1、英語(yǔ)句子成分和英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)講解及練習(xí),簡(jiǎn)單句的五個(gè)基本句型 主語(yǔ) 不及物動(dòng)詞 She came. 主語(yǔ) 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語(yǔ) She likes English. 主語(yǔ) 系動(dòng)詞 主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ) She is happy 主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞 間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ) She gave John a book She bought a book for me. 主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ) She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage. （ There +be There lies a book on the desk.,主謂賓 名代動(dòng)

2、詞名代 we- saw -you. we- did -the work. 主系表 名代系動(dòng)詞形容次名詞代詞 you are beautiful you seems worried. you are a stufent. 相同點(diǎn)都三部分，主語(yǔ)也一樣 不同動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞，時(shí)態(tài)一樣，否定式不同動(dòng)詞加助動(dòng)詞，系動(dòng)詞不用 表語(yǔ)可以是形容詞，賓語(yǔ)不行 只有賓語(yǔ)有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),2、句子成分：英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種： 主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 1、主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。 如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的

3、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。 如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間) 3、表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。 如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍),4、賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞) 有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。 如：He wrote me

4、 a letter . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信) 有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫(xiě)了一封信),5、定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市) 6、狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。 如：He works hard .(他工作努力),7、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。 如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通

5、常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語(yǔ)) 8同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。 如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？),1. 主語(yǔ)（subject）：句子說(shuō)明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （名詞） He likes dancing. （代詞） Twenty years is a short time

6、 in history. (數(shù)詞) Seeing is believing. （動(dòng)名詞） To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主語(yǔ)從句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句是真正主語(yǔ)）,(一）指出下列句中主語(yǔ)的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming h

7、ere. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,謂語(yǔ)（predicate）：是對(duì)主語(yǔ)加以陳述，表示主語(yǔ)的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動(dòng)詞或者動(dòng)詞詞組擔(dān)任，放在主語(yǔ)的后面。 We study English. He is asleep. (二). 選出句中謂語(yǔ)的中心詞 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. w

8、all The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon,3. 表語(yǔ)（predicative）：系動(dòng)詞之后的成分，表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特

9、征。 He is a teacher. （名詞） You dont look it. （代詞） Five and five is ten. （數(shù)詞） He is asleep. （形容詞） His father is in. （副詞） The picture is on the wall. (介詞短語(yǔ)) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容詞化的分詞） The question is whether they will come. （表語(yǔ)從句）,常見(jiàn)連系動(dòng)詞 “存在”類:表示存在或具有某種特征或狀態(tài).這類連系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)“存在”。常見(jiàn)的有:be(是),loo

10、k(看起來(lái)),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、顯得),prove(證明是),smell(聞起來(lái)),taste(嘗起來(lái)),sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái))等。 例如: The story sounds true. Those oranges taste good star.,2. “持續(xù)”類:表示某種情況或狀態(tài)的持續(xù)。這類連系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)“持續(xù)”。常見(jiàn)的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(繼續(xù)、仍舊),stand(處于某狀況或情形)等。 例如: Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will

11、 stay fresh for several days. Its already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. Whats the matter?,3. “變化”類:表示由一種情況或狀態(tài)變化成另一種情況或狀態(tài)。這類連系動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)調(diào)“變化”后的情況或狀態(tài).常見(jiàn)的有:become(變成), turn(變成), grow(變得), get(變得)等。 例如: Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.,(三) 挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ) The old man was

12、feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. tired worried yellow interested first,4. 賓語(yǔ)：1）動(dòng)賓表示行為的對(duì)象，常由名詞或者代詞擔(dān)任。放在及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞之后。如： I like China. （名詞） He hates you. （代詞） How many do yo

13、u need? We need two. （數(shù)詞） I enjoy working with you. （動(dòng)名詞） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （賓語(yǔ)從句）,2）介詞后的名詞、代詞和動(dòng)名詞-介賓 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）雙賓語(yǔ)-間賓（指人）和直賓（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money,(四) 挑出下

14、列句中的賓語(yǔ) My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming. his homework English your pronunciation new words to go swimming

15、,5. 賓補(bǔ)：對(duì)賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充，全稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 We elected him monitor. （名詞） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名詞） We will make them happy. （形容詞） We found nobody in. ( 副詞 ) Please make yourself at home. （介詞短語(yǔ)） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式） His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （帶to不定式） Don

16、t keep the lights burning. （現(xiàn)在分詞） Ill have my bike repaired. （過(guò)去分詞）,擴(kuò)展： 主補(bǔ)：對(duì)主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)充。 He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.,(五) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to

17、take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of school Lily get on the bus playing f

18、ootball on the playground,劃出句中的直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ) Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?,6. 定語(yǔ)：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。 Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名詞） He is our friend

19、. （代詞） We belong to the third world.（數(shù)詞） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容詞） The man over there is my old friend.(副詞) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞),The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現(xiàn)在分詞） The trees planted last year are growing well now. （過(guò)去分詞） I have

20、an idea to do it well.（不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定語(yǔ)從句）,(六) 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ) They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. family given thi

21、rd some downstairs,7. 狀語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步。（以下例句按上述順序排列） I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam

22、. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well.,(七) 挑出下列句中的狀語(yǔ) There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbik

23、e was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. on the face Every night when he was eleven fast With the medicine box under her arm,八、同位語(yǔ) 當(dāng)一個(gè)概念詞在前，后面的詞、詞組或者句子是在解釋前者時(shí)，而且兩者的語(yǔ)法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位語(yǔ)。 Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. 我們的英語(yǔ)老師布萊克先生是個(gè)優(yōu)秀

24、的網(wǎng)球手。 Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends. 足球-他唯一的愛(ài)好，讓他結(jié)交了許多朋友。,Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友湯姆。 Thats her habit, reading in bed. 躺在床上看書(shū)是她的習(xí)慣。 Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea. 你建議趁熱打鐵，這個(gè)建議很好。,He gave orde

25、rs that the work should be started immediately. 他發(fā)出指示要立即開(kāi)始工作。 You still havent answered my question why you didnt come to school yesterday. 你還沒(méi)有回答我昨天為什么沒(méi)有上學(xué)。 同位語(yǔ)從句常跟在某些名詞后，對(duì)其作進(jìn)一步的解釋。這些名詞包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.這類從句常常有that引

26、導(dǎo)，有時(shí)也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引導(dǎo)。,(九)插入語(yǔ),插入語(yǔ)是說(shuō)話者對(duì)所表達(dá)的意思的補(bǔ)充、強(qiáng)調(diào)、解釋或者說(shuō)話的態(tài)度，其位置靈活常常用逗號(hào)或者破折號(hào)分開(kāi)，并且在語(yǔ)法上不影響其他成份。 1. 插入語(yǔ)常以副詞（副詞短語(yǔ)）、形容詞（形容詞短語(yǔ)）、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等形式出現(xiàn)。 （ 1 ）常見(jiàn)的副詞及短語(yǔ)： indeed， surely， however， obviously， frankly， naturally， luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。,(九) There be 句型 拓展： There be +句詞詞組

27、”中，there為虛詞，be后面的名詞詞組為句子的真正主語(yǔ)。該句式在使用時(shí)須注意如下幾點(diǎn)： There be句式表示“有”時(shí)，它表示一種存在關(guān)系，通常帶有一個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，意為“什么地方（時(shí)候）有”。句式中的主語(yǔ)只能為表泛指的名詞詞組，此外，其主語(yǔ)還可以帶前置或后置定語(yǔ)。例如： 1. There is a blackboard in the classroom. 2. There are five minutes to go. 3. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.,在正式文體中，該句式中be動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于以下兩種情況

28、： （1）該句式中只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；主語(yǔ)若為復(fù)數(shù)，be動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。 （2）該句式中有幾個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)，則按就近原則處理，即與靠近be動(dòng)詞的第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如： 1. There is room for improvement. 2. There are three apples on the table. 3. There were only two pens, a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.,“There be +主語(yǔ)+不定式”中，不定式可以有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)兩種形式，不過(guò)在口語(yǔ)中主動(dòng)形式更為常見(jiàn)。例如： 1. The

29、re is a letter to type today. 2. There is no time to lose. 3. There are many things to be done now.,There be句式中，be動(dòng)詞有各種變化形式。 （1）be動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)變化，可以為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)等。例如： 1. There are a lot of people in the meeting-room. 2. There was little left. 3. There have been many such traffic accidents in

30、the past few years. 4. When he got there, he found there had been no one waiting for him in the room. 5. Without air, there would be no living things. 6. There is going to be a storm tomorrow morning.,（2）There be句式中，be之前可以有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。例如： 1. There may be some people who dont like the film. 2. There used to

31、 be a temple in the village.,句子種類,一） 按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。 1） 陳述句（Declarative Sentences）：說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。 Light travels faster than sound.光比聲速度快。 The film is rather boring.這部電影很乏味。 I havent got a camera. 我沒(méi)有相機(jī). They have never met before. 他們以前從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)面.,疑問(wèn)句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出問(wèn)題。有以下四種： a.一般疑問(wèn)句（

32、General Questions）： Can you finish the work in time? 你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎？ b.特殊疑問(wèn)句（W Questions; H Questions） Where do you live? 你住那兒？ How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事,c.選擇疑問(wèn)句（Alternative Questions）： Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶還是要咖啡？ d.反意疑問(wèn)句（Tag-Questions）： He knows her, doesnt he? 他不認(rèn)識(shí)她，對(duì)不對(duì)？ = Does he know h

33、er? yes, he does. No , he doesnt.,3） 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出請(qǐng)求，建議或發(fā)出命令，例如： Sit down, please.請(qǐng)坐。 Dont be nervous! 別緊張！ 4） 感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示說(shuō)話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，例如： What good news it is! 多好的消息??！ How good the news is! What beautiful flowers they are! 多美麗的花啊! How beautiful the flowers are! How lovely the child is! 多可愛(ài)的小孩啊! What a lovely child he is! what a cute child he is,二）句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類： 1） 簡(jiǎn)單句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句，例如： She is fond of collecting stamps. 她