1、博士生入學考試英語輔導(dǎo)（寫作部分）,黃年根解放軍理工大學工程兵工程學院,LectureonWritingForNon-EnglishMajorDoctorCandidates,ByProf.HuangEngineeringInstituteofEngineerCorps,PLAUniversityofScienceandEngineering,Requirement：writeapassageof120-140wordsin30minutesGradingCriterion:1.coherence(內(nèi)容切題）：relatedideas,topicsentencesinparagraphs;2.

2、construction:fulldevelopment,unity,logic,cohesion,beingclearandtothepoint;3.transitionandvariationofsentences;4.grammaranddiction,Sample,Topic:Doyouthinkitagoodideatohavethegraduatestudentsparticipateinmorephysicalactivitiesinthearmy,factoriesorthecountrysideinsteadofconcentratingontheirtextbooksalo

3、ne?Giveyourreasonstosupportyouropinions,Ithinkitagoodideatohavethegraduatestudentsparticipateinmorephysicalactivitiesinthearmy,factoriesorthecountrysideinsteadofconcentratingontheirtextbooksalone.Itbasesonthefollowingreasons.Themostimportantofall,Theseactivitiesisgoodtoourhealth.Bymorephysicalactivi

4、teisinthearmy,factoriesorthecountryside.Ourbodycanbeexerciesedstrongerandmoreheathy.SoItcandealwithourpoorhealthafterlongtermstudying.Secondly,Itcanmakeusconnecttheknowledgewiththeproactieces.Ourknowledgesareoftenlimitedtothetextbooksandweoftenfinditisimpractcableafterwegraduatefromcolleges.So,Itisu

5、sefultomakeoutknowledgemorereasonable.Thirdly,Ithelpusdevelopthepatrocismidea.Andrecognizeournationsrealsitualtion.Basedontheabovereasons,Ithinkweshouldparticipateinmoresuchactivities.,Appraisement,Ithinkitagoodideatohavethegraduatestudentsparticipateinmorephysicalactivitiesinthearmy,factoriesorthec

6、ountrysideinsteadofconcentratingontheirtextbooksalone.Itbasesonthefollowingreasons.Themostimportantofall,Theseactivitiesisgoodtoourhealth.Bymorephysicalactiviteisinthearmy,factoriesorthecountryside.Ourbodycanbeexerciesedstrongerandmoreheathy.SoItcandealwithourpoorhealthafterlongtermstudying.Secondly

7、,Itcanmakeusconnecttheknowledgewiththeproactieces.Ourknowledgesareoftenlimitedtothetextbooksandweoftenfinditisimpractcableafterwegraduatefromcolleges.So,Itisusefultomakeoutknowledgemorereasonable.Thirdly,Ithelpusdevelopthepatrocismidea.Andrecognizeournationsrealsitualtion.Basedontheabovereasons,Ithi

8、nkweshouldparticipateinmoresuchactivities.,Para.1justacopyofthetopicdirectionMistakein“Itbaseson”Itshouldbecorrectedas“Itisbasedon.”,1.Capitalization:2.Spellingmistakes3.Grammarmistakes4.Illogic5.Poordiction,Sample2:Notjustonyourtextbooks,Asagraduatestudent,youcannotjustpayattentiontoyourtextbooks.Y

9、oushouldparticipateinmorephysicalactivitiesinthearmy,factoriesorcountryside.Firstofall,weareinasocietythatisfullofallkindsofknowledge.Itisnecessaryforustolearntheminthesociety.Then,ifyouwanttobecompetitiveinapplyingajobaftergraduation,youhadbetterparticipateinmorephysicalactivities.Foracompany,yours

10、ocialexperiencemaybemoreimportantthanyourknowledgefromyourtextbooks,Notjustonyourtextbooks,Finally,takingsuchactivitiescanhelpyougraspyourtextbookbetter.Whenyousolvethepracticalproblemwithyourknowledge,youimproveitalso.Iwouldliketogivethesuggestion:Dontmissinganyopportunitytoparticipateinphysicalact

11、ivities.,評析：觀點明確，文字連貫。應(yīng)得8分。Para.2andPara.3canbecombinedtohaveaclose-knittedpassage.Toosimpleconclusion.,StylesOfWriting,Description:describingtheappearance,innerstructure,etcofcertainobjectsorthestepsorstagesofaprocess,amethod,etc.,Sample:ThemostfamousoftheEgyptianpyramidsarethepyramidsofGiza.Thesep

12、yramidswerebuiltmorethan5,000yearsago.ThebiggestofthemistheGreatPyramid”,thePyramidofKhufu.Itwas146metreshigh,andeachofthefoursidesmeasured230metresandfacesexactlynorth,south,eastorwest.Itwasmadeofabout2,300,000blocksofstone,allexactlythesameshape.Theweightofeachblockisabout2.5tons.Theinsideblockswe

13、recutoutofrocknearthepyramid.,StylesOfWriting,Narration:recordingaseriesofeventsthatoccuroneafteranother.Eventsareoftenstatedornarratedintheirnaturaltimeorder.,Sample:TheoriginsofNanjingEngineeringInstitutecanbetracedtoadepartmentofHarbinMilitaryEngineeringInstituteinthe1950s.In1964itwasmovedtoxian.

14、Thereitwentthroughvariousdifficultiesandobstacles.15yearslateritmergedwithNanjingEngineeringSchool.Itstartedtoadmitstudentsfromthenationalexaminationin1978.AttheThresholdofthe21stcenturyitwillseeanothermajorchangeandchallenge.,StylesOfWriting,Exposition:explainingorexpoundingaphysicslaw,anaturalorso

15、cialphenomenon,orapplicationsofanewdiscovery,etc.Withtheaimofgivingknowledgeorinformation.,Sample:Whatisstress?Insimplemedicalterms,stresscanbedefinedastheresponseofthebodytoanydemand.Stressisthestateyouarein,nottheagentthatproducesitwhichiscalledastressor.Coldandheat,forexample,arestressors.Butinma

16、n,.,Definitionofstressandstressor,StylesOfWriting,Argumentation:raisingorarguingforviewstotrytoconvincethereaderoftruthandreasonsyouprovide.,Sample:Somehavebeguntosuggestthattherearetoomanywomenintheworkforcetoday.Tosolvetheproblem,somehavesuggestedthatsomeworkingwomen,notall,stayathome,whiletheirhu

17、sbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethatunderthesecircumstances,familieswouldretaintheirsamelevelofincome,andwomencouldrunthehouseandraisechildrenmuchbetter.Thesuggestionhasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10peoplepolled.Thisprovesthatmostpeoplerejecttheideaofwomenreturninghome.Womensliberationde

18、pendsinthefinalanalysis,oneconomicstatus,saidonewomanhumanrightsadvocator.,1.WriteontheTitlegiveneitherinEnglishorinChinese.Usuallyoutlinesareprovided.Andopeningsentencesmaybedisplayedforyoutocontinue.E.g.（題目）：GoodHealth（提綱）：（1）Importanceofgoodhealth；（2）Waystokeepfit；（3）Myownpractices.Openingsentenc

19、e（起始句）:Thedesireforgoodhealthis.,PopularWritingintheExam,2.Writeonthebasisofthesituations,conditions,eventsoraspecificsceneseteitherinEnglishorinChinese.E.g.（1）AWriteanessaydiscussingthetwooppositeopinionsgivenbelow，givebothsomereasons，andmakeyourcommentsorsuggestionsTherearetwomainopinionsconcernin

20、gwomensstatusinthesociety.Someadvicethatwomenshouldstayathome，whileotherssaymorewomenoughttogooutworkingBTimelimit40minutesCWordlimit:nolessthan150wordsD.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEETII,PopularWritingintheExam,2.Writeonthebasisofthesituations,conditions,eventsoraspecificsceneseteitherin

21、EnglishorinChinese.E.g.（2）ATitle：HowToPreventPollutionYouressayshouldbebasedontheinformationgivenbelow在我國，環(huán)境污染問題非常嚴重。空氣污染是我國城市存在的問題，大部分城市的空氣為23級，有些城市達到5級。這給人們帶來了疾病，植物的生長也受到一定的影響。另外，水環(huán)境的污染在全國也是很嚴重的。有的河流清水變成了黑水，這影響了人們的吃水，也破壞了魚類的生存環(huán)境。解決這些問題已刻不容緩。我的意見是,PopularWritingintheExam,3.Writewiththehelpoftables,

22、figures,diagrams,pictures,statisticsoracombinationofthem.,PopularWritingintheExam,Sample:FOODYEAR19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit/vegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%,Sample:Accordingtotheabovetable,wecanseethatsomechangeshavetaken

23、placeinpeoplesdietsince1986,whichclearlyindicatestheimprovementofpeopleslivingstandard.Oneofthebigchangesisthedecreaseofgrainconsumptionwith49percentin1986and45percentin1990.Onpeoplesdinnertablesthetraditionaldominantfoodgrainhasgivensomewaytomilkandmeatwhichwereseldomseenondinnertablesbefore.Sincet

24、heeconomicreformin1978,variouskindsoffoodhavebecomepopularinChinesefamilies.,Writingonthehelpofgraphs,figuresortables,Sample:However,thereisasteadyreductionoffruitandvegetableswith24percentin1986andathreepointdropby1990.Butthisisnotthemaintrend.AsthelivingstandardoftheChinesepeopleisrising,welookfor

25、wardtofurtherchangesinpeoplesdiet.Theproportionoffruitandvegetablesaswellasmilkandmeatwilldefinitelyincreaseinthecomingyears.,Writingonthehelpofgraphs,figuresortables,TypesofParagraphDevelopment,Narration:seriesofeventsthatbeginataparticulartimeandareorganizedchronologically.Process:explainhowsometh

26、ingisdoneormade.Oftenatemporalelementmakesastep-by-stepchronologicalarrangementpossibleandnatural,TypesofParagraphDevelopment,Classification:consistenceanalysis:subjectsofanalysisisdividedintopartsandpartsarerelatedascausesoreffectsofthethinganalyzed.Definition:explainsborsth(formalorinformal)compar

27、isonandcontrastexampledescription,MethodofWriting,Determiningthetopicandthetheme審題avoiddigression,butkeeptothequestionMakingadraft(materialcollectingandoutlinelisting)收集材料、列出提綱calmdownatastrangeorunfamiliartopic,andbroadenyourviewanddeepenyourthinkingnarrowdowntothetopicwhenyouhavetoomuchinformation

28、Expandingtheoutlinesintoapassage組織文章Polishingandimprovement修改,MethodofWriting,Allocationoftime:8-prepareanoutline5-writeintroduction7-writethebody5-writetheconclusion5-reviewandrevise,MethodofWriting,KeywordsinthetopicsentencesK.W.UnusualexperienceSent.Wehadanunusualexperienceyesterday.K.W.Important

29、decisionSent.ThecentralcommitteemadeanimportantdecisionthatwillinfluenceChinesediplomaticpolicy.Ex:threekindsofteachers,severalsimplesteps,Aseriousaccident,howtobecomeself-reliant,themostpopular,imaginative,differentreasons,MethodofWriting,Sampletopicsentences:Ajobapplicanthastheresponsibilityforasc

30、ertainingcertaintypesofinformationpriortotheinterview.LondonsweatherisverystrangeBabysittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun.Futuregenerationscanexpectalifespan(壽命)of150years,MethodofWriting,Noteintopicsentences:Thetopicsentencemustbeacompleteone.Besidesitshouldbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific.E.g.Willia

31、mShakespeareisgreat.(toogeneral)Thedictionaryissmall.(toospecific)Thereshouldbecoherencebetweeneachtopicsentenceineachparagraphofthepassage.E.g.Smokingisharmful.Smokingdoesnotonlyharmthesmokersbutalsopeoplearoundthem.Therefore,smokingisabadhabit.,MethodofWriting,Expandingatopicsentenceintoaparagraph

32、Sample1:Youmaygothroughseveralsimplestepswhenyoucometopatchabicycletire.Firstyouhavetofindthespotwheretheleakis.Thenscrapetheleakyplacesothegluewillstickwhenyoupatchthehole.Next,Putglueonthetirepatch.Whiletheglueisdrying,checktoNowputthepatchonthetire.Letthepatchdraybeforeyou.Sample2:Therewasaseriou

33、saccidentinthelanguagelablastweek.Acarelessteacher.,MethodofWriting,ExpandingatopicsentenceintoaparagraphSample1:Youmaygothroughseveralsimplestepswhenyoucometopatchabicycletire.Firstyouhavetofindthespotwheretheleakis.Thenscrapetheleakyplacesothegluewillstickwhenyoupatchthehole.Next,Putglueonthetirep

34、atch.Whiletheglueisdrying,checktoNowputthepatchonthetire.Letthepatchdraybeforeyou.Sample2:Therewasaseriousaccidentinthelanguagelablastweek.Acarelessteacher.,MethodofWriting,AskingWh-Questionstoexpandthepassagee.g.1.Importanceofgoodhealth(Why?)2.Waysofkeepfit(how?)3.Myownpractices(What?)Model:1).Thed

35、esireforgoodhealthisuniversal.Mydesireistobe,suchas2).Buthowtoputthedesireintopractice?Therearemanywaystokeepfit,forexample,3).Irun,thoughslowly,forhalfanhourinthemorningeveryday,play.makesmestrong-mybestwish,MethodofWriting,Writingaconcludingsentenceoftheparagraph1.Answeringtheimpliedquestionsifthe

36、reisanyButyourefficiencyinmakingsummarieswillincreaseinproportiontothetimeandeffortyouspendonperfectingyournotetakingtechnique.2.Usingsynonymstomakeitinconcertwiththekeywordsinthetopicsentence3.Summarizingtheparagraphintheformofabstracte.g.environment,goodsandservice:connectingthembytheconjunctiveph

37、rase,notonlybutalso(ref.P.232),MethodofWriting,Writingaconcludingsentenceoftheparagraph4.ConcludingtheparagraphbyaskingarhetoricquestionHowever,whathappensifpeopleskipbreakfastorsubstituteasimpleoneforahighqualifiedmeal?5.Usingthetransitionwordse.g.Inbrief,tourism,accordingtomyopinion,shouldnotbeenc

38、ouraged.,TransitionWords,AdditionandSequencebesides,also,moreover,furthermore,likewise,inaddition,first,second,then,next,later,finally,while,when,ComparisonandContrastlike,inthesameway,similarly,too,both,also,equallyimportant,likewise,so,unlike,while,whereas,instead,incontrast,onthecontrary,ontheoth

39、erhand,TransitionWords,CauseandEffectbecause,as,since,for,therefore,consequently,accordingly,hence,forthisreason,asaresult,whyso,TransitionWords,Summaryfinally,hence,thustosumup,toconclude,inshort,inbrief,insummary,inconclusion,onthewhole,atlast,TransitionWords,Concessionbut,however,yet,still,nevert

40、heless,although,despite,afterall,inspiteof,instead,TransitionWords,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-關(guān)于利弊,優(yōu)缺點的句型:1.S+have(orhas)alotofadvantagesover.(與.相比有許多優(yōu)點)ComparedwithB,Ahas(orhave)manyadvantages.譯:1)澳大利亞與中國相比,其優(yōu)點是人口少.2)英語是她的長處.2.beofgreatbenefittosb./sth.(對.有益)譯:你的計算機知識對你將來

41、的工作十分有利.3.benefitsb./sth.(對.有好處)譯:這家新醫(yī)院對整個社區(qū)有利.Benefitfromsth.(由于.而受益)譯:我們將從技術(shù)發(fā)明中受益.4.do(alotof)goodtosb.(對.有許多好處)譯:早晨鍛煉對你很有好處.begoodforsb./sth.(對.有益)譯:蔬菜和水果有利于人的健康.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-關(guān)于利弊,優(yōu)缺點的句型:4.dodamagetosth.(對.造成損壞)譯:這次地震對城市建筑損壞嚴重.doharmtosht.(對.有害處)譯:吸煙有害人的健

42、康.5.beas(notso)goodas.Whathedoesisnotsogoodaswhathesays.6.notsomuch.as.(與其說.,不如說.)Heisnotsomuchawriterasareporter.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-說明原因的句型:1.Therearesome/two/manygoodreasonsfor./todo.Example:Therearetworeasonsforthechangesinpeopleslivingconditions.First,wehavebe

43、encarryingoutanopeningandreformpolicy.Second,ournationaleconomyisdevelopingrapidlyandthebirthratehasbeenputundercontrol.2.Wehavetwogoodreasonsfor.Example:Wehavemanygoodreasonstoobjecttosmokinginpublicplaces.1.Thereasonfor.isthat+從句Example:ThereasonformybeinglatewasthatImissedthebus.,Somesentencepatt

44、ernscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-表示不同看法的句型:1.Differentpeoplehave/holddifferentopinions/viewsonthequestion/problem/matterSomebelievethat.Othersarguethat.Stillothersmaintainthat.2.Theyarequitedifferentfromeachotherintheiropinions.3.Somepeopleholdtheopinionthatitisgoodtohaveasmallfamily.4.Theythin

45、kquitedifferentlyonthisquestion.Example:Parentsandchildrenthinkdifferentlyonthisquestion.Parentsholdthatchildrenshouldworkhardanddowellatschool.Children,however,maintainthattheyshouldhavemorefreedomtospendtheirleisuretimeandtoplanfortheirownfuture.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwritin

46、g:-表示必須,緊急,有困難做某事的句型:1.Itisimportant(necessary,urgent,difficult,easy,convenient,comfortable,expensive,desirable,advisable)forsb.todosth.Example:1)Itisexpensivetorunacar.2)Itisconvenienttogetroundinthecityifyouownacar.3)Itisurgentforthegovernmenttotakemeasurestocontrolthebirthrateinourcountry4)Itisde

47、sirabletobuildmorehospitals,shoppingcentres,recreationcentres,cinemas,andpublicfacilitiestomeettheincreasingneedsofthepeople.2.havetrouble/difficulty/ahardtime/adifficulttime(in)doingsth.(有困難做某事)Theyhavetroublefindingasatisfactoryjob.havetroublewithsth.(對.有困難,不好對付),Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedi

48、ncontrolledwriting:-常用諺語(在議論文中)1.Asapopularsayinggoes,Everycoinhastwosides.2.Asaproverbsays,Everythinghastwosides.Ontheonehand,physicalexerciseisgoodforyourhealth.Ontheotherhand,ifyoudontdealwithitproperly,itwilldoharmtoyouhealth.Soweshouldlookatthematterfromtwosides.3.Asaproverbsays,Wherethereisawi

49、llthereisaway.(有志者事竟成.)4.Asapopularsayinggoes,Amanisknownbythecompanyhekeeps.(觀其交友,知其為人.)5.Asisknowntoall,Nopains,nogains.(沒有苦,就沒有甜.),Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-關(guān)于因果關(guān)系的句型1.Thecauseof/reasonforhigherpriceswasanincreaseindemand.2.Because/As/Nowthat/Sincethedemandhasincreased

50、,thepricesarehigher.3.Anincreaseindemandcauses/resultsin/leadsto/produceshigherprices.4.Thedemandhasincreased.Therefore,(/Asaresult,/Forthisreason,/Becauseofthis,/Consequently,)thepricesarehigher.5.Ifthereisanincreaseindemand,thenpricesrise.(/goup./boost./arehigher.),Somesentencepatternscommonly-use

51、dincontrolledwriting:-辯論中常用的句型1.Thereisnodoubtthat.2.Itisobvious/clearthat.3.Asisknowntoall,.4.(Its)nowonder.(難怪)Hedidntworkhardandnowonderhelosthisjob.5.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat.(不用說,不成問題,很自然.)6.Whatismoreimportant,.7.Iamconvincedthat.(我深信.),Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-舉例表示

52、法:1.Forexample,thepeopleseconomicstatushasbeengreatlyimproved.2.Forinstance,theeconomicstatusofthepeoplehasbeenimproved.3.Letshaveanexample.TVsets,refrigeratorsandrecordershavebecomehouseholdnecessities.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-概述(用于圖表作文)1.Accordingtothefiguresgiveninth

53、etable,-2.Thischartshowsthat-3.Asisshownbythegraph,-4.Itcanbeseenfromthestatisticsthat-5.Itisgenerallybelievedthat/accepted/thought/held-6.Thereisaslight/slow/steady/rapidrise(/increase/decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop)indemand./income./population./prices./production.7.Beontheincrease/decrease/r

54、ise/decline(.在不斷的增加,減少,上升,下降)Example:Thenumberofstudentsinthecollegehasbeenontheriseinrecentlyyears.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-結(jié)尾句型:1.Inmyopinion,Iaminfavorofowningacar.2.Personally,Iprefertoworkinthecountryratherthaninthecity.3.Inshort,parentsandchildrenshouldlearntogett

55、hroughtoeachother.Onlyinthiswaycanthemostdifficultproblemsbesolvedproperly.4.Inconclusion,wecannotachievesuccesswithouteffortandhardwork.5.AsfarasIamconcerned,IagreewiththeopinionthatNopainsnogains.,Somesentencepatternscommonly-usedincontrolledwriting:-結(jié)尾句型:1.Inmyopinion,Iaminfavorofowningacar.2.Per

56、sonally,Iprefertoworkinthecountryratherthaninthecity.3.Inshort,parentsandchildrenshouldlearntogetthroughtoeachother.Onlyinthiswaycanthemostdifficultproblemsbesolvedproperly.4.Inconclusion,wecannotachievesuccesswithouteffortandhardwork.5.AsfarasIamconcerned,IagreewiththeopinionthatNopainsnogains.,“Ch

57、oosingACareer”,Directions:forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic“ChoosingACareer”.Youmustwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiven(inChinese)below.YoushouldwritethecompositionontheCompositionSheet.1.擇業(yè)是每個青年人面臨的問題。2.擇業(yè)的標準是什么。3.我們應(yīng)持的態(tài)度,ChoosingACaree

58、rAllpeopleintheworldhavetoworkinonewayoranother,fortheyspendmostoftheirlifeatjobs.Andonlythroughworkcanpeopleearntheirliving,changetheworldandconquertheforcesofnature.Thereforeyoungpeople,afterleavingschool,havetochooseacareer.Agoodcareerhelpstodevelopthemselvesandbringshappinesstofamily.Inshort,ari

59、ghtcareermeanseverythingtothem.,Sincechildhoodpeopleusuallyhavemanyexpectationsintheircareers.Somepeoplewanttobeteachers,doctorsorlawyers;othersmayliketobecomesportsmen,filmstarsorartists.Whatevercareersyouchoose,youdbetterpayattentiontosuchbasicquestionsasAreyouqualifiedforthecareer?Isitinterestingandenjoyable?Isitlawfulandbeneficialtothepeopleandthesociety?Isitrewardingwithsatisf