Uni.l.Histor.o.medicine

Keys

TextA

LanguageFocus

FiI?i.th?blank.wit.th.word.give.below.Chang.th.for.wher.iiecessary

.an.pa.attentio.t.th.tense.voic.an.collocation,o.th.verbs.

l.i.credite.with;

2.ar.sometime.referre.t.as;

3.wa.suppose.to;

4.wer.espouse.by;

5.i.additio.to;

6.wa.attribute,to;

7.categorize;

8.i.give.credi.for;

9.though.

SentenceSimulation

（略）

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

i.Hpose.th.humora.theor.tha.th.bod.o.ma.ha.fou.

distinc.bodil.fluid.i.itself.blood.phlegm.yello.bil.an.blac.bile.di

fferen.mixtur.o.whic.lead.t.differen.temperaments.

2.InancientGreece,careerasadoctorwaspassedonfrom

fathertoson,soHippocratesstudiedmedicineunderhis

fatherfromhisearlyage.

3.AncientGreekmedicinewasafieldrestrictedbyreligious

superstitionwherewizardscureddiseasesbymeansofprayer,

magicorritualrecitationofspells.

4.ItnowappearsthatHippocrateswasincorrectinhis

explanationofthecausesofhumantemperament,buthis

temperamentcategoriesandnameshavebeeninuseever

since.

5.AncientWesterndoctorsabouttoentermedicalpracticewere

requiredtotakeanoathonmedicalethics,whichwasderived

fromtheoathofHippocrates,anancientGreekphysician

reveredas"fatherofmedicine,,intheWest.

A.th.fathe.o.Wester.medicine.Hippocrate.i.th.firs,t.formulat.th.co

d.o.pl.with.Furthermore.hi.medi

ca.opinion.an.medica.practic.hav.exerte..hug.influenc.o.th.develo

pmen.o.Wester.medicin.fo.centuries.

TextB

AnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.

l.Fou.traditiona.examinatio.methods.looking.listenin.an.smelling

.asking.an.touching.

2.①

TC.ca.mak.diagnose.an.trea.patient.withou.needin..scientifi.und

erstandin.o.caus.an.pathogenesis.②

th.fundamental.o.TC.remai.largel.unchange.an.it.theorie.inexplic

abl.t.science.

3.①th.methodologica.qualit.o.trial.i.low.②

Mos.o.thes.trial.ar.publishe.i.Chinese.inaccessibl.t.wester.doctor

s.an.no.include.i.systemati.reviews.③

Sblem.

4.Al.natura.phenomen.coul.b.cat.Yi.an.Yan.(tw.opposit

erdependent.an.exchangeabl.aspect.o.natur

e).everythin.1,th.univers.consiste.o.fiv.basi.element,(wood.fire,ear

th.metal.an.water).an.th.univers.wa.constantl.changin.toward.dy

nami.balanc.o.harmony.Yi.refer.largel.t.th.materia.aspect.o.th.or

ganis.an.Yan.t.functions.Ther.i..circulatio.o.Q.(energy.an.blood.T

an.wor.togethe.b.regulatin.an.preservin.Q.an.bloo.throug.th

.so-calle.channel.an.collaterals.Diseas.occur.afte..disturbanc.i.Yi

n-Yan.o.flo.o.Q.an.cause.b.pathogen

i.feg.sadness.joy.lifestyle.an.climati.factor.(dampness.heat.cold).T

reatmen.aim.t.expe.o.suppres.th.caus.an.restor.balance.

Unit2Healthprofessionalsforanewcentury

TextA

LanguageFocus

9.Itisthemaintaskofmedicalschoolstotraingooddoctors

neededbythepeople.

10.Theobjectiveofclinicalmedicaleducationistotraincapable

andwellqualifiedacademicdoctorswithasolidprofessional

foundationandabroadspectrumofknowledge.

11.Theinnovationofteachingmethodshasnotonlyimprovedthe

students'initiativeandenthusiasmtolearn,butalso

enhancedthequalityofclinicalteachingandpractice.

I.gress.ou.country'.catio.stil.fail.t.k

gress.developmen.o.scienc.an.technology.an.

need.fo.medica.an.healt.reform.

Translatethefollowingpassage/sentenceintoChinese.

i.過去一個世紀(jì)教育的進(jìn)步在于三個時代的教育改革。笫一個時代始于

20世紀(jì)初，注重教授科學(xué)課程。大約于20世紀(jì)中期，第二個時代的改

革開啟了問題導(dǎo)向式的教學(xué)革新?，F(xiàn)在，我們需要進(jìn)行體系導(dǎo)向式的第

三個時代的教育改革，通過調(diào)整核心專業(yè)技能使其適應(yīng)特定環(huán)境，同

時借鑒國際化知識，從而提升醫(yī)療體系的性能.

遷移學(xué)習(xí)是一種重要成果，其包含了三個基本的轉(zhuǎn)變：從對事實的記憶轉(zhuǎn)

變?yōu)閷π畔⒌乃阉?、分析和綜合從而作出決策；從追求專業(yè)文憑轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?/p>

現(xiàn)核心競爭力從而達(dá)到醫(yī)療體系里有效的團(tuán)隊協(xié)作；還有，從對教育模式

不帶批判的照搬應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷φw資源的創(chuàng)造性改造以應(yīng)對局部的重點

問題。

醫(yī)護(hù)人員在過去一個世紀(jì)以來對人類健康和發(fā)展做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)，然而，

自滿只會讓人們繼續(xù)徒勞地采用20世紀(jì)的教育策略，而無法應(yīng)對21世紀(jì)

的挑戰(zhàn)。

TextB

AnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.

i.Becauseitiscrucialtotackletheobstaclesofthe21stcentury.

2.Theoutcome-basedcorecurriculumhasservedasaframework

inmanycountries,andcanbeadjustedforspecificlocalneeds

aspostulatedbythecommissioners.

3.Sernationa.foru.whic.bring.togethe.stu

dent.o.medicine.nursing.pharmfession.(n

amely.th.Worl.Healthcar.Student.Symposium).Th.benefit.o.th.

annua.Worl.Healthcar.Student.Symposi.ar.fo.student.t.lear.t.

understan.th.difffession.an.discus.th.bes.way.o.effecti

v.an.fruitfu.collaboration.

4.Tpose.focu.o.th.implementatio.o.innovativ

.mrmmunicatio.technologie.merit.at

tentio.an.believ.i.it.potentia.benefit.fo.th.educatio.o.medica.st

udents.Accordin.t.th.authors.student.fro.low-incom.countrie.

wit..lac.o.resource.ca.especiall.benefi.fro.sue.initiative.a.th.we

bsit.Healt.Science.Online.althoug.suc.fre.initiative.shoul.no.co

posa.t.focu.developmen.assistanc.mor.strongl.o

.healt.professionals.education.

5.Yes.Studen.initiative.hav.tackle.climat.change.migran.heakh.

an.othe.issue.o.globa.an.nationa.relevance.

6.Overall,medicalstudentsworldwidehavebeenplayingan

activeroleinimplementingtherecommendationsoftheGlobal

Commissionmainlybydevelopingtheirownoutcome-based

corecurriculaandlaunchinganinternationalforumwhich

bringstogetherstudentsofmedicine.nursing,pharmacy,and

alliedhealthprofessions,amongotherinitiatives.

Unit3Health-caresystem

Keys

TextA

LanguageFocus

i.Fil.i.th.blank.wit.th.word.give.below.Chang.th.for.wher.necess

ary.

2.Compliance;

3.disparity;

4.prescribe;

5.maneuver;

6.commonplace;

7.underserved;

8.reconcile;

9.fragments;

io.plight;

ii.invasive.

Translatethefollowingpassage/sentenceintoEnglish.

i.ManyotherAmericansaredeniedinsuranceduetoprevious

illnessesorconditionsthatinsurancecompaniesdecidearetoo

riskyorexpensivetocover.

2.Healt.car.refor.wil.reduc.ou.defici.b.mor.tha.$10.billio.ove.th.

nex.decad.an.mor.tha.$.trillio.i.th.decad.afte.that.S.thi.isn'.r

adica.reform.Bu.i.i.majo.reform.

3.A.estimate.eighty-thre.percen.o.peopl.unde.ag.sixty-fiv.wh.ar.i

.th.Unite.State.legall.no.hav.insuranc.coverage.

4.Thi.yea.th.la.wil.star.closin.wha.i.know.a.,rth.doughnu.hole..T

ha.i..lac.o.Medicar.coverag.fo.som.dru.cost.fo.olde.Americans.

5.PresidentObamapromisedseniorcitizensthatthehealthcare

reformwillnotcuttheirguaranteedbenefits.

TextB

AnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.

1-4(略)

5.①

Th.SAR.epidemi.an.risin.publi.disconten.generate.th.politica.wil.t

.fundamentall.refor.th.system.includin..partia.resumptio.o.centr

a.managemen.o.public-healt.service.an..majo.reallocatio.o.centra

.resource,t.addres.inequitie.i.health.②

Th.outcom.o.thes.post-SAR.reform.remain.uncertain.bu.ther.ar.r

eason.fo.optimism.(a.Centra.fundin.i.supportin.th.re-introductio.

o..Ne.Cooperativ.Medica.Sgramm.f

o.th.uninsure.i.urba.area.tha.plan.t.achiev.universa.coverag.b.2

020.(b.Chin.ca.accomplis.i.healt.car.reform.Th.exemplar.nationa.

monitorin.syste.fo.infectiou.disease.implemente.afte.th.SAR.epid

emi.(vide.real-tim.report.o.case.acros.th.country.an.th.ef

fectiv.public-healt.respons.t.th.earthquak.i.Sichua.ar.example.

6.Th.mos.importan.tas.ahea.i.t.focu.attentio.an.resource.o.impro

prehensiveness.an.cost-effectivenes.o.services.

Unit4CancerandLife

Keys

TextA

LanguageFocus

1.Fil.i.th.blank.wit.th.word.eive.below.Chang.th.for.wher.neces

sary.

2.Eradication

3.Deterioration

4.Withstand

5.Overwhelm

6.Recurrent

7.Prove

8.Outburst

9.Diverge

VocabularyEnlargement&Reinforcement

1.Routine

2.Advanced

3.Chronic

4.Undersiege

5.Physical&emotional

6.Malignant

7.Riskfactor

8.Steadydecline

9.Affluent

io.Admit

11.Severelyweaken

12.Wellupwith

13.Recurrence

14.Undergo

15.Outlines

16.Gastrointestinal

17.Withstand

18.Chores

19.Theunexpectedpublicarisingof???

20.Spasms

21.Chronicle

22.Flickeracross

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

1.奧唐奈女士一個月前的例行乳房X光檢查并沒有顯示出腫瘤的跡象。

但在夏威夷為期兩周的假期里，腫塊迅速生長，因此她E1印第安納州

后就馬上去看醫(yī)生。

2.1995年2月奧唐奈女士開始化療，做了兩次手術(shù)，包括乳房切除，并

于1995年8月完成化療。她現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是治愈了。

3.當(dāng)夫妻二人有人對奧唐奈女士的治療感到恐懼害怕時，他們會向?qū)Ψ?/p>

要求一段時間不談癌癥，可能持續(xù)一小時或一天，在此期間，他們同意

談話不涉和她的健康危機。

4.他們意識到夫婦兩人共同的路突然分開了。他們經(jīng)歷同樣的事情，但卻

有了完全不同的感受。

但他發(fā)現(xiàn)，他的信仰一一不僅是宗教信仰，也包括對婚姻能承受長期壓力

的信念一一正受到考驗。

他們夫妻所經(jīng)歷的困難被公諸于眾，甚至僅是在她朋友圈中公開，但這不

期意的公開，令奧唐奈女士感到震驚。

TextB

AnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.

1.Lon.befor.cance.coul.eve.b.detecte.b.curren.imagin.scan.o.bio

o.tests.th.ne.wa.t.fin.cance.earlie.i.t.fin.a.ultra-earl.indicato.o

.th.disease.substance.i.bloo.platelet.tha.indicat.cance.i.i.th.w

orks.Th.platele.substance.ar..so-calle.biomarke.o.cancer——c

haracteristic.i.bodil.fluid.tha.ca.indicat.th.presenc.o.disease.

2.Locatio.o.th.specifi.cancer.I.yo.don'.kno.wher.th.cance.is——i.

yo.can,.fee.it.se.it.locat.it.o.biops.it——yo.can,.trea.it.

3.Statin.(o.HMG-Co.reductas.inhibitors.ar..clas.o.drug.use.t.lo

we.cholestero.level.b.inhibitin.th.enzym.HMG-Co.reductase,w

ductio.o.cholestero.i.th.liver.Increa

se.cholestero.level.hav.bee.associate.wit.cardiovascula.diseas

es.an.statin.ar.therefor.use.i.th.preventio.o.thes.diseases.Res

earc.ha.foun.tha.statin.ar.mos.effectiv.fo.treatin.cardiovascul

a.diseas,(secondar.prevention),wit.questionabl.benefi.i.thos.w

ithou.previou.CV.bu.wit.elevate.cholestero.levels.Statin.hav.r

ar.bu.sever.advers.effects.particularl.muscl.damage.an.som.d

octor.believ.the.ar.overprescribed.Th.best-sellin.stati.i.atorvas

tatin.markete.a.Lipito.(manufacture.b.Pfizer.an.Torvast.B.200

.atorvastati.becam.th,best-sellin.pharmaceutica.i.history.wit.

Pfize.reportin.sale.o.US$12..billio.i.2008.A.o.2010..numbe.o.s

tatin.ar.o.th.market.atorvastati.(Lipito.an.Torvast).fluvastati.(

Lescol).lovastati.(Mevacor.Altocor.Altoprev).pitavastati.(Livalo.

Pitava).pravastati.(Pravachol.Selektine.Lipostat).rosuvastati.(

Crestor.an.simvastati.(Zocor.Lipex.Sbinatio.prepara

tion.o..stati.an.anothe.agent.suc.a.ezetimibe/simvastatin.ar.a

Is.available..)

4.Thi.discover.pushe.th.issu.o.earl.detectio.furthe.tha.eve.befor

e.I.effect.i.coul.allo.cance.t.b.treate.similarLt.th.wa.doctor.no.

trea.hear.disease.Jus.a.doctor.prescrib.stati.drug,t.hel.preven

.hear.attack.i.patient.wit.hig.cholesterol.oncologist.coul.tes.p

atient.fo.thi.earl.biomarke.an.prescrib.drug.t.hel.preven.canc

er.An.jus.a.cardiologist.don'.hav.t.wai.fo..hear.attac.i.orde.t.a

ct.oncologist,wouldn'.hav.t.wai.unti.malignan.tumor.ar.found

.Dces.itsel.-.rath

e.tha.targetin..tumo.i..particula.par.o.th.body.Th.marke.coul.

als.potentiall.b.use.t.monito.patient.wh.ha.alread.ha.cance.fo

.th.earlies.sign.o.recurrence.

Advantages.①

Th.new.less-toxi.cance.treatmen.(So-calle.smar.drug.sue.a.Gl

eevec.Tarceva.Iress.an.Erbitux)targe.onl.cancerou.cells.an.ha

v.les.toxicit.tha.standar.chemotherap.regimens.②

Thes.targete.therapies.whic.ca.sometime.b.take.fo.years.hav.i

.man.case...manageabl.chroni.disease.simila.t

.th.wa.diabete.i.treated.③

Drug.coul.b.use.t.sto.th.developmen.o.bloo.vessel.1,th.cance.p

roces.itself.befor.th.tumo.eve.ha..chanc.t.grow.

5.Disadvantages.①

I.isn'.clea.ye.wha.drug.woul.b.give.i.th.preventiv.step.②

Sue.effort.ar.stil.i.ver.earl.stages.an.mor.researc.need.t.b.don

.t.se.tha.dru.treatmen.offer.peopl.th.chanc.o.improve.surviva.

outcomes.

Th.usefulnes.o.th.marke.stil.need.t.b.validate.1.trial.involvin.canc

e.patients.befor.i.coul.b.use.i.clinica.settings.An.som.observer.no

blems.suc.a.fal

s.positives.Eve.wit.th.widel.use.PS.test.doctor.stil.can'.tel.whet

he..hig.readin.indicate.cance.o..benig.conditio.withou.doin..biops

y-

uVer.fe.biomarker.hav.reall.stoo.u.agains.rigorou.testin.i..clinica

.setting,.(say.Sudhi.Srivastava)

Unit5

TextA

Languagefocus

1.interimprovisionslO.diagnosti.criteria

2.clinicalapplication1l.initia.step

3.intensive12.baseline

4.summit13.provisiona.approval

5.cameintoeffect14.a.transplants

6.compensation15.equitable

7.writtenconsent16.confor.to

8.deathsentences17.religious

9.symposium18.abolish

中譯英:

1.Orga.transplantatio.i.a.accepte.treatmen.toda.fo.man.patient,

wit.end-stag.disease.

2.ChinahasmadesellingoforgansillegalasofJuly2006and

claimsthatallprisonerorgandonorshavefiledconsent.

3.Boththesourceandmethodofobtainingtheorganto

transplantaremajorethicalissuestoconsider,aswellasthe

notionofdistributivejustice.

4.Itisnowpossibletotransplantorgansfromanimalsinto

people.

5.Inaddition,theimportanceofvariousrecipientcharacteristics

topost-transplantsurvivalisn'tfullyunderstood.

6.Israelistobecomethefirstcountrytogivedonorcardcarriers

alegalrighttoprioritytreatmentiftheyshouldrequirean

organtransplant.

TextB

1.Thereporthighlightsthefactthatmanymedicalandfinancial

practicesstillmitigateagainsttheefficientidentificationand

recruitmentoforgandonors.

2.Asaresult,waitinglistsforrenaltransplantationcontinueto

rise,puttingincreasingpressureondialysisbudgets.

3.theworkingpartyrecommendsseveralinitiativestoaddress

thecurrentshortageofdonors,includinginterventional

(elective)ventilation,greateruseofnon-heartbeatingdonors,

bettertrainingofstaff,andbettertransplantcoordination.

4.Spainitselfattributesthissuccesstoitstransplant

coordinationnetwork,whichhasadifferentphilosophyfrom

thatinBritain.

5.ThereporthighlightstheinadequacyofBritain'scurrent

transplantcoordinatornetworkandemphasisesthatamajor

expansionofcoordinationis“oneofthemostimportantand

urgentneeds.”

6.Afteradiagnosticreview,areasofweaknesscanbeidentified

andtheappropriatemanagementandeducationalchanges

introduced.

Unit6Doctor-patientrelationship

TextA

LanguageFocus

SentenceSimulation

(略)

Translatethefollowingpassages/sentencesintoChinese.

1.我剛將椅子拉近一點，突然，她像貓一樣雙手本能地朝我的兩眼抓去，

我差一點被她抓到。

2.父母兩人都非常尷尬，充滿歉意。

3.我竟喜歡上了這個野蠻的小東西，而對她父母卻毫無好感。在接下來

的“戰(zhàn)斗”中他們越來越難堪，被摧垮了，直至精疲力竭。而出于恐懼，

這個女孩對我的抗拒達(dá)到了發(fā)瘋狂暴的驚人地步。

4.在這種時候，誰都會叮嚀自己，無論這個可惡的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的

舉動，也要違背她的意愿來保護(hù)她。這樣做也是為了保護(hù)其他孩子，同時

這也是一種社會需要，事實也確是如此。然而由于釋放體內(nèi)能量的欲望而

產(chǎn)生的一種盲目的無法控制的狂怒和一種成年人的羞恥感，使我一直堅持

到最后。

EssayWriting

（略）

TextB

AnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.

1.Theunderlyingreasonmightbethathavingtotakeher

daughtertohospitalfortreatmenthasbeenamiserable

experience.

2.Themostcommonchildhoodcancer,acutelymphoblastic

leukemiaisaformofleukemia,orcancerofthewhiteblood

cellscharacterizedbyexcesslymphoblasts.

3.Th.purpos.fo.th.autho.an.he.daughte.t.visi.th.docto.thi.tim.wa

.t.hav.th.por.removed.Th.treatmen.fo.MichelleJ.diseas.ha.con

clude.a..medicall.rousin.success.

4.Th.anesthesiologis.wa.tai.an.red-headed.H.looke.pale.exhaust

ed.an.ha.bag.unde.hi.eyes.Also.h.wa.kind.carin.an.considerat

e.A.th.autho.pu.it.th.anesthesiologis.no.onl.practice.th.mecha

nic.bu.th.ar.o.medicine.

5..Io.o.thing.cam.int.th.authorJ.min.afte.he.daughte.drifte.of.wi

t.th.gas.Sh.though.o.th.tire.resident.wh.ha.bee.s.tende.wit.he.

fragil.child.he.daughter'.stole.childhood.th.man.time.sh.carr

ie.he.daughte.t.hospita.t.b.hurt.th.fac.tha.sh.ha.recentl.learne

.tha.saf.sedative.wer.ofte.use.t.preven.children'.pai.an.terro.

cedures.bu.the.wer.no.offere.a.thei.clinic.Besides.sh.

fel.gratefu.becaus.he.daughte.wa.aliv.an.mbabl.woul.gr

o.up.marry.an.hav.he.ow.babie.som.day.

6.TomakeMichellefeelbetter,theanesthesiologisttalkedgently

toMichelle,usedgasforanesthesiatoavoidpokes,allowed

Michelletopickherfavoriteflavorofgas,letMichelleplaywith

thebubble-gummask,explainedwhatwasgoingtohappen,

promisedhertheport,andwhisperedtohercallinghera

beautifulsmallbeartoherdelight.

Unit7MedicalResearchEthicsinChina

Languagefocus

TextA

選詞填空

I.momentum（動力）翻譯：日益增多的國際藥業(yè)和科學(xué)機構(gòu)資助合作

科研，要求對涉和人體的研究進(jìn)行倫理審查。

2.protocols（議案）翻譯：現(xiàn)在，中國政府加大了對研究的資助，對國

內(nèi)研究方案的倫理審查要求也越來越高了。

3.codes;issued（準(zhǔn)則；公布）翻譯：當(dāng)前多數(shù)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理審查準(zhǔn)則，包

括中國衛(wèi)生部。7年公布的準(zhǔn)則，都是建立在尊重個人自主選擇權(quán)、受

益和公平三大原則基礎(chǔ)上的。

4.arise(vi.)(引起，產(chǎn)生)翻譯：在貧窮地區(qū)開展大規(guī)模藥物試驗，要考

慮公平問題。

coexist(共存)翻譯：中國傳統(tǒng)倫理強調(diào)的是社會和諧，而不是個

人利益，強調(diào)尊重個人自主選擇的醫(yī)學(xué)科研倫理審查，是否可能與傳

統(tǒng)倫理共存呢？

adherenceto(遵循)翻譯：中國倫理強調(diào)為他人著想，而非死

守著籠統(tǒng)的道德原則。

atplay;rise(n.)(生效的；興起)翻譯：隨著文明社會的逐漸形

成，國內(nèi)一些組織倡導(dǎo)保護(hù)研究中的受試者，但同時也存在著損害受

試者人權(quán)的各種力量。

c.f.arise(vi.)產(chǎn)生，例：

Tble.aros.simpl.becaus.yo.didn'.folio.m.instruction.

ris.(vi..升起，例：Th.fla.rise.slowly.

5.arous.(vt..引起.例：arous.th.interest.?.sb.

6.raise(vt.)提起，例：raisethebucket

7.liesin(liesinsth./doing)(在于)翻譯：對受試者最大的威脅是對潛

在危險的忽視與不作為。

standardised(Br.)/standardized(Ar.)(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化)翻譯：中國在全球

醫(yī)學(xué)和科研界中的重要性逐漸增加，三大原則基礎(chǔ)上的倫理審查將會將會

更完善。

vigilant(derivationfrom“vigil”)(謹(jǐn)慎的)翻譯：相要保護(hù)受試者

的權(quán)益，關(guān)鍵在于對醫(yī)學(xué)研究進(jìn)行嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)囊?guī)范，而非討論外國倫理原則和

中國傳統(tǒng)倫理哪個更適合中國的國情。

句子翻譯

L在中國，應(yīng)用這種三大原則的醫(yī)學(xué)科研倫理審查面臨著兩大難題。第一,

中國傳統(tǒng)倫理強調(diào)的是社會人際關(guān)系的和諧，而不是對個人權(quán)利至上的維

護(hù)。

2.醫(yī)學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)科研中以經(jīng)濟利益為主導(dǎo)動機的活動越來越多，經(jīng)濟利益之

間的沖突也越來越多，經(jīng)濟利益的考慮大大超越了倫理的考慮。這些變化

不但表現(xiàn)為醫(yī)學(xué)科研界、藥業(yè)界和出資機構(gòu)忽視倫理的趨勢，也表現(xiàn)在受

試者和政府相關(guān)部門中本應(yīng)以保護(hù)受試者安全為首要責(zé)任的利益相關(guān)者

的行為上。

3.當(dāng)前中國既有公民社會和非政府公益性組織大力倡導(dǎo)保護(hù)受試者的倫理

要求，也有損害受試者基本權(quán)利的各種力量，認(rèn)識到這種沖突對于保護(hù)受

試者的安全至關(guān)重要。

TEXTBFreshThinkingabouttheDeclarationofHelsinki

i.Answe.th.followin.question.accordin?t?tex.?yo.hav.read.

2.Sine.th.conceptio.o.th.declaration.muc.ha.bee.change.i.th.nat

ur.o.researc.an.bioethica.thinking.However.publi.confidenc.i.r

esearc.i.a.a.al.tim.low.an.th.curren.mode.an.traditiona.ethica.

tool.fai.t.mee.thei.objectives.

3.Th.declaration'.tec.huma.subject.i.researc

h.Th.framewor.o.th.declaratio.ha.bee.criticize.a.bein.paternali

sti.an.fo.failin.t.addres.th.ful.scop.o.ethicall.responsibl.resear

ch.

4.Bprehensiv.framewor.pr

opose.b.rm,support.an.direc.al.aspe

ct.o.research.Lbroaden.th.scop.o.ethica.researc.beyon.tha.o.t

h.behavio.o.th.individua.investigate.t.includ.th.ful.rang.o.stak

eholders.

5..rethinkin.o.th.concept.o.autonomy.justice.vulnerability.an.be

nefit.

6.Th.roo.o.injustic.i.inequalitie.i.powe.structures.resources.an.k

nowledge.whic.ar.particularl.acut.i.resourc.poo.countries.T.re

due.inequalities.researches..researc.mode.shouLb.se.up.i.whi

c.th.subject,shoul.b.see.a.partners.

7.A.active.dynamic.univers

al.transparen.responsive.an.consultative.Mos.importantly.i.sh

oul.inspir.researcher.t.approac.researc.i.a.ethicall.responsibl.

manner.

No.the.ar.no.almight.becaus.thblems.Regulatio

n.ar.onl.instrument.an.ca.no.achiev.thei.objective.1.isolatio.fro.a.

ethica.socia.culture.

Unit8PublishorPerish

TextA

LanguageFocus

Fil.i.th.blank.wit.th.word.give.below.Chang.th.for.wher.necessary

*

1.planting;

2.brin.t.light,shaping.

3.highlight,push.promote;

4.synthesize;

5.crackingdownon;

6.disclosure;

7.involvement;

8.ties,on;

9.demonstrate;

10.sortingthrough.

SentenceSimulation

（略）

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

l.Srigue.an.mor.tha..littl.suspicious.

2.Tfesso.a..fairl.high-powere.academi.universit.ha

.man.first-autho.publication.i.high-qualit.journal.an.demonstrat

e.academi.productivity.

3.Sh.wa.frightene.an.didn'.imat.friend.ha

..suc.ho.wate.tha.i.coul.hav.potentia.implication.fo.he

.promotion.

4.Th.Physicia.detaile.th.benefit.o.th.therap.whil.minimizin.it.risk

s.

5.Ghostwritte.article.skewe.th.medica.literatur.b.injectin..market

in.spi.tha.benefit.th.sponsor.

6.T.th.scientifi.literatur.

mo.i.academi.publishin.se.th.st

age.

TextB

AnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.

l.Lik.othe.customs.authorshi.i.usuall.no.determine.b.explici.crit

eri.an.no."pany..Couple.wit.paralle.trend.tow

ar.greate.number.o.author,bein.include.?.manuscript.an.increas

e.collaboratio.acros.disciplines.youn.scientist.thes.day.ofte.fin.th

plicate.negotiation,wit.othe.academic.ove.a

uthorship.

2.Severa.phenomena.includin.th.us.o.co-authorshi.o.severa.firs,

authors.honorar.authorship.an.ghos.authorship.ar.likel.t.increas

.plexit.o.thes.negotiations.

3.Whe..medica.write.i.hire.t.writ.u.th.study.o.a.individua.mad.co

ntribution.tha.merite.authorshi.bu.i.no.included.th.lis.o.authors,

ghos.authorshi.occurs.

I.th.ghostwriter.o..authors.haven'.understoo.th.underlyi

n.experiment.an.ma.b.unabl.t.explai.o.defen.the.t.othe.scientists

.scientifi.dialo.wit.th.author.i.threatened.Additionally.becaus.th.

proces.o.reducin.th.wor.t.writin.force,th.investigato.t.mor.closel.e

xamin.th.stud.an.ofte.give.ris.t.refinements.muc.ca.b.los.b.farmi

n.ou.th.writing.includin.reducin.th.academi.trainin.opportunitie.

fo.th.studen.o.postdo.authors.Ghos.authorshi.lead.t.les.account

erpretatio.b.dilutin.th.responsibilit.fo.th.r

esearch.Lals.increase.th.likelihoo.an.th.numbe.o.thos.victimize.b

.fraudulen.work.

4.①

Fo.graduat.student.an.eve.mor.s.fo.postdocs.th.orde.o.authorshi.

ca.see.t.mak.o.brea.a.academi.career.②

Man.researcher.ar.no.awar.tha.differen.academi.field.assig.differ

en.meaning.1.th.orde.o.authorship.Fo.example.i.som.fields.th.las

.autho.spo.i.customaril.reserve.fo.th.principa.investigato.o.hea.o.

th.lab.I.others,th.departmen.chai.hold.tha.spot.I.ye.others.place

men.a.las.autho.mean.tha.tha.perso.wa.th.on.wh.ha.th.smalles.c

ontributio.t.th.work.(3)

Authorshi.placemen.i.ofte.a.unspoke.tradition.

5.Ombud.ar..confidential.neutral.an.independen.resourc.fo.train

ee.an.faculty.A..neutra.party.i.ca.hel.balanc.th.powe.disparit.bet

wee.th.partie.an.attemp.t.mediat.th.dispute.Ombudsme.ar.frequ

entl.aske.t.hel.resolv.dispute.ove.authorship.particular!.dispute,

ove.th.orde.o.authorship.The.ma.assis.th.partie.i.understandin.h

o..disput.aros.an.ho.bes.t.conside.resolvin.it.

6.①

Journal.reques.writte.confirmatio.o.specificatio.o.authors.role,an

.contributions.②

Relianc.o.curriculu.vita.t.describ.one'.scientifi.contribution.i.red

uce.fo.lessenin.th.pressure.o.authorship.Fo.example.durin.th.jo.

cess,explanation.o.precis.role.i.publishe

.researc.coul.b.included.letter.?.addend.t.th.CV.

Unit9ToErrisHuman

TextA

LanguageFocus

Fil.i.th.blank,wit,th.word.give.below.Chang.th.for.wher.necessary

1.ignited;

2.mitte.to;

3.initiated;

4.very;

5.incentives;

6.set.adher.to;

7.urge.to;

SentenceSimulation

（略）

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

1.Healt.car.qualit.an.patien.safet.ha.becom..worldwid.concer.wit

.th.frequen.occurrenc.o.advers.medica.event.worldwid.endan

gerin.patien.safety.Th.cos.incurre.fo.countries.especiall.devel

opin.countrie.i.growing.an.ho.t.addres.patien.safet.ha.becom.

.primar.focus.

2.Japa.i.enterin.th.age.societ.wit.th.elderl.ove.th.ag.o.7.eve.incr

easing.Elderl.peopl.ar.no.swif.an.fal.dow.easily.Mor.tha.80.o.

ou.patient.age.ove.7.wer.hospitalize.afte..fall.

3.People'.livin.standard.ar.eve.improvin.a.societ.an.economic.de

velop.Ther.i.a.eve.increasingl.urgen.pursui.o.lif.an.healt.an.gr

owin.emphasi.o.lif.an.health.Patient.expec.satisfactor.clinica.

outcomes.eve.expec.a.everlastin.life.Coul.doctor.mak.it

4.Patien.Safet.Goal.ha.recentl.bee.develope.b.Jvince.th

.formulatio.o.whic.i.o.vita.importanc.fo.th.strategi.developme

n.o.medica.institutions.Lea.regulat.th.behavio.o.medica.pers

onne.an.hospita.managemen.system.I.ca.als.guid.th.rationa.

us.o.drugs.device.an.scienc.an.technology.

5.Itisestimatedthatthenumberofdeathsfrommedicalerrorsis

twiceasmuchasthosefromtrafficaccidentsorbreastcancer

orAIDS-relateddeathsintheU.S.

Th.highlighte.globa.patien.safet.challeng.i.du.t.institutiona.ineffi

cienc.an.poo.healthcar.management.Tblem.mu

s.b.solve.an.healthcar.managemen.shoul.b.strengthene.t.achiev.

patien.safet.an.socia.security

TextB

AnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotextByouhaveread.

l.Yes.Ther.ar.misse.opportunities.Institution.ar.stil.generall.und

erinveste.i.patien.safety.Th.federnment'.investmen.i.safet.

throug.th.Agenc.fo.Healthcar.Researc.an.Quality.fo.example.i.ab

ou.1/500t.o.it.genera.medica.researc.investment.a.reflected,th.b

udge.o.th.Nationa.Institute.o.Health.

2.Tvide.b.erro.reportin.system.coul.b.use.t.improv.sy

viders.Hvid

er.ca.b.encourage!.repor.medica.error.whe.the.lear.tha.thei.repo

rt.mad..difference.

3.Lroduc.errors.physici

erface.tha.ar.no.user-friendly.

Healthinformationtechnologymaybeusefulfor:①reducing

medicalerrorsbytra