可能通過該技術(shù)獲得與雙方均有遺傳關(guān)聯(lián)的后代，"波特蘭俄勒岡健康與科學(xué)大學(xué)的生殖內(nèi)分泌學(xué)家保拉·阿馬托表示。但大阪大學(xué)干細(xì)胞研究者林克彥指出，當(dāng)前技術(shù)"效率過低且風(fēng)險過高，無法立即投入臨床應(yīng)用"。林克彥雖未參與本研究，但曾將成年雄性小鼠尾部細(xì)胞重編程為卵子和精子，并成功培育出擁有雙父系基因的健康小鼠后代。阿馬托說，這種新技術(shù)的一個版本也適用于老鼠。“通常，我們能在老鼠身上起作用的東西最終會在人類身上起作用?！敝辽僭谥圃旄杉?xì)胞的過程中是這樣的。阿馬托團(tuán)隊采用體細(xì)胞核移植技術(shù)——即克隆多利羊的技術(shù)路徑——將皮膚成纖維細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核植入去核人類卵細(xì)胞。與克隆不同，研究者旨在制造僅含23條染色體的卵細(xì)胞。正常配子形成需經(jīng)歷減數(shù)分裂，使染色體數(shù)量減半并完成基因重組。但克隆卵細(xì)胞初始攜帶46條染色體，小鼠實驗中直接受精即可觸發(fā)染色體減半，而人類卵細(xì)胞需依賴化學(xué)藥物羅可維汀誘導(dǎo)。實驗顯示，部分受精卵可發(fā)育至囊胚階段（約6天），但因染色體分配異常均未存活。典型失敗案例中，一個胚胎含有精子提供的完整23條染色體，卻混雜了皮膚細(xì)胞來源的25條染色體，呈現(xiàn)單拷貝、雙拷貝甚至完全缺失的混亂狀態(tài)。阿馬托解釋，這種異常源于染色體隨機(jī)配對而非正常減數(shù)分裂的特異性配對。"雖未達(dá)預(yù)期目標(biāo)，但驗證了技術(shù)可行性，"阿馬托表示。團(tuán)隊正著力解決染色體精準(zhǔn)分配難題，預(yù)計至少需十年才可能開展臨床試驗。鑒于美國禁止人類胚胎基因編輯，相關(guān)試驗或?qū)⒃谄渌貐^(qū)進(jìn)行。林克彥指出該技術(shù)仍需捐贈卵細(xì)胞作為核移植載體，不如其團(tuán)隊開發(fā)的直接重編程方案便捷。但他承認(rèn)："這項研究在人類基因組減半技術(shù)上取得重大突破，必將催生更多衍生技術(shù)。"好題精練好題精練練Passage1閱讀理解KnownforitsroleinGameofThrones(《權(quán)力的游戲》),thedirewolf(冰原狼)wentextinctover10,000yearsago.OnApril7,theUScompanyColossalBiosciencesannouncedrestoringthisspeciesviade-extinction—ahistoricfirst.Timemagazinesaidscientistsstudiedfossils(化石)suchasa13,000-year-olddirewolftoothanda72,000-year-oldearboneandcomparedtheirgenestothoseofgraywolvestodiscoverdifferences.Theyedited14keygenesingraywolfbloodcellstomatchdirewolftraits,implantingmodifiedcell’snuclei(核)intosurrogate(代孕)dogs’eggs.Thebabies,largerthangraywolves,nowliveinapreserve.Theybehavedlikewolvesbyhowlingattwoweeksold.But“wehavenotseenthemattempttohuntliveprey”,Colossal’sPaigeMcNickletoldTimemagazine.Somescientistshavecriticizedtheproject.ProfessorNicRawlencefromOtagoUniversityquestionedusingfossilDNA,callingittoodamagedtouse.“AncientDNAislikeifyouputfreshDNAina500degreeovenovernight,itcomesoutlikedust,”RawlencetoldtheBBC．HearguedColossalactuallyonlycreated“ahybrid(雜交品種)”—agraywolfwithdirewolffeatures.Colossalisn’tjustrevivingthedirewolf.Theirlistincludesthewoollymammoth,dodoandTasmaniantiger.Theirmissiongoesbeyondde-extinction:theyalsousethesametechniquetopreventspeciesindangerfromdisappearing.Forexample,theybroughtbackfourredwolves,anendangeredspecies,inthesamewayofrestoringthedirewolf.TheCenterforBiologicalDiversitypredictsthat30%oftheplanet’sgeneticdiversitycouldbelostby2050.ColossalCEOBenLammarguesthatgeneticengineeringiscrucialtopreventthisloss.Yetsomewarntherecouldbeconsequences.Introducingnewspeciescancauseinvasivespecies,whilecloningoftenleadstohealthproblemsinanimalsandsurrogates.1．Howdidscientiststrytorestorethedirewolves?A．ByobtainingDNAfromlivingdirewolves.B．Byhybridizingdifferentmodernwolfspecies.C．Bystudyingfossilsofdirewolfandsurrogating.D．ByusingcompleteDNAofdirewolvestoclone.2．Whatcanbelearnedaboutthe“restored”direwolfbabies?A．Theyexhibitsomewolf-likebehaviors.B．Theyhavealreadybegunhuntingliveprey.C．Theyarebiggerinsizethanadultgraywolves.D．Theyarecompletelythesameastheancientdirewolves.3．Whydoestheauthormentionredwolvesinthe5thparagraph?A．Toillustratethevarietyofrevivedspecies.B．Tohighlighttheimportanceofbiodiversity.C．Tocontrastwiththedirewolf’srevivalprocess.D．ToshowColossal’sbroaderconservationefforts.4．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthede-extinction?A．Opposedandcritical. B．Objectiveandcautious.C．Supportiveandoptimistic. D．Humorousandunconcerned.【答案】1．C2．A3．D4．B【解析】本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要報道了美國公司ColossalBiosciences通過基因編輯技術(shù)嘗試復(fù)活已滅絕的冰原狼，以及該技術(shù)面臨的爭議和更廣泛的應(yīng)用。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Timemagazinesaidscientistsstudiedfossils(化石)suchasa13,000-year-olddirewolftoothanda72,000-year-oldearboneandcomparedtheirgenestothoseofgraywolvestodiscoverdifferences.Theyedited14keygenesingraywolfbloodcellstomatchdirewolftraits,implantingmodifiedcell’snucleiintosurrogatedogs’eggs.(據(jù)《時代》雜志報道，科學(xué)家們研究了化石，比如一顆1.3萬年前的冰原狼牙齒和一塊7.2萬年前的耳骨，并將它們的基因與灰狼的基因進(jìn)行比較，以發(fā)現(xiàn)差異。他們編輯了灰狼血細(xì)胞中的14個關(guān)鍵基因，使其與冰原狼的特征相匹配，將修改后的細(xì)胞核植入代孕狗的卵子中)”可知，科學(xué)家們是通過研究冰原狼的化石，編輯灰狼血細(xì)胞中的關(guān)鍵基因，并將其植入代孕狗的卵子中，來嘗試恢復(fù)冰原狼的。故選C。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Thebabies,largerthangraywolves,nowliveinapreserve.Theybehavedlikewolvesbyhowlingattwoweeksold.(這些幼崽比灰狼大，現(xiàn)在生活在一個保護(hù)區(qū)里。它們在兩周大的時候就像狼一樣嚎叫)”可知，這些“復(fù)活”的冰原狼幼崽表現(xiàn)出了一些類似狼的行為。故選A。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中“Colossalisn’tjustrevivingthedirewolf.Theirlistincludesthewoollymammoth,dodoandTasmaniantiger.Theirmissiongoesbeyondde-extinction:theyalsousethesametechniquetopreventspeciesindangerfromdisappearing.Forexample,theybroughtbackfourredwolves,anendangeredspecies,inthesamewayofrestoringthedirewolf.(Colossal公司不僅僅是在復(fù)活冰原狼。它們的名單還包括猛犸象、渡渡鳥和塔斯馬尼亞虎。它們的使命不僅僅是讓滅絕的物種復(fù)活：它們還使用同樣的技術(shù)來防止瀕危物種消失。例如，他們用同樣的方法帶回了四種瀕危物種紅狼，就像恢復(fù)冰原狼一樣)”可推知，作者提到紅狼是為了展示Colossal公司在保護(hù)瀕危物種方面的更廣泛努力。故選D。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“OnApril7,theUScompanyColossalBiosciencesannouncedrestoringthisspeciesviade-extinction—ahistoricfirst.(4月7日，美國ColossalBiosciences公司宣布通過“去滅絕”技術(shù)恢復(fù)這一物種，這是歷史上的首次)”以及最后一段中“ColossalCEOBenLammarguesthatgeneticengineeringiscrucialtopreventthisloss.Yetsomewarntherecouldbeconsequences.Introducingnewspeciescancauseinvasivespecies,whilecloningoftenleadstohealthproblemsinanimalsandsurrogates.(Colossal公司首席執(zhí)行官本?拉姆認(rèn)為，基因工程對于防止這種損失至關(guān)重要。然而，也有人警告說可能會有后果。引入新物種可能會導(dǎo)致入侵物種，而克隆往往會導(dǎo)致動物和代孕者的健康問題)”可推知，作者在文章中既提到了Colossal公司的創(chuàng)新嘗試，也提到了科學(xué)界的爭議和潛在風(fēng)險，因此作者對于去滅絕技術(shù)的態(tài)度是客觀且謹(jǐn)慎的。故選B?！驹~匯積累】1.extinctadj.滅絕的；廢除了的2.historicadj.歷史（性）的；有歷史記載的3.implantvt.移植；灌輸；植入，插入vi.（受精卵）著床；被移植4.preservev.保持；保護(hù)；保險；腌制n.蜜餞；果醬；腌菜5.criticizev.批評，指責(zé)；評價，批判6.endangeredadj.（動物、鳥類等）瀕危的，瀕于滅絕的7.diversityn.多樣性，多元性；差異，不同8.crucialadj.至關(guān)重要的，關(guān)鍵性的Passage2閱讀理解Anambitiousplantogeneticallyengineeraversionofthewoollymammoth(長毛猛犸象),agiantthatdisappeared4,000yearsago,ismakingsomeprogress.Anewbiosciencesandgeneticscompany,Colossal,hasraised$15milliontocreateamammothhybridthatlooksexactlylikeitsextinctcounterpart.Thegoalisn’ttocloneamammoth,buttocreate,throughgeneticengineering,aliving,walkingelephant-mammothhybrid.ThescientistsrevealedtheyhadreprogrammedcellsfromanAsianelephant,thewoollymammoth’sclosestlivingrelative.Thesechangedcellscangrowintoanykindofelephantcell.Theresearchteamhasanalyzedmorethan50changestothegeneticcodeoftheAsianelephanttogiveitthecharacteristicsitneedstosurviveandthriveintheArctic.Thesecharacteristicsincludea10-centimeterlayerofinsulating(絕緣的)fat,fivedifferentkindsofhairincludingsomethatisuptoameterlong,andsmallerearsthatwillhelpthehybridtoleratethecold.ColossalbelievesthatbringingthewoollymammothbacktolifecouldpossiblyhelprestorethefragileArctictundra(凍原)ecosystem,whichisatriskastheworldwarms.Thecompanyhasclaimedthatmammoths,iftheyshouldreturntotheirnaturalhabitatintheArcticinsufficientnumbers,wouldhelpslowdownfrozensoilmelting.Somescientistsbelievethat,beforetheirextinction,animalssuchasmammothsandhorseskepttheearthfrozenunderneathbywalkingonthegrass,knockingdowntreesandpressingsnowtight.OnesmallstudyinSiberiapublishedin2021suggestedthatthepresenceoflargemammalssuchashorsesandreindeerresultedinlowersoiltemperaturesintheprotectedareawheretheywerekeptcomparedwithlandoutsidethatarea.ColossalalsoannouncedplanstobringsomeotheranimalsbacktolifesuchastheTasmaniantigerin2023andthedodoin2024,butitsworkonthemammothhasbeengoingonlongest.5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“counterpart”inthefirstparagraphreferto?A．Endangeredanimal. B．Fellowspecies.C．Clonedelephant. D．Extractedcell.6．Whatcanwelearnaboutthehybrid?A．ItisvisuallysimilartotheAsianelephant.B．Itcangrowintoanytypesofelephantcell.C．Thickfatandsmallerearshelpitendurethesevereweather.D．Longhairlikeawoollycoatkeepsitfromthecoldandattacks.7．WhydoestheauthormentionthestudyinSiberiainParagraph3?A．Toillustratethepossibilityofreintroducingmammothstotheirnaturalhabitats.B．Tocomparedifferentkindsofnaturereserveswherelargemammalswerekept.C．Toindicatethelinkbetweentheextinctionoflargemammalsandclimatechange.D．ToshowthepotentialimpactofreturningmammothstotheArcticontheecosystem.8．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．Theprojectonbringingbackthemammothcoststhemost.B．TheTasmaniatigerandthedodoarealsolong-deadanimals.C．Colossalneedsincreasedinvestmenttoadvancetheprojects.D．Colossaliscompletelyconfidentinitstechnologyandscientists.【答案】5．B6．C7．D8．B【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了一家生物科技公司成功創(chuàng)造了猛犸象近親亞洲象的干細(xì)胞，為復(fù)活猛犸象邁出重要一步，引發(fā)環(huán)保和科學(xué)界的討論。5．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第一段中“Anewbiosciencesandgeneticscompany,Colossal,hasraised$15milliontocreateamammothhybridthatlooksexactlylikeitsextinctcounterpart.Thegoalisn’ttocloneamammoth,buttocreate,throughgeneticengineering,aliving,walkingelephant-mammothhybrid.(一家名為Colossal的新型生物科學(xué)和遺傳學(xué)公司已籌集到1500萬美元，用于創(chuàng)造一種看起來與其滅絕的counterpart一模一樣的猛犸象雜交品種。目標(biāo)不是克隆猛犸象，而是通過基因工程創(chuàng)造一種活生生的、行走的大象-猛犸象雜交品種)”可知，此處指滅絕的猛犸象，counterpart意為“相對應(yīng)的人或物”，所以此處指與現(xiàn)在的雜交品種相對應(yīng)的物種，即“滅絕的猛犸象”，相當(dāng)于“同類物種”。A.Endangeredanimal瀕危動物；B.Fellowspecies同類生物；C.Clonedelephant克隆大象；DExtractedcell提取的細(xì)胞。故選B。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Thesechangedcellscangrowintoanykindofelephantcell.Theresearchteamhasanalyzedmorethan50changestothegeneticcodeoftheAsianelephanttogiveitthecharacteristicsitneedstosurviveandthriveintheArctic.Thesecharacteristicsincludea10-centimeterlayerofinsulating(絕緣的)fat,fivedifferentkindsofhairincludingsomethatisuptoameterlong,andsmallerearsthatwillhelpthehybridtoleratethecold.(這些改變的細(xì)胞可以生長成任何種類的大象細(xì)胞。研究小組分析了亞洲象基因組的50多處變化，使其具有在北極生存和繁衍所需的特征。這些特征包括一層10厘米厚的絕緣脂肪、五種不同的毛發(fā)(其中一些長達(dá)一米)以及較小的耳朵，這將幫助雜交品種抵御寒冷)”可知，雜交品種有10厘米厚的絕緣脂肪和較小的耳朵，這些可以幫助雜交品種忍受惡劣的天氣。故選C。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“OnesmallstudyinSiberiapublishedin2021suggestedthatthepresenceoflargemammalssuchashorsesandreindeerresultedinlowersoiltemperaturesintheprotectedareawheretheywerekeptcomparedwithlandoutsidethatarea.(2021年在西伯利亞進(jìn)行的一項小型研究表明，在保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)的馬和馴鹿等大型哺乳動物的存在，使得該區(qū)域的土壤溫度比保護(hù)區(qū)外的土地更低)”可知，提到這項研究是為了說明猛犸象回歸北極可能對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的潛在影響，例如降低土壤溫度、保護(hù)凍土層等。故選D。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“ColossalalsoannouncedplanstobringsomeotheranimalsbacktolifesuchastheTasmaniantigerin2023andthedodoin2024,butitsworkonthemammothhasbeengoingonlongest.(Colossal公司還宣布計劃于2023年復(fù)活塔斯馬尼亞虎，于2024年復(fù)活渡渡鳥，不過其關(guān)于猛犸象的研究開展得最早)”可推知，塔斯馬尼亞虎和渡渡鳥也是早已滅絕的動物。故選B。【長難句分析】【文章原句】ColossalbelievesthatbringingthewoollymammothbacktolifecouldpossiblyhelprestorethefragileArctictundra(凍原)ecosystem,whichisatriskastheworldwarms.【句式分析】這個句子是一個復(fù)合句。That后是賓語從句，whichisatriskastheworldwarms是賓語從句中的非限制性定語從句?！痉g】Colossal認(rèn)為，讓猛犸象復(fù)活可能有助于恢復(fù)脆弱的北極苔原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，隨著全球變暖，這個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)正面臨風(fēng)險。Passage3閱讀七選五閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。FourRulesforSuccessfulPlantCloningPlantgrowershavetwochoiceswhenitcomestostartingnewplants:growingfromseed,orplantcloning.Andplantclonesofferadvantagesthatgrowingplantsfromseedcan’toffer.1,andaslongasyoudothecloningyourself,youknowwhothemotherplantisandhowyourcloneswillgrow,yield,andgetyouhigh.Butit’sanartandsciencetoplantcloning.Takeyourplantcuttingsfromahealthymotherplant.Plantcloninggivesyougeneticcopiesofyourmotherplant.2,yourclonesgetthebeststartpossibly.Avoidusingmotherplantsthataresick,orthatareplaguedwithpests.3.Mostplantclonesprefertemperaturesslightlyhigherthanyouridealgrowroomtemperature,andtheydon’tlikeadayandnightcyclewithatemperaturedropatnight.That’swhymostgrowersroottheircuttingsunderlightingthatstayson24hoursaday.Thelightingitselfcreatestemperaturestabilization.Temperaturesbetween74-77degreesFaretherangeyouwant.Cloneslikehighhumidity(濕度).Yourcuttingsneedahumidenvironmentinthe75-95%humidityrangeuntilthey’vecreatedrootsandareabletointakewaterthroughthem.That’swhymanyplantclonersusehumiditycovers.4,they’lldie.Usesterile(無菌的)equipmentandmaterials.Youalreadyfiguredoutthatyourscissors,knife,orothertoolsforcuttingcloneshastobeclean.Butyoualsowanttomakesureyoutrays,cloningcovers,androotzonemediaarecleanandsteriletoo.Don’treusecloningcubesorcloningpowdersandgels.5.Whenyoufollowtheseplantcloningtips,yourclonesuccessrateshouldbenearly100%.A．StartfresheverytimeB．UsekindLEDlightingC．GiveyourplantclonesconsistentclimateD．Growingfromclonesyou’resuretohaveallfemalesE．Ifyou’retaking20clonesandseeingonly10ofthemsurviveF．Untilyourcloneshavefunctioningroots,ifthey’reindryairG．Ifyourmotherplantsarestrong,healthy,andhavepotentgenetics【答案】1．D2．G3．C4．F5．A【解析】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了成功克隆植物的四個原則。1．承接句。根據(jù)后文中andaslongasyoudothecloningyourself,youknowwhothemotherplantisandhowyourcloneswillgrow,yield,andgetyouhigh可知，此處說明克隆植物的好處，得到的都是雌株。故選D。2．承接句。根據(jù)主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞motherplant以及后一句yourclonesgetthebeststartpossibly.可知，本空說明要挑選強(qiáng)壯、健康，有強(qiáng)大的遺傳力的母本植株。故選G。3．主題句。根據(jù)段中關(guān)鍵詞temperatures可知，本段說明克隆植物所需的溫度。故選C。4．總結(jié)句。選項中的dryair與主題句中的humidity相對應(yīng)。故選F。5．總結(jié)句。本句與主題句和前文Don’treusecloningcubesorcloningpowdersandgels.相呼應(yīng)，說明克隆植物時要用無菌的工具，最好是新的工具。故選A。Passage4完形填空Likeanythingbuiltbyevolution,thehumanbodyhasmanydownsides,teethwithoutexception.Adulthumansonlygetonesetofteeth,whichmustlastabout60years.However,a(n)1ofpoverty,sugar-richdietsandpoorhygienemeans2.5bnpeoplegloballysufferfromtoothdecay,inwhichacidproducedbymouth-livingbacteriaeatsawaythehardenamel(牙釉質(zhì))that2theoutsideofatooth,leadingtofurtherinfectionanddamage.Oncedecayhassetin,alladentistcandoistofillthegapwithartificialfilling.ButinapaperpublishedinCell,HanneleRuohola-Baker,astem-cellbiologistattheUniversityofWashington,andhercolleaguesofferapossible3.Stemcellshavethe4toturnthemselvesintoanyothertypeofcellinthebody.Itmaysoonbepossible,theresearchersclaim,tousethose5cellstoregrowatooth’senamelnaturally.Thefirststepwastoworkouthowenamelisproduced.Asenamel-makingcells,knownasameloblasts,disappearsoonafteraperson’sadultteethhavefinishedgrowing,theresearchers6samplesoftissuefromhumanfoetuses(胚胎),whichcontainplentyoffunctioningameloblasts.7,theycheckedtoseewhichgeneswereespeciallyactiveintheenamel-producingcells.Itturnedoutthatgenesdesignedtobindtocalciumwereparticularlybusy.8thatinformation,DrRuohola-Bakerandhercolleaguesnextcheckedtoseewhetherthestemcellscouldbepersuadedto9ameloblasts.Theteamdevisedvariousdrugsdesignedtoactivatethegenesexpressedinfunctioningameloblasts.Thatworked,withtheengineeredameloblastsproducingthesameproteinsasthenaturalsort.Fornow,theworkismoreconceptthanamedicaltreatment.Thenextstepistoboostenamelproductionfurther,withaviewto10beginningclinicaltrials.Thehopeisthat,oneday,medicalversionsoftheteam’sfindingscouldbeusedasbiologicalimplants,to11apatient’sdecayedteeth.Stem-cell-basedtherapiesarenottheonlyonesheadingtoclinicaltrials.Anothertreatment,knownasbiomimeticrepair,involvesrebuildingthetoothcrownusingsynthetic(人工合成的)proteins,whicharesimilar,butnotquite12,tohumanenamel.Theproteinscouldbeincludedintoothpasteandevencoughdrops.Butsyntheticformulationscanbeless13thanhumanenamel.Itwilltaketimeforeithertechnologytobecomereality.Onequestionishowdurabletheenamelmadebystem-cell-derivedameloblastsis.Anotherishowbesttodeliverthestemcellstoapatient’smouth.Butthesefindingsare14.Asanydentistwilltellyou,preventi