1、美麗而漫長的科研之路 科學(xué)問題提煉和SCI文章撰寫,What Is the Scientific Paper,1 哲學(xué) 從認(rèn)識和改造客觀世界的過程中，通過足夠的、可以重復(fù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，揭示事物的本質(zhì)，并用文字表達(dá)出來。,2 通俗 科技論文是科學(xué)工作者對創(chuàng)造性成果進(jìn)行理論分析和科學(xué)總結(jié)，并進(jìn)行發(fā)表或答辯的文字表達(dá)形式。,Why We Discuss Scientific Writing,Researchers today are all under great pressure to publish MORE (For funding, career success, etc) We are obli

2、ged to publish our results, but lets consider Why do we have to publish?,Why We Discuss Scientific Writing,Everything measured, detected, invented, or arrived at theoretically in the name of science must, as soon as possible, be made public complete with all the details.,任何含有科學(xué)的新成果都需要以文字的形式表達(dá)出來,In t

3、he complexities of contemporary existence the specialist who is trained but uneducated, technically skilled but culturally incompetent, is a menace. David B. Truman, Previous Dean of Columbia College,不會說話、不會寫文章，行之不遠(yuǎn)，存之不久。,Why Do We Publish,We are doing scientific research Publishing is one of the ne

4、cessary steps embedded into scientific research process. To present new, original results or methods To rationalize (refine, reinterpret) published results To review the field or to summarize a particular subject,Why We Discuss Scientific Writing,At least, we should provide something that advances,

5、not repeated, knowledge and understanding in a certain scientific field.,Almost all publication companies are not supposed to create garbage,Reports of no scientific interest Work out of data Duplications of previous-published work Incorrect/unacceptable conclusions,Why We Discuss Scientific Writing

6、,Papers from China,A large number of papers from Chinese authors are rejected simply because the papers are not well written. For instance: the paper is poorly written; there are many spelling and grammatical errors. I have to guess what the authors mean, and therefore it is difficult to judge the c

7、ontribution of the paper.,We Should Pay Attention to,Check the originality of your ideas (檢查科研思想原創(chuàng)性) Write the manuscript (怎樣寫作科技論文) Main complaints of Editors (論文寫作的常見問題) Reviewing process and sometimes, they erred in a fundamental manner in the stress distributions.,What Should we do,Numerous expe

8、riments have been made; Numerous modeling have been performed; Maybe, you think it is not necessary to do anything.,Modeling,Experiment,Maybe, you can,model,Dont hesitateYOU WILL EXPLORE A SUCCESSFUL WAY,Originality of your ideas Case 4,Establishing an analytical model,Maybe, you can accomplish a hi

9、gh-quality publication.,A new result,NOTE: Adding you original idea into your manuscript at a proper location. You should point out the difference of your idea from the ideas of others.,Content is essential, but presentation is critical.,2. How to write a manuscript,Planning a manuscript,Write your

10、manuscript so that it tells a clear story with a purpose 論文目的清楚明確 You want people to learn about your work make it easy for them 論文內(nèi)容通俗易懂 Use the spell checker and grammar checker 使用拼寫檢查和語法檢查來避免拼寫和語法錯(cuò)誤 Make it easy for reviewers and editors 論文格式便于編輯和審稿人閱讀評審 Make neat breaks between pages and section

11、s 合理使用分頁和分節(jié),General construction,Title Abstract Keywords,Make them easy for indexing and searching! (Informative, Attractive, Effective),Main text,Introduction Method Results Discussion,Journal space is precious. Make you article as brief as possible. If clarity can be achieved in N words, never N+1

12、.,Acknowledgement References Supplementary materials,Conclusions,General construction,We often use the following order for writing: Title and main text. Introduction and Conclusions Abstract and Keywords,Preparing the figures,Selecting the journal,Reading the guideline,Writing the title,Writing the

13、main-text,Writing the introduction,Writing the conclusions,Writing the abstract,Note: With words and pictures,2.1 Preparing the figures,Illustrated by the arrows,2.1 Preparing the figures,Note:,Symbols clear to see Photograph with a professional quality (dpi) Use color ONLY when necessary,2.1 Prepar

14、ing the figures,Choose only one right journal for your work. You must get help from your supervisor or colleagues. Note the articles in your references which will likely lead you to the right journal. Read recently related publications. Learning carefully from the guidelines from the journal.,2.2 Se

15、lecting the journal,Know your manuscript is applicable to what journal Know the layout of the manuscript Know the database of the Keywords Know editorial board ,You can,All editors hate wasting time on poorly prepared manuscripts. They may well think that the author shows no respect.,2.3 Knowledge f

16、rom the guideline,concise and clear,properties and residual stresses changing on 00Cr12 alloy by nanoseconds laser shock processing at high temperatures,X.D.Ren, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A,Simple straightforward title,Two-part title,Residual stresses in the elastoplastic multilayer

17、thin film structures：the cases of Si/Al bilayer and Si/Al/SiO2 trilayer structures,X.C. Zhang, et al. J. Appl. Phys.,2.4 Title,Short (簡潔) Specific (明確) Eye-catching (醒目) Descriptive words (描述性語言),2.4 Title,You opportunity to attract the readers attention. Editors hate title that makes no sense or fa

18、il to represent the subject matter adequately; Avoid technical jargon and abbreviations if possible. Discuss with your co-authors.,2.4 Title,2.4 Title,Generally We often use the following order when writing the main-text,Methods, such as Experimental, Finite element mode, Analytical modeling, etc. R

19、esults Discussion,2.5 Main text,Enough information must be given so that the experiments could be reproduced (給出足夠信息，確保方法可重復(fù)) Avoid adding comments and discussion （避免加入結(jié)果部分內(nèi)容） Usually with subheadings（適當(dāng)采用小標(biāo)題） You can use references and supporting materials to indicate the previously published proce

20、dures（如與先前成果相同，可引文獻(xiàn)，省略部分內(nèi)容） Reviewers will criticize incomplete or incorrect descriptions. （應(yīng)該非常的具體）,2.5.1 Methods,You should,Clarity and brevity: display of data with logical development showing how your findings satisfy your objectives (簡明扼要，合理展示數(shù)據(jù)，并能證明研究結(jié)果與目的一致) Data should be meaningful (where p

21、ossible give illustrative examples and compare those with known results from literature) (數(shù)據(jù)要有意義，如必要可與文獻(xiàn)中數(shù)據(jù)做對比) Use appropriate statistics, error analysis, check for accuracy and internal consistency (合理運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)，誤差分析；檢查數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性和一致性) Pay considerable attention to best way to present data (use tables and fi

22、gures) (合理運(yùn)用圖表),2.5.2 Results,Only representative results should be presented. (只顯示正確的結(jié)果) Use sub-headings to keep results of the same type together easier to review and read. (適當(dāng)采用小標(biāo)題,便于審稿和閱讀),2.5.2 Results,2.5.2 Results,Background for understanding the discussion What you did, found, thought and w

23、hat it means for the discipline Comments Comparison to previous research How your results were unique or different from previous research Limitations,2.5.3 Discussion,Be rigorous about comments （表述需嚴(yán)格客觀） Suggests vs. Proves; may be instead of is Unspecific expressions such as higher temperature; at

24、a lower rate Summarize evidence supporting each conclusion （總結(jié)結(jié)果，支持結(jié)論） Statements that go beyond what the results can support. Sudden introduction of new terms or ideas that were not found in the Results. Discuss problems, uncertainties regarding your work （討論該研究存在的問題及不確定性） Sometimes you cannot clar

25、ify your idea in words because some critical items have not been studied substantially.,2.5.3 Discussion: Pay Attention to,Compare your findings with other studies （對比其他人的研究結(jié)果） Maybe, the comments from the reviewers indicated that the result in Fig.X should be compared to the results obtained by Ren

26、. et al. Ref. x. Theoretical or practical implications, importance （理論或?qū)嶋H的應(yīng)用及其重要性）,2.5.3 Discussion: Pay Attention to,Note: It is the most important section of your article. A huge numbers of manuscripts are rejected because the discussion is weak.,2.5.3 Discussion,Helpful discussions with Profs., B

27、UT these Profs. should be very famous in the research fields. Technical assistance Financial Assistance,2.5.3 Acknowledgements,Engineering application and background Research situation What are the key problems now (Unsolved) How we tackled the problems Assess the effectiveness of the present resear

28、ch,2.6 Introduction,2.6 Introduction,Background,Previous work,Unsolved,Effectiveness,Tackling problem, Corresponding author: Tel.: +86 511 88797898; fax: +86 511 88780241. E-mail address: (X.D. Ren).,2.6 Introduction: Pay attention to,BE HONEST: Plagiarism and stealing work from colleagues can lead

29、to serious consequences. Never use more words than necessary. Never make this section into a history lesson. Citing the more recent work. BUT the work should be widely cited. Do not mix Introduction with Results, Discussion, Conclusions. Expressions such as novel, first time, first ever, paradigm ch

30、anging are not preferred.,References-Typically, there are more mistakes in the references than any other part of the manuscript. It is one of the most annoying problems, and causes great headaches among editors,2.7 References,Include the main scientific publications on which your work is based typic

31、ally 20-50 papers, include review articles. Make sure the list is up to date Check the format Citing the highly cited papers, such as Science, Nature, etc. Avoid excessive citations of publications from the same region. Avoid excessive self-citations.,Note: The referees may be existing in your refs.

32、,2.7 References,2.8 Conclusions,2.8 Conclusions,Without a clear conclusion section, reviewers and readers will find difficult to judge the work, and whether or not it merits publication in the journal. Dont REPAET THE ABSTRACT, or just list the results. You can point out the further work. Using the

33、same state in English.,Note: The sentences in Conclusions must not be same to those in Abstract.,2.9 Abstract,Note: The sentences in Conclusions must not be same to those in Abstract.,2.9 Abstract,2.9 Abstract,Tell the prospective readers what you did and what were the important findings. This is th

34、e advertisement of your article. Make it interesting, and easy to be understood without reading the whole article. You must be accurate! Use words which reflect the precise meaning. A clear abstract will strongly influence whether or not you work is further considered. Keep it as brief as possible.

35、Using the past-time state in English.,Language, if numerous badly worded sentences in the manuscript, MUST BE REJECTED. Do you read Guide for authors? Do you send the Cover letter?,3. Main complaints of Editors,Abstracts, titles vague/unscientific Keywords missing, or not according to journal specif

36、ications Reference lists limited/outdated Low quality figures and meaningless Captions Grammatical and spelling mistakes ( two, your paper) Wrong usage of words Badly constructed sentences Long sentences,If it is the case, intravenous administration should result in that emulsion has higher intraven

37、ous administration retention concentration, but which is not in accordance with the result, and therefore the more rational interpretation should be that SLN with mean diameter of 46nm is greatly different from emulsion with mean diameter of 65 nm in entering tumor, namely, it is probably difficult

38、for emulsion to enter and exit from tumor blood vessel as freely as SLN, which may be caused by the fact that the tumor blood vessel aperture is smaller. 90,3.1 English writing,NOTE MAYBE, learning for modeling before submitting your manuscript.,3.1 English writing,Length of the manuscript: 25-30 pa

39、ges is the ideal length for a submitted manuscript.,3.2 Special technical aspects,Make use of supporting material Supporting material will be available online to readers if the paper is eventually published. It helps to keep the main manuscript clear and concise. you can put as many material as you

40、wish in this section. However, all the information should be related and supportive to your article.,3.2 Special technical aspects,Text layout Keep consistent throughout the manuscript. Double line spacing and 12 font is preferred: Male is convenient for reviewers.,3.2 Special technical aspects,Abbr

41、eviations Abbreviations should be defined on the first use in BOTH abstract and the main text. Some journals even forbid the usage of abbreviations in the abstract. Refer to the Guide for Authors to see the requirements for abbreviations. Look at the following 2 pieces of information from two journa

42、ls in materials science. Abbreviations for instruments (e.g., SEM) should not be used for methodology (e.g., scanning electron microscopy) -Materials Characterization There is no need to define the commonly used abbreviations such as SEM, TEM, etc.-Carbon,3.2 Special technical aspects,Others Overusi

43、ng con conjunctive words or phrases such as “However”, “in addition”, “Moreover”. Keep the usage of these words to a minimum! Dont use repeating words such as “Schematic diagram”, “Research work”, etc! Spoken abbreviations: “its”, werent, hasnt : Never using them in the scientific writing ! Dont use

44、 “I”, “We” in your paper! Dont change the author list after the review! Using English throughout the manuscript!,3.2 Special technical aspects,3.2 Special technical aspects,cover letter,Dear Editor, I wish to submit the manuscript, Rolling contact fatigue mechanism of plasma-sprayed coatings partial

45、ly remelted with laser, for consideration and publication in the journal of Acta Mater. The final manuscript has been seen and approved by all authors and authors have taken care due to ensure the integrity of the work. Our manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is been considered solely by

46、 your journal. In the past decade, the laser treatment has been used in the surface engineering to improve the performance of the components. However, the laser treatment was mostly used for surface modification of the components in rolling contact, such as gears and rolling bearings. Up to present,

47、 the researches on rolling contact fatigue of the thermal spray coatings remelted by laser were not found in the existing publications. In our paper, the rolling contact fatigue behavior of the laser-remelted coatings has been investigated. From the cross-sectional observations of the failed specime

48、ns, the mechanism leading to the fatigue failure of the coatings was found. This research may provide some scientific insights for the development of laser treatment technique. with best regards, Yours sincerely Ren xudong Doctor,Article type,Significance of your research,4. Reviewing process,Note: Selecting three reviewers from the reference,4. Reviewing process,Revision after review Accompany the resubmission a letter of responds to the reviewers comments. Address the comments for each reviewer and the Editor point by point. Cut and paste each comment, answer it directly