2026屆大灣區(qū)普通高中畢業(yè)年級聯(lián)合模擬考試（一）英語本試卷共8頁，滿分120分?？荚囉脮r(shí)120分鐘。注意事項(xiàng)：1.答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的學(xué)校、班級、姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)（考號(hào)）、考場號(hào)和座位號(hào)填寫在答題卡上，并將條形碼粘貼在答題卡指定位置。2.選擇題每小題選出答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑，如需改動(dòng)，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案，答案不能答在試卷上。3.非選擇題必須用黑色字跡鋼筆或簽字筆作答，答案必須寫在答題卡各題目指定區(qū)域內(nèi)相應(yīng)位置上；如需改動(dòng)，先劃掉原來的答案，然后再寫上新的答案；不準(zhǔn)使用鉛筆和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案無效。4.考生必須保持答題卡的整潔。考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡交回。第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。AThegradualreturnoftheprivatebuyertothenewcarmarkethelpedtopushupsalesasnumberplateschangedinMarch.MostcarbuyersinMarchalsochangedtheirpreferencesforvehicletypes,withaparticularfocusonhowthevehiclesarepowered.Electricvehicles,includingfullyelectriccarsandhybrids,aregainingsignificantpopularity.Salesofpetrolcarsnowaccountforlessthanhalfofthemarket.Whilethegovernmentpolicymakershavepushedpeopletobuyfullyelectriczero-emission(排放)cars,manyconsumersappeartochoosehybridsinstead,whicharepartlybattery-poweredbutalsocarrypetrolengines.Withthegrowingpopularity,thesalesofhybridsnowareontherise.HereisthepiechartillustratingthesalesproportionofvehicletypesinMarch2025.Salesoffullyelectriccarshitanewmonthlyrecord,uptoabout69,000inMarch2025,yettheirmarketsharedroppedtojustover20%forthefirstquarter,asthepopularityofhybridsgrewevenfaster.Thatisacrucialnumber,becausecarmakershavetosell28percentoftheircarsaszero-emissionmodelsin2025orfacefinesofupto￡15,000foreverycartheyfailtoselltomeetthegovernment'srequirement.Nick,ananalystinthelocalautoindustry,believeselectriccarsalesarebeingartificiallyincreased,mainlybecausecarmakersarecuttingpricesjusttohittheirsalestargets.Meanwhile,manypeoplerushedtobuycarsbeforeanewtaxonexpensivecarsstartedthisweek."Carmakersremaincommittedtothemarketdecarbonisation(碳減排)thatthecountryandtheenvironmentdemandbutweneedsustainedgrowth,notashort-termbubble(泡沫)drivenbyunsustainablediscountinganddriversrushingtoavoidhighertaxes,"saidNick.Healsobelievedthatthegovernmentpolicymakersshouldconsiderthe"naturaldemand"forelectriccars.21.WhatwasthepercentageofelectricvehiclessalesinMarch2025?A.19%. B.45%. C.28%. D.20%.22.WhatisthemajorreasonfortheincreaseinelectriccarsalesaccordingtoNick?A.Anewtaxoncars. B.Thechangeofnumberplates.C.Thereductionofcarprices. D.Policiespushingforelectriccars.23.WhatwillNickagreewithaboutthegovernment'selectriccarpolicy?A.Ignoringthedecarbonisation.B.Strengtheningthediscountingpolicy.C.Takingthemarketneedsintoaccount.D.Settingalowerzero-emissionsalesstandard.BAspartofitsseriestopreparestudentsforthefuture,StanfordUniversityhasinvitedMike,a2024graduate,tosharehisviews.CurrentlyworkingasadevelopmentanalystatanaffordablehousingorganizationservingcommunitiesinCaliforniaandSeattle,Mikebringshisstorytothetable.Growingupinaffordablehousingwithhisfamily,Mikefeltthebenefitsofastablelivingenvironment.Buthesawotherpeople-relativesandfriends-whowereconstantlymoving,livinginovercrowdedapartments,andevenbeingpricedoutandhavingtomoveelsewhere.Thatmadehimrealizehousingisanimportantissueanddrovehimtobeapartofaddressingthosechallengesthatcitiesface.SincehestartedthejobinFebruary,Mikehascooperatedwithlocalgovernmentstodevelopplanstoconstructandfundnewaffordablehousing.Hisworkinvolvesunderstandingcomplexpolicies,researchingpartnershipsandanalyzinglandsuitability."Itisreallyinterdisciplinary,asitconnectspolicy,urbandesign,andsocialneeds.I'mlearningnewthingseveryday.Affordablehousingisawaytomakecitiesmoresustainable,notjusteconomicallybutalsoenvironmentally,byshorteningjourneystoworkorbuildingenergy-efficienthouses.Itmotivatesmetoknowthatthishardworkwilleventuallyresultinpeoplebeinghoused,whichhaswidespreadeffectsincommunitiesandfamilies,"henotes.Fortunately,thegreatcoursestakeninuniversityhavepreparedhimforhisrole,everythingfromrealestatelawtorealestatedevelopmentandfinancethroughthecivilengineeringdepartment."ThecoursesareprobablythemostrelevanttowhatIamdoingnow,helpingmeunderstandmyownexperienceandthinkabouthowIwanttochannelthatintoacareer,"hementions.Forstudentsinterestedinpursuingasimilarpath,Mikestressestakingproject-basedcoursesishelpful.Healsourgesstudentstoapplytocareer-buildingprogramsduetomoreopportunitiesforguidance,workexperienceandnetworkingwithotherpeoplewhomaybetheirfuturecolleagues.24.WhatprimarilyinspiredMiketoworkonaffordablehousing?A.Hiscollegecourses. B.Hisgreenvalues. C.Hiscareerambition. D.Hishousingexperience.25.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeMike'sjob?A.Demandingbutrewarding. B.Routinebutinfluential.C.Independentandprofitable. D.Specializedandeco-focused.26.WhatdoesMikeintendtodoaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Topromotecourses. B.Tohighlightchallenges. C.Tostimulateinterest. D.Toprovidesuggestions.27.Fromwhichsectionofamagazineisthetextprobablytaken?A.CampusLife. B.CareerInsights. C.SocialIssues. D.AcademicFeatures.CColorfulsongbirdsknownashoneycreeperswereoncecommoninHawaii.However,thesenativecreaturesarenowstrugglingtosurvivebecauseofavianmalaria,adeadlydiseasespreadbyinvasive(侵襲的)mosquitoes.Ofthemorethan50speciesthatoncelivedthroughouttheislands,just17remaintoday.Now,scientistshavecomeupwithacleverplantohelpthebirds.Theyareusingdronestodropthousandsoflab-grown,non-bitingmalemosquitoesengineeredtocarryatypeofbacteriacalledWolbachiathatactsasmosquitobirthcontrol.Whenthesespecialmalesmatewithwildfemales,theresultingeggswillnothatch,whichshouldreducetheoverallmosquitopopulationandgivethebirdsamuch-neededbreak.Sincethe“Birds,NotMosquitoes”(BNM)projectwasstartedin2023,over40millionsuchmosquitoeshavebeenreleased.Mostofthemosquitodropshavebeenmadefromhelicopters.Butrecently,scientistsbeganexperimentingwitheight-foot-longdrones.Adronecan'tcarryasmanymosquitoesasahelicoptercan—just23,000comparedto250,000—butit'ssafer,becauseitdoesn'trequireanyhumanstobeonboard.Dronesarealsoeasiertoarrangeatamoment'snotice,whichisamajorbenefitinanareawithoftenunpredictableweather.Themosquitoesarebeingdroppedinsidesmallcapsules.Eachcapsulecontainsroughly1,000males,whicharekeptaliveinsideatemperature-controlledtransportboxattachedtothedrone.Oncereleased,they“falltotheforestfloorwheretheyprovideprotectiontothemosquitoesuntilthey'rereadytoflyaway,”saysAdamKnox,adronepilotinvolvedintheproject.“Thecapsulesthenbegintobreakdownonceexposedtowindandrain,”headds.Thistechnique,previouslyusedagainsthumandiseases,marksitsfirstwildlife-savingapplication.Withclimatechangepushingmosquitoestohigheraltitudes—thelastshelterforhoneycreepers,timeisrunningout.Severaloftheremaininghoneycreeperspeciesarehighlyendangered.Somedieafterasinglebitefromaninfectedmosquito.Thus,curbingthemosquitopopulationwithmethodsliketheBNMprojectmaybethebirds'onlychancetosurvive.28.Whatcanbelearntabouthoneycreepersfromparagraph1?A.Theyspreadavianmalariatomosquitoes.B.Amosquito-bornediseasethreatensthem.C.Thirty-threespeciesofthemhavediedout.D.Theyarelosinghabitatstonativecreatures.29.Whatledtotheshifttoanewcarrierintheproject?A.Itssuccessinprevioussimilarprojects. B.Itsexpandedcarryingcapacityandrange.C.Itssuperioroperationalsafetyandflexibility. D.Itsadaptabilitytovariousweatherconditions.30.Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?A.Howtoprotectmosquitoesfromdiseases.B.Howtodeliverthelab-grownmosquitoes.C.Howtolessentheproject'simpactonnature.D.Howtocontrolthetemperatureofcontainers.31.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“curbing”inthelastparagraphmean?A.Wipingout. B.Keepingtrackof. C.Coexistingwith. D.Keepingundercontrol.DEarth'sbiggestproblem,accordingtoDouglasAdams,isquitesimple:thespeciesofcleverape(猿)thatthinksitrunsthejointismostlyunhappymostofthetime.ComputerscientistCalNewportnowaddsemailtothelistoflife'stroubles.InhisbookAWorldWithoutEmail,hearguesthisonce-brilliantinventionhasmadeussuffer.Newportsayswe'vebecomeslavestoemail,trappedina“hyperactivehivemind”-therealityinwhicheveryone,everywhere,cancommunicatewitheveryoneelsewithease.Studieshaveshownhowdominantemailhasbecomeinordinaryofficelife.Theaverageknowledgeworkersendsandreceives126emailsdaily,whichruinsfocus,makingthemlessproductiveandmoreirritable(易怒的).Allofthismightbebearablebutforoneproblem:themismatchbetweenmodernelectronicmessagingandourowninformation-processingcapacity.Multitaskingisamyth.Wecan'tthinkclearlywhiledealingwithanoverflowinginbox.We'rewiredtopreferreal-timeconversations,whereeveryonegetsupdatestogether.Backinsmalltribes(部落),weneededdailychatstofeelconnected.Now,inadigitalworld,thatancienturgemakesusanxiousifwedon'treplytoeveryemailinstantly.Despitehisbook'stitle,Newportisn'tagainstallelectronicmessaging.Whatdriveshimtodesperationishowweuseit.Withofficeworkersnoddinginheartyagreement,Newportofferssomesolutions.AGermancompanyinventedtheNoEmailDay.Productivitywentup,eventhoughitshortenedtheworktime.Thegoalwasforeveryonetoapproachtheirworkmoredeliberatelywithoutrushing.SomecompaniesuseanapplicationcalledTrellotoallowworkerstoaccessthenecessarydataanddecidewhentojumpinandgetthingsdone.Handlingemailwhenit'soutofcontrolislikebeingpecked(啄)byaflockofgeese.Butchangingthiswon'tbeeasy.OurneedforfocusedthinkingconflictswiththeDopamineEconomy–somethingdesignedtokeepusunabletoresistconstantmessages.Still.Newportthinksregainingcontrolofourtimemightbethekeytobeinghappieratwork.32WhatphenomenondoesNewportpointoutinhisbook?A.Officeworkersfailtohandledailyemails.B.Peoplecancontacteachothermoreeasily.C.Convenienceofmodernlifecomesatacost.D.Emailoverloadaffectsefficiencyandmood.3:Howdoestheauthordevelopparagraph3?A.Bygivingexamples. B.Bypresentingthehistory.C.Byanalyzingthecause. D.Bycomparingpreferences.34.WhatdoesNewporttrytoillustratebymentioningthepracticesofsomecompanies?A.Theimportanceofautonomyatwork. B.Thenecessitytocutworkinghours.C.Thebenefitoftechnologicaladvances. D.Theneedtofolloweconomictrend.35.Whatmightbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.MessageOverflow B.EmailSlavery C.MessageAddiction D.EmailCraze第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。ACleaner-Artist:WorkingtoLive,CreatingtoThriveAt5am,59-year-oldWangLiuyunhasalreadybegunhermorningreading.At6am.sheisatwork,cleaningofficebuildings.36Withinthedailyroutineofwipingwindowsandpolishingstairs,shehascreatedworkssuchas"BroomandStarrySky"andwrittenpoemslike"TheWeightofDust".37Evenasshebendslowtosweepawaydust.shetriestoshow–throughherwordsandpaintings–whatitmeanstolivewithcourage.optimism,andburningpassion."EverycornerIcleanholdsmydignity,"shesaid,"whilecreatingbringsmegreatjoy."BornintoaHunanfarmingfamily,Wanglefthighschoolearlyandheldvariousjobs.In2017.afterherdaughtergraduated,Wangfollowedherinnercalling.38Theninearly2020.carryingallhersavings,shearrivedinBeijingandbecameacleanerinanofficebuilding.Shecarefullycleanedherassignedareasonweekdays,andthenwithdrewtoatinytoolroomduringbreakstoreadandpaint."Readingmakesmeenergetic,"shenoted.Twoyearslater,avideoofherpaintinginthattoolroomwentviral,bringingherintothepubliceye.39Despitetheattention.Wangstillremainscalmandclear-headed,committingherselftoasimplelifeandcontinuinghercreation.Since2023,Wanghaspublishedthreenonfictioncollectionsandherfirstfull-lengthnovel."Ineverseparatedreamsfromdayornight.Iwalkanddream,headheldhigh.Paintingtomeicoloredpoetry:writingisevenfreer,fullofimagination,"Wangshared.40Apartfromhessentialcleaningwork,reading,writingandpaintingarethefocalpointsofherschedule.Forhcleaningsustainsherbodybutartliftshersoul.A.ShetraveledtoFujianalonetolearnpainting.B.Thisphilosophyisreflectedinherdailyroutine.C.However,hertruepassionalwayslayincreativeexpression.D.Asaresult,shebecameknownonlineasthe“cleaner-artist”.E.Shebelievesthathardworkisthekeytoachievingone'sgoals.F.Duringherlunchbreak,sheuseseverysparemomenttodraworwrite.G.Wangproveshowonecanliveafulfillinglifewithinanordinaryroutine.第三部分語言運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié)，滿分30分)第一節(jié)(共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分)閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。ItwasacoolAutumnnightatLondon’sBridewellCentre.EmmaLi’sheart

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astheaudiencefilledtheseats.HerplayBeyondCrossroadswasabouttobegin.WorkingwithfivepartnersfromEurope,SingaporeandChina,Emmawasbothproducerandleading

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.Ontopofrehearsing(排練)herlines,shehadto

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budgetsandpromotion,whichwasincredibly

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.Theperformanceaimstoexplorecross-culturalworks

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EastandWestinfluences,bringing

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storiestotheinternationalstage.BeyondCrossroadsdrawsonEmma’spersonalexperiences,reflectingonthegrowthand

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ofcross-culturalyouth.IttellsthestoryofhowaChinesestudentAnnie,whosefamilyrunsalargesupermarketnamedCrossroadsinLondon,

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betweenpursuingalawcareerandtheexpectationtotakeoverthefamilybusiness.Thesupermarket,Crossroads,iscentraltotheplay:abusiness

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fromAnnie’sgrandfatherandapointof

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betweenpersonalambitionandfamilylegacy(傳承).Theshowcapturesthe

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ofyoungpeoplefacingfamilyexpectationsandfuturedecisions.Inthefinal

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oftheplay,whenAnnieconfidentlyappearedina(n)

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wearingalawyer’sgown(袍),thunderousapplauseeruptedthroughoutthetheater.“Thisismylife!IthinkIshouldgettothinkwhatIreallywant,”theaudiencekeptsaying,whichinspiredEmmaalotandshedecidedtocontinuebringingmore

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cross-culturalstoriestothestage.ForEmmaLi,themessageoftheplayremainsclear:itisaboutthe

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tolistentoyourownheart,whetheritleadsyoudownafamiliarpathoranentirelynewone.41.A.sank B.raced C.stopped D.ached42.A.dancer B.director C.actress D.manager43.A.ignore B.limit C.avoid D.handle44.A.exciting B.challenging C.inviting D.disappointing45.A.composing B.considering C.combining D.comparing46.A.authentic B.traditional C.fictional D.popular47.A.fears B.regrets C.choices D.secrets48.A.distinguishes B.balances C.switches D.struggles49.A.hungup B.passeddown C.leftbehind D.workedout50.A.conflict B.understanding C.communication D.agreement51.A.joy B.confidence C.trouble D.dilemma52.A.sight B.setting C.scene D.shot53.A.courtroom B.supermarket C.apartment D.store54.A.interesting B.meaningful C.fresh D.local55.A.right B.chance C.ability D.courage第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。BenDavyhasneverbeentoChina,buttheAustralianhistoryteacherknowsoneofthecountry'stopattractionsisitsTerracottaWarriors.Sowhenamajorexhibitiononthelife-sizedclayfiguresopenedinPerth,Davywaitedwith

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(excite)atthefrontofthelonglineatWAMuseumBoolaBardip.Theremarkabletreasures

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(journey)toPerthinlateJune2025fortheTerracottaWarriors:LegacyoftheFirstEmperorexhibition.RecognizedasthemostsignificanteventofitskindintheAustralianstate,theexhibitionrunsuntilFebruary22,2026,

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(feature)morethan225exceptionalancientChineseitemsoftheQinDynasty(221-206BC),nearlyhalfof

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haveneverleftChinabefore.Duringtheirvisit,audiencescanexaminethewarriorfiguresalongsiderareobjectsofart,everydaylifeandancient

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(ceremony).Theexperienceisenhancedbycutting-edgemultimediathatbringsancientstories

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lifeandoffersbreathtakinginsightsintothemysteriesoftheemperor'stomb,whichremainsuntouchedtothisday.Thisexhibition,thefruitoflong-termSino-Australiancooperation,enablesglobalaudiences

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(engage)directlywithChina'sancientheritage.Settowelcome180,000visitors,itinvitesviewerstoappreciatethe

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(art)andtechnologicalachievementsofancientChina,

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toreflectonhowChina'spastinformsitspresent.ForDavy,

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opening-daywaitwaswellworththeeffort,justastheexhibitioncontinuestoamazevisitorstoday.第四部分寫作(共兩節(jié)，滿分40分)第一節(jié)（滿分15分）假定你是李華，你的英國朋友Chris計(jì)劃拍攝TasteofChina短視頻系列推介中國美食，他想從“FamousDishes”和“StreetSnacks”兩個(gè)拍攝主題中選擇其一，現(xiàn)征求你的意見。請給Chris寫一封郵件表達(dá)你的看法，內(nèi)容包括：（1）你的選擇；（2）說明理由。注意：（1）寫作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80個(gè)左右；（2）請按如下格式在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置作答。DearChris,I'mthrilledaboutyourTasteofChinaseries!Yours,LiHua第二節(jié)（滿分25分）閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。Jacklookedoutofthecarwindowwhenheandhismompassedtheiroldneighborhood.Hisfingerstappednervouslyonhisbackpackashismomtoldhimthemovingcompanyhadfoundsome'os:boxesfromtheirrecentmove,andshecouldgetthemthatafternoon.AfeelingofhoperoseinJack'sheart.HeaskedquietlyifBigDogmightbeintheboxes.Grandpahadboughtthetreasuredtoydogforhimatthefairthreeyearsbefore.Thoughnoweightyearsold,Jackstillneededhisoldfriendbackontheshelfabovehisbed,whichhadbeenemptysincetheymoved.Hismomsaidshewasn'tsure.Hervoicetrembledassheaddedthatthephotoalbumswereconfirmedlostbythecompany-allthosepreciouspicturesoffestiveoccasions,birthdaycelebrations,andfamilygatheringsweregone.Jackrecognizedthatvoice,theonethatsheusedwhentryingtobestrong.Heknewwhatthealbumsmeanttoher.Shepromisedtochecktheboxescarefullybeforepickinghimup,givinghisshoulderacomfortingpat(輕拍).Alldayatschool,Jackfoundithardtositstill,hiseyesconstantlydarting(瞟)totheclock.Duringmathclass,hemissedBigDog'slovelyeyes.Atlunch,herecalledGrandma'swarmhugandbrightsmilefromthoselostphotos.Ontheplayground,hismindwanderedbacktothejoyoftheirwholefamilytogether-laughingandrunningalongthebeachunderaclearbluesky.Astheartclassbellfinallyrang,Mr.Lightannounced,"Todayyouarefreetodrawanythingyouwish."Jackstaredattheblankpaper,memoriesrushingback.Thesadfaceofhismompoppedupandthenanideacametohim-maybehecouldfindanewwaytosavethosememories.注意：（1）續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150個(gè)左右；（2）請按如下格式在答題紙的相應(yīng)位置作答。Heknewwhathecoulddraw.Afterschool,Jackrushedtohismom,withthedrawinginhishand.Heknewwhathecoulddraw.Afterschool,Jackrushedtohismom,withthedrawinginhishand.2026屆大灣區(qū)普通高中畢業(yè)年級聯(lián)合模擬考試（一）英語參考答案第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）21-23BCC24-27DADB28-31BCBD32-35DCAB第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）36-40FGADB第三部分語言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）41-55BCDBCACDBADCABD第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）56.excitement57.journeyed58.featuring59.which60.ceremonies61.to62.toengage63.artistic64.and65.the第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）第一節(jié)（滿分15分）【參考范文一】DearChris,I'mthrilledaboutyourTasteofChinaseries.Aftercomparingthetwothemes,IthinkStreetSnackswouldbeamorecompellingchoice.Streetsnacks,whicharedeeplyrootedinpeople'sdailylives,arenotonlyaffordablebutalsocarrystronglocalcharacteristics,makingiteasierforviewerstorelate.Moreover,filmingatstreetstallsallowsyoutocapturelivelyscenesofvendorsskillfullypreparingfoodandpeoplechattinghappilywhileenjoyingtheirsnacks.Thisway,youcanshowcasethedeliciousfoodaswellasthevibrantatmosphereofChinesecommunities.Ibelievesuchaserieswillbeagreatsuccess,whichisdefinitelyagoodopportunitytohelpspreadChineseculinaryculture.Lookingforwardtoyouramazingvideos!第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）56.excitement57.journeyed58.featuring59.which60.ceremonies61.to62.toengage63.artistic64.and65.the第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）第一節(jié)（滿分15分）【參考范文一】DearChris,I'mthrilledaboutyourTasteofChinaseries.Aftercomparingthetwothemes,IthinkStreetSnackswouldbeamorecompellingchoice.Streetsnacks,whicharedeeplyrootedinpeople'sdailylives,arenotonlyaffordablebutalsocarrystronglocalcharacteristics,makingitea