1、b,1,Ellipsis,省略,b,2,什么叫省略？,為了使語言簡潔或避免重復(fù)，省略句中的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)句子成分，這種語法現(xiàn)象稱為省略。,b,3, 簡單句中的省略 并列句中的省略 狀語從句中的省略 定語從句中省略 名詞性從句中的省略 動(dòng)詞不定式的省略 介詞的省略 使用so，not等時(shí)的省略,省 略 的 類 型,b,4,一、簡單句的省略,1.省略主語。 i.e. (I) Beg your pardon . (It) Sounds like a good idea . 2.省略謂語或謂語的一部分。 i.e. (Is there) Anything I can do for you ? (Is) Any

2、body here ?,b,5,3.省略主語和謂語，或謂語的一部分。 i.e. (Are you) Hungry ? (I want) orange juice, please. 4.省略賓語或表語。 i.e. -Where has Mr. Smith gone ? -Sorry ,I dont know (where he has gone) . -Who has an English dictionary? -I have . -I am an English teacher . -I am ,too .,b,6,二、在由and或but連接的并列句中， 為避免重復(fù)，常省略一些重復(fù)的詞或詞組

3、。,1.省略共同的主語。 i.e. Tom picked up a book on the floor and (Tom) handed it to his teacher . 2.若主語不同而謂語助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞相同，則省略后面的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 i.e. Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework .,b,7,3.若主語與謂語動(dòng)詞相同，則省略后面的主謂成分。 i.e. His advice made me happy ,but (his advice made) Jim

4、 angry . 4.若主語不同，但謂語及后續(xù)部分相同，則省略謂語及后續(xù)部分。 i.e. I was born in winter in 1998 and Bob (was born in winter) in 1989 . 5.省略重復(fù)的介詞、連詞及后續(xù)部分。 i.e. He was late because he had overslept and (because he had) missed the train .,b,8,三、狀語從句中的省略,1.在when ,while ,whenever ,till /until, if , unless, as soon as , as if/

5、 though ,than, as, whether 等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，若謂語部分含有be動(dòng)詞，而主語又跟主句主語相同或從句主語為it時(shí)，則省略從句主語和be動(dòng)詞。 i.e. Wood gives much smoke while (wood is) burning . His opinion ,whether (it is) right or wrong ,would be considered . Ill buy a TV set if (it is) possible . If (it is) necessary, I will go . Dont speak until/till (

6、you are) spoken to . Fewer people came than (they were) expected . Please do the work as (you are) told to . I will not go to the meeting unless (I am) invited .,b,9,2.虛擬條件句常省略if，并將were，had，should提前構(gòu)成部分倒裝。 i.e. Should there be a flood (=if there should be a flood ), what should we do ? Had he taken

7、my advice (=if he had taken my advice ), he would be a college student now . Were she my daughter (=if she were my daughter), I wouldnt allow her to study abroad .,b,10,四、定語從句中的省略,1.在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom/who，which，that可省略 i.e. He is the man (whom/ who/ that) you can safely depend on . The book (whi

8、ch/that) you bought is good . 2.the way 作先行詞在定語從句中作狀語，可以用in which/that 引導(dǎo)，也可以省略不用。 i.e. I dont like the way (in which/that) you talk to your mother .,b,11,五、在名詞性從句中的省略,1.在know，think，consider，suppose，find，believe，say，decide等動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語從句中，連詞that可以省略；若帶有多個(gè)賓語從句，只有第一個(gè)that可以省略，其余的不省略。 i.e. He said (that) t

9、he text was very important and that we should learn it by heart .,b,12,2.由which，when，where，how和why引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，可省略從句的句子，只保留引導(dǎo)詞。 i.e. She will come back ,but he doesnt know when (she will come back).,b,13,3. insist， order ，command ， suggest，advise, propose， request，require，demand, desire后面的賓語從句或主語從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣

10、，即從句謂語動(dòng)詞用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。 i.e. He ordered that the meeting (should) be held at once. He advised that I (should) not go abroad . It is suggested that we (should) go to see the film .,一個(gè)堅(jiān)持 兩個(gè)命令 三個(gè)建議 四個(gè)要求,b,14,4. 名詞suggestion, proposal , advice, order ,demand, requirement, decision等后面的同位語從句和表語

11、從句省略should。 He made a suggestion that they (should) hold an English speech contest . Doctors give us some advice that we (should) pay more attention to our health . My suggestion is that we (should) walk home instead of taking a taxi. The requirement is that every student should donate one or two bo

12、oks .,同位語從句,表語從句,b,15,5.主語從句中的省略。 It is important/necessary/essential/vital/ strange/surprising/natural that (should) do it is suggested/advised/requested/ required/ordered/proposed/decided that(should) do i.e. It is suggested that we (should) prevent water from being polluted.,b,16,六、動(dòng)詞不定式的省略,1.省略t

13、o后面的動(dòng)詞。 在同一個(gè)句子或聯(lián)系緊密的對(duì)話中，為了避免重復(fù)，動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to后面的動(dòng)詞或短語常常被省略。 這種情況常用于： 動(dòng)詞（短語）refuse， like，love， would like，would love，wish，want，hope，expect，intend，try，forget，prefer，mean等之后； 在be going to , be about to, be supposed to, have to, used to之后； 以及形容詞afraid，happy，glad，pleased，delighted，willing，ready等之后。,b,17,i.e.

14、-Would you like to come tonight ? -Id love to (come tonight). -I am going shopping .will you go with me ? -Id like to (go with you), but I am busy now . -Do you think you can pass the driving test ? -I hope so /I expect to (pass the driving test). -Will you do me a favor ? -I am glad to. The child w

15、anted to play in the street but his mother asked him not to (play in the street). I broke the vase but I didnt mean to (break the vase) .,b,18,i.e. I am not a doctor now ,but I hope to be (a doctor) in the future . Mary hasnt finished typing the article ,but she ought to have (finished it). -Was Mr.

16、 black a soldier ? -He ought to have been (a soldier).,注：如果不定式to后面是be, have，have been動(dòng)詞，通常 要保留它們。,b,19,2. 省略不定式符號(hào)to。,并列不定式，第一個(gè)帶to,后面的省略to。 i.e. My work is to look after the children and (to) teach them English . I want to go and (to) see him. 但是當(dāng)并列兩個(gè)不定式表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)，第二個(gè)to不能省略。 i.e. To be for the plan or t

17、o be against the plan doesnt matter . We live to give but not to get .,To不能省略,b,20,當(dāng)不定式做表語時(shí)，如果前面主語中出現(xiàn)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do及do的各種形式，則to可省略。 i.e. What he wants to do is (to) go home . 動(dòng)詞have(使、讓)，make ,let, see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel ,help, 短語listen to ,look at后面帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)省略to。 i.e. I saw Jack cheat in the

18、 exam . No one can help him (to) solve the problem . He was made to work day and night . 介詞but，except（除了）前有do的具體形式時(shí)，后面的不定式省略to。 i.e. All he could do was nothing but wait and see . He has nothing to do except/but go home . 區(qū)別： He has no choice but to go home .,被動(dòng)語態(tài)to不能省略,b,21,七、介詞的省略,1.一些與動(dòng)詞、名詞或形容詞一起

19、搭配的介詞常常省略，只保留其后的動(dòng)名詞。 常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有： Have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth. Be busy (in) doing sth. Stop/ prevent/ sb. (from) doing sth. Spend some time (in) doing sth. i.e. The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time . He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons.,b,22,2.表示時(shí)間的介詞at，on和in

20、用在next，last，this，these，yesterday，tomorrow，one，any，every，each，some等詞之前，一般可以省略。 i.e. We go to school every day except Sundays . He will come back next year . We will have a meeting this week.,b,23,八、使用so，not等時(shí)的省略,在英語中，可以用so，not或其他方式來省略上文或問句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子。 i.e. -Can you finish your work today? -I think so

21、./I think not ./I dont think so -the boys are not doing a good job ,are they? -I guess not. -Do you think it is going to rain? -I am afraid not . (注意：hope，guess, believe ,expect, be afraid只能用not),b,24,Complete the sentence,1.過馬路要小心汽車。 Look out for cars _ _ _ _. 2.正如計(jì)劃的一樣，他們按時(shí)出席了會(huì)議。 They attended the

22、 meeting on time _ _. 3.他比預(yù)料的晚回三天。 He came back three days later _ _. 4.“明天天氣會(huì)放晴嗎？”“我希望這樣?！?-will it clear up tomorrow ? -I _ _. 5.雖然我們都精疲力竭，但我們并沒有停下來。 _ _ _,we didnt stop .,exercise,when,crossing,the,street,as,planned,than,expected,hope,so,Though,worn,out,b,25,Multiple choice,1.when _help, one ofte

23、n says “Thank you .”or “Its kind of you .” A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered 2._fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off . A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be,exercise,b,26,3.-Do you have anything to say for yourselves

24、? -Yes, theres one point _we must insist on . A. why B. where C. how D./ 4.You cant imagine what difficulty we had _home in the snowstorm . A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking,exercise,b,27,5.Would you like to go shopping with me tomorrow ?_,I will do some shopping alone . A. If not B. If so C.

25、If you do D. If you cant 6.-I was wondering if we can go hiking this weekend . -_good . A. sound B. sounded C. sounds D. sounding,exercise,b,28,7.The suggestion has been made that the football game _. A. put off B. had been put off C. be put off D. to be put off 8.He said that he was young _he could

26、nt carry the heavy box . A. and B. and that C. that D. such that,一個(gè)句子中如果包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的賓語從句，那么第一個(gè)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略，而其他的引導(dǎo)詞不能省略,exercise,b,29,9.-Whats the matter with marry ? -She wasnt invited to the hall ,but she still _. A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes it D. hopes that 10.One of the sides of the board

27、should be painted yellow, and _. A. the other is white B. another is white C. the other white D. another white,exercise,b,30,11.I really dont think Tony will be upset, but Ill go and see him in case he _. A. is B. has been C. will be D. does 12.The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day ,_accompanied by an adult . A. once B. when C. if D. unless,b,31,