1、,Introduction,Introductory Questions What is the general meaning of the word “culture”? What does the word “culture” mean to those who study humankind? How do we learn the ways of our culture? What leads to the cultural differences? Do you agree with the idea that what is beautiful differs from one

2、culture to another? If yes, can you give some examples?,Outline,The concept of culture a. an entire way of life of a society, or of a people b. learned behavior rather than instinctive behavior c. different cultures with different patterns of life,The diversity of culture a. views towards different

3、cultures b. ideas of what is beautiful in different cultures c. ways of treating dead bodies in different culture,Conclusion: Different cultures have different ways of life, which are neither right nor wrong, for it is simply that different people do the same things in different ways.,Paras. 1-4 Par

4、as. 5-7 Para 8,The word “culture” has many different meanings. For example, we sometimes say that people who know about art, music, and literature are cultured. However, the word culture has a different meaning for anthropologists (people who study humankind). To an anthropologist the word culture m

5、eans all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. People have to learn the cultural ways of their community: they are not something that the people in the group are born with.,Para 1,Para 2,Instinctive behaviour, on the other hand, is a pattern of behaviour that an animal is

6、born with. Spiders spinning their webs is an example of instinctive behaviour. The mother spider does not teach her babies how to spin webs. (In fact, she is not even there when they are born.) They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instinctive behaviour.,Para 3,As humans

7、, we learn some of the ways of our culture by being taught by our teachers or parents. We learn more of the ways of our culture by growing up in it. We see how other people in our culture do things, and we do them the same way. We even learn how to think and feel in this way.,Para 4,All human beings

8、 have certain basic needs, such as eating, drinking, keeping warm and dry. However, the way in which they take care of these needs depends on the culture in which they grow up. All cultures have ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying, and dealing with death. The foods that we

9、think are good to eat, the kinds of clothes we wear, and how many people we can marry at one time are all parts of our culture.,Para 5,Our own culture seems very natural to us. We feel in our hearts that the way that we do things is the only right way to do them. Other peoples cultures often make us

10、 laugh or feel disgusted or shocked. We may laugh at clothing that seems ridiculous to us. Many people think that eating octopus or a juicy red piece of roast beef is disgusting. The idea that a man can have more than one wife or that brothers and sisters can marry each other may shock other culture

11、s.,Para 6,Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that th

12、ey are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge

13、, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness.,When people die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bodies are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the past, people were buried with food,

14、weapons, jewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the ancient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made from clay. These clay figures were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious group called the Parses exposed their de

15、ad on platforms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have been in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a small container.,Para 7,Para 8,These are just a few of the many different customs that are found in different cultures.

16、 Most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of different cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same things in different ways.,Summary of the Text,Culture is not anything that people in a group are born with, but something they learn either by

17、being taught or by growing up in it. Different cultures have different ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying and dealing with death. Our own culture seems natural to us while other cultures may think it funny, strange or even disgusting. However, this has nothing to do with r

18、ight or wrong.,何為文化？,第一段,“文化”這個詞有許多不同含義。例如，有時侯我們說懂得藝術(shù)、音樂、文學(xué)的人是有文化的人。然而，文化這個詞對于人類學(xué)家（研究人類的人）來說則具有不同的意思。在他們看來“文化”這個詞是指某一群體人們的活動、穿著、思維、和感覺的一切方式。人們得學(xué)會他們所在群體的文化方式，這種方式不是與生俱來的。,第二段,相反，本能行為是動物生來就有的行為模式。蜘蛛織網(wǎng)就是本能行為的例子。母蜘蛛并不教小蜘蛛織網(wǎng)（實際上，小蜘蛛出生時母蜘蛛甚至不在場）。它們一出生就知道怎么織網(wǎng)。這就是我們所說的本能行為。,第三段,作為人類，我們受教于我們的老師和父母，學(xué)會了我們文化中的某

19、些方式。我們在這種文化中長大，學(xué)到了我們文化中更多的方式。我們看到我們文化中的其他人怎樣行事，我們便用同樣的方式行事。我們甚至學(xué)會用這一方式來思維和感覺。,第四段,所有的人都有某些基本的需要，例如吃、喝、保暖和保持干燥等。然而，我們滿足這些需要的方式取決于我們成長于其中的文化。所有的文化都有其吃、喝、穿戴、居住、婚嫁和辦理喪事的方式。認為什么東西好吃，穿什么樣式的衣服，以及同時能和多少人結(jié)婚等都是我們文化的組成部分。,第五段,我們對于自己的文化似乎是習(xí)以為常。我們從內(nèi)心感到，我們行事的方式是惟一恰當(dāng)?shù)?。其他文化常常使我們發(fā)笑、感到厭惡或震驚。我們可能會嘲笑在我們看來似乎是可笑的衣著。許多人認為

20、吃章魚或吃一片帶血汁的烤牛肉是件很惡心的事。一個男子可以有不止一個妻子或兄弟姐妹也可以通婚的觀念會使其他文化的人不勝驚訝。,第六段,對于什么是美，人們的觀念因文化而異。過去，北美的扁頭印第安人常常把嬰兒的頭夾在木板中間，讓他們的前額長得長而傾斜。扁頭人文化中，長而傾斜的前額是美的。其他文化的人可能會認為他們看上去很怪、很不討人喜歡。許多人在身上刻畫疤痕或文身，為的是使他們那個文化里的其他人認為他們很美。在另外一些文化中，人們把東西穿在鼻子、嘴唇和耳朵上的孔眼里。在許多20世紀(jì)的社會里，胭脂、口紅、眼影、香水還有噴發(fā)劑，都用來增加吸引力。,第七段,人死的時候，不同文化的人用不同的方式處理遺體。有

21、時將遺體火化，有時將遺體埋在地下。過去在許多文化里，人們把食物、武器、珠寶等陰間可能用得到的東西作為培葬品。例如，古代埃及人的培葬品是用泥土做的小人。人們認為這些泥人會在陰間為死者干活。一個叫帕西的宗教部族卻把尸體放在平臺上讓鳥兒來啄食。有些部族實行第二次殯葬。尸體埋在土中數(shù)年以后，再把尸體挖出來第二次埋葬，有時盛在一個小容器里埋葬。,第八段,這些僅僅是不同文化中發(fā)現(xiàn)的許多不同習(xí)俗的一部分。在大多數(shù)情況下，不同文化習(xí)俗的不同表現(xiàn)方式并無正誤之分。只不過不同的人用不同的方式做同樣的事情而已。,Para 1,The word “culture” has many different meaning

22、s. For example, we sometimes say that people who know about art, music, and literature are cultured. However, the word culture has a different meaning for anthropologists (people who study humankind). To an anthropologist the word culture means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, thi

23、nk, and feel. People have to learn the cultural ways of their community: they are not something that the people in the group are born with.,Para 2,Instinctive behaviour, on the other hand, is a pattern of behaviour that an animal is born with. Spiders spinning their webs is an example of instinctive

24、 behaviour. The mother spider does not teach her babies how to spin webs. (In fact, she is not even there when they are born.) They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instinctive behaviour.,spider n. 蜘蛛,Para 2,Instinctive behaviour, on the other hand, is a pattern of behav

25、iour that an animal is born with. Spiders spinning their webs is an example of instinctive behaviour. The mother spider does not teach her babies how to spin webs. (In fact, she is not even there when they are born.) They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instinctive beha

26、viour.,Web n. 網(wǎng),Para 4,All human beings have certain basic needs, such as eating, drinking, keeping warm and dry. However, the way in which they take care of these needs depends on the culture in which they grow up. All cultures have ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying, and

27、 dealing with death. The foods that we think are good to eat, the kinds of clothes we wear, and how many people we can marry at one time are all parts of our culture.,Shelter n. 1. a place to live, considered a basic human need 居所，棲身之處 2. a place where people are protected from bad weather or danger

28、 躲避處，隱蔽處,Para 5,Our own culture seems very natural to us. We feel in our hearts that the way that we do things is the only right way to do them. Other peoples cultures often make us laugh or feel disgusted or shocked. We may laugh at clothing that seems ridiculous to us. Many people think that eatin

29、g octopus or a juicy red piece of roast beef is disgusting. The idea that a man can have more than one wife or that brothers and sisters can marry each other may shock other cultures.,octopus n. 章魚,Para 6,Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North Am

30、erica used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so

31、that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness.,Para 6,Ideas of

32、what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-look

33、ing and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye sha

34、dow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness.,Para 6,Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long s

35、loping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a numbe

36、r of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness.,Para 6,Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies bet

37、ween boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think th

38、ey are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness.,Para 6,Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture

39、to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scar

40、s into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used

41、to increase attractiveness.,Para 6,Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cul

42、tures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth

43、-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness.,Para 6,Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long slopin

44、g foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in

45、holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness.,Para 7,When people die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bodi

46、es are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the past, people were buried with food, weapons, jewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the ancient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made from clay. These clay figu

47、res were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious group called the Parses exposed their dead on platforms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have been in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a s

48、mall container.,weapon n. the thing designed or used for causing physical harm,When people die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bodies are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the past, people were buried with food, weapons, j

49、ewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the ancient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made from clay. These clay figures were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious group called the Parses exposed their dead on plat

50、forms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have been in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a small container.,Para 7,Egyptian 埃及人,When people die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bod

51、ies are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the past, people were buried with food, weapons, jewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the ancient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made from clay. These clay fig

52、ures were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious group called the Parses exposed their dead on platforms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have been in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a

53、small container.,Para 7,The Parsee 帕西人（印度）,(line 3) . are cultured., are well educated/are cultivated. cultured: intelligent, polite, and interested in art, literature, music etc. e.g. She is a well-read and cultured woman. His voice was cultured and unmistakably English.,(line 7) . they are not som

54、ething that the people in the group are born with.,. the cultural ways of their community are not something that the people in the community have at their birth. be born with: to have (something) from birth e.g. One of the factors that determine an individuals intelligence is the sort of brain he is

55、 born with. It is said that no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with low intelligence. Most people view Hillary Clinton as a woman who was born with a sliver spoon in her mouth.,(line 9) Instinctive behavior, on the other hand, is a pattern of behavior that an animal

56、 is born with., Instinctive behavior, however, is a set of behavioral rules that an animal acquires at its birth. instinctive behavior: behavior that is based on instinct and is not thought about, planned or developed by training. e.g. Sometimes a dog is not being naughty but is following its natura

57、l instinctive behavior. They maintain that human action is different from the instinctive behavior of animals, and, therefore, is always guided by intelligence.,(line 9) Instinctive behavior, on the other hand, is a pattern of behavior that an animal is born with.,pattern: the way in which something

58、 happens or developse.g. The child showed a normal pattern of development. In this way, they develop patterns of behavior which conform to the social norm. cf model: 1. a small representation or copy (of something) e.g. On this table you can see a model of the new theater thats going to be built in

59、this town. He has a shelf full of models of airplanes that never got built.,(line 9) Instinctive behavior, on the other hand, is a pattern of behavior that an animal is born with.,cf model: 2. someone or something which people want to copy because they are successful or have good qualities e.g. It served as a model for other cities. The educational system was a model for those of many other countries.,(line 12) They know how to do it when they are born.,They are born with this ability. Verbs like “tell, show, know, teach, discuss”, etc.