1、Personality,A persons pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. (An individuals unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits.),Personality Trait,A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.,4 Personality Theories,Trait Psychoanalytic Humanistic Behaviorist,T

2、ypes of Personalities,Type A,Feel time pressure. Easily angered. Competitive and ambitious. Work hard and play hard. More prone to heart disease than rest of population.,Type B,Relaxed and easygoing. But some people fit in neither type.,Trait Theory,Main Ideas Describes peoples personalities by spec

3、ifying their main characteristics (traits) We have stable, long-lasting traits The same traits appear in many different situations The same traits can be used to describe all peoples personalities. Personality Inventories (tests),Trait Theory,Critics of Trait Theory say that personality comes from t

4、he situation we are in.,Trait Theory,Introversion-Extroversion Scale Hans Eysenck Introverts tend to be more imaginative and look inward rather than to others for ideas and energy. Extroverts tend to be active, outgoing and gain energy from interaction with other people.,Trait Theory,BIG FIVE person

5、ality traits: Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to experience Neuroticism -Emotional stability “OCEAN”,NEO Five Factor Inventory Test Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Inventory,Everyones personality is made up of these five basic factors.,Trait Theory,I am interested in people.

6、I feel others emotions. I have a soft heart. I make people feel at ease. I sympathize with others feelings. I take time out for others.,I am not interested in other peoples problems. I am not really interested in others. I feel little concern for others. I insult people.,*Sample Agreeableness Questi

7、ons,Trait Theory,I am always prepared. I am exacting in my work. I follow a schedule. I get chores done right away. I like order. I pay attention to details.,I leave my belongings around. I make a mess of things. I often forget to put things back in their proper place. I shirk my duties.,*Sample Con

8、scientiousness Questions.,Trait Theory,I am the life of the party. I dont mind being the center of attention. I feel comfortable around people. I start conversations. I talk to a lot of different people at parties.,I am quiet around strangers. I dont like to draw attention to myself. I dont talk a l

9、ot. I have little to say.,*Sample Extroversion Questions,Trait Theory,I am relaxed most of the time. I seldom feel blue. I rarely feel nervous,I am easily disturbed. I change my mood a lot. I get irritated easily. I get stressed out easily. I get upset easily. I have frequent mood swings. I often fe

10、el blue. I worry about things.,*Sample Neuroticism-Emotional Stability Questions,Trait Theory,I am full of ideas. I am quick to understand things. I have a rich vocabulary. I have a vivid imagination. I have excellent ideas. I spend time reflecting on things. I use difficult words.,I am not interest

11、ed in abstract ideas. I do not have a good imagination. I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas.,*Sample Openness Questions,Trait Theory,Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Classroom activity,US Population BreakdownMBTI,Be careful of the Barnum Effect!,People have the tendency to see themselve

12、s in vague descriptions of personality. Horoscopes, astrologers, and psychics all use this concept. “You have a need for other people to like and admire you, and yet you tend to be critical of yourself. While you have some personality weaknesses you are generally able to compensate for them. You hav

13、e considerable unused capacity that you have not turned to your advantage. At times you have serious doubts whether you have made the right decision or done the right thing.” “Take a step back and try to avoid risks for the day. Things arent that bad, really, but you may find that its easier to just

14、 play it safe and let others take the fall, if there”,Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality,Fathered by Sigmund Freud. We have inner struggles and urges! Often sex & aggression Biological drives vs. social norms Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development Libido (sex drive) moving through our bodies Oral (0-

15、1 yr) Anal (2-3) Phallic (4-5) Latent (6-12) Genital (12+),Whats on our minds!,Freud said what?!,Oedipus Complex A male childs sexual desire for his mother and his hostility toward his father, whom he considers to be a rival for his mothers love. A sons unconscious unresolved sexual attraction to hi

16、s mother. Castration Anxiety-birth of superego,Electra Complex A female childs sexual desire for her father and her hostility toward her mother, whom she considers to be a rival for her fathers love. A daughters unconscious unresolved sexual attraction to her father. Penis envy,Our Personality,Consc

17、ious- things we are aware of. Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears.,Freuds Concept of Personality (Psyche),Id Ego Superego,Id,Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of

18、 it). Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. (survival, sex, aggression) Works on the Pleasure Principle Avoid Pain and receive instant gratification.,Ego,Develops after the Id Works on the Reality Principle Gratification must be delayed at times. Negotiates between the Id and the real world

19、.,If you want to be with someone. Your Id says just take them, but your Ego does not want to end up in jail. So you ask her out and buy her things!,Superego,Develops last at about the age of 5 It is our conscience, parental and societal morals (what we think the difference is between right and wrong

20、). The Ego often mediates between the Superego and Id.,Freuds Concept of Personality Quick Summary,Ego- Manages conflict between Id & constraints of the real world. Reality principle Superego Moral component Parents & society Id Instinctual energy/biological urges Sex & aggression Pleasure principle

21、,Defense Mechanisms,The Ego has a pretty important joband that is to protect you from threatening thoughts in your unconscious. One way it protects us is through defense mechanisms. You are usually unaware that they are even occurring-usually automatic & unconscious.,Scenario,Quarterback of the high

22、 school football team, Brandon, is dating Jasmine. Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president of the Chess Club.,Drew,Brandon,Jasmine,Repression,Pushing unpleasant thoughts, feelings,& memories into our unconscious. When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who?, I have not thought abo

23、ut her for awhile.” Why dont we remember our Oedipus and Electra complexes?,Denial,Not accepting the ego-threatening truth. Refusing to acknowledge something that is obvious to others. Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine. He may hang out by her locker and plan dates with her.,Stac

24、y is in Denial!,Displacement,Transferring ones feelings toward another person or object. Often displaced on less threatening things. Brandon may take his anger out on another kid by bullying.,Projection,Attributing ones own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. Projecting your feelings

25、unto others. Brandon insists that Jasmine still cares for him.,Reaction Formation,Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels. Behaving in a way that is opposite to behavior, feelings, or thoughts that are considered unacceptable. “Cootie stage” in Freuds Latent Development. “Closet cases” Brando

26、n claims he hates Jasmine.,Regression,Returning to an earlier, comforting, more immature form of behavior. Thumb sucking Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal.,Rationalization,Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome. Brandon thinks he will find a bet

27、ter girlfriend. “Jasmine was not all that anyway!” I really did not want to go to .anyway, it was too ,Intellectualization,Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic. Brandon starts doing a research paper on failed teenage romances.,Sublimation,Channeling ones frustration toward a differe

28、nt goal. Channeling thoughts and feelings into socially acceptable behavior. Sometimes a healthy defense mechanism. Brandon starts to learn to play the guitar and writes songs (or maybe starts to body build).,Criticisms of Freud,He really only studied wealthy woman in Austria. His results are not em

29、pirically verifiable (really hard to test). No predictive power. Karen Horney (Horn-eye) said he was sexist with the “penis envy” and there is an actual “womb envy”.,Neo-Freudians,Psychologists that took some premises from Freud and built upon them.,Alfred Adler,Karen Horney,Carl Jung,Alfred Adler,C

30、hildhood is important to personality. But focus should be on social factors- not sexual ones. Our behavior is driven by our efforts to conquer inferiority and feel superior. Inferiority Complex,Karen Horney,Childhood anxiety is caused by a dependent childs feelings of helplessness. This triggers our

31、 desire for love and security. Fought against Freuds “penis envy” concept. Womb envy,Carl Jung,Less emphasis on social factors. Focused on the unconscious. We all have a collective unconscious: a shared/inherited well of memory traces from our species history.,Psychoanalysis Today,Couch sitting The

32、idea is to delve into your unconscious. Begin with your Manifest Content, then delve deeper into the Latent Content.,Getting into the Unconscious,Hypnosis Dream Interpretation Free Association - having the patient randomly talk to themselvesand then interpreting the conversation. Projective Tests - tests that delve into the unconscious. Examples are TAT and Inkblot Tests. Class activityget out a sheet of paper!,TAT TestThematic Apperception Test,Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous (can have several mean