1、,Gothic Novel,Gothic novel as one branch of the English literature and the father of horror movies . Beginning in 1764, gothic novels gradually became two branches in 1790s. 1),One is horrible Gothic Novels 2),sentimental gothic novels,Gothic novel as one branch of the English literature and the fat

2、her of horror movies origins from The Castle of Otranto(1764). More importantly, it leads habitually with darkness and horror. Gothic elements include horror, mystery, supernatural phenomenon, misfortune, death, haunted houses, and family curses.,哥特小說，屬于英語文學(xué)派別，是西方通俗文學(xué)中驚險神秘小說的一種。一般被認(rèn)為隨著霍勒斯沃波爾的奧特蘭托城堡而

3、產(chǎn)生。哥特小說可以說是恐怖電影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我們今天習(xí)慣地將哥特式與黑暗、恐怖聯(lián)系在一起。 顯著的哥特小說元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄運，死亡，頹廢，住著幽靈的老房子，癲狂，家族詛咒等。,Gothic elements include the following:,1. Setting in a castle. The action takes place in and around an old castle, sometimes seemingly abandoned, sometimes occupied. The castle often contains secret p

4、assages, trap doors, secret rooms, dark or hidden staircases, and possibly ruined sections. The castle may be near or connected to caves, which lend their own haunting flavor with their branchings, claustrophobia, and mystery.,2. An atmosphere of mystery and suspense（懸念）. The work is pervaded by a t

5、hreatening feeling, a fear enhanced by the unknown. Often the plot itself is built around a mystery, such as unknown parentage, a disappearance, or some other inexplicable event. Elements 3, 4, and 5 below contribute to this atmosphere. (Again, in modern filmmaking, the inexplicable events are often

6、 murders.),3. An ancient prophecy（預(yù)言） is connected with the castle or its inhabitants (either former or present). The prophecy is usually obscure, partial, or confusing. What could it mean? In more watered down modern examples, this may amount to merely a legend: Its said that the ghost of old man K

7、rebs still wanders these halls.,4. Omens, portents, visions（預(yù)兆）. A character may have a disturbing dream vision, or some phenomenon may be seen as a portent of coming events. For example, if the statue of the lord of the manor falls over, it may portend his death. In modern fiction, a character migh

8、t see something (a shadowy figure stabbing another shadowy figure) and think that it was a dream. This might be thought of as an imitation vision.,5. Supernatural（超自然的） or otherwise inexplicable（莫名其妙的） events. Dramatic, amazing events occur, such as ghosts or giants walking, or inanimate objects (su

9、ch as a suit of armor or painting) coming to life. In some works, the events are ultimately given a natural explanation, while in others the events are truly supernatural.,6. High, even overwrought（過度緊張） emotion. The narration may be highly sentimental, and the characters are often overcome by anger

10、, sorrow, surprise, and especially, terror. Characters suffer from raw nerves and a feeling of impending doom. Crying and emotional speeches are frequent. Breathlessness and panic are common. In the filmed gothic, screaming is common.,7. Women in distress（危險，困難）. As an appeal to the pathos and sympa

11、thy of the reader, the female characters often face events that leave them fainting, terrified, screaming, and/or sobbing. A lonely, pensive, and oppressed heroine is often the central figure of the novel, so her sufferings are even more pronounced and the focus of attention. The women suffer all th

12、e more because they are often abandoned, left alone (either on purpose or by accident), and have no protector at times.,8. Women threatened by a powerful, impulsive（沖動）, tyrannical（專橫） male. One or more male characters has the power, as king, lord of the manor, father, or guardian, to demand that on

13、e or more of the female characters do something intolerable. The woman may be commanded to marry someone she does not love (it may even be the powerful male himself), or commit a crime.,9. The metonymy（轉(zhuǎn)喻） of gloom（陰暗，憂郁） and horror（恐懼）. Metonymy is a subtype of metaphor, in which something (like ra

14、in) is used to stand for something else (like sorrow). For example, the film industry likes to use metonymy as a quick shorthand, so we often notice that it is raining in funeral scenes. Note that the following metonymies for doom and gloom all suggest some element of mystery, danger, or the superna

15、tural.,作品 The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole （奧特朗托堡，霍拉斯瓦爾波爾） The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe （烏爾多芙的秘密，又譯烏爾多芙的神秘，安拉德克里夫） Caleb Williams (1794) by William Godwin Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley (Full text at Wikisource) （弗蘭肯斯坦，又譯活跳尸科學(xué)怪人，瑪麗雪萊） The Vampyre (1819) by John

16、 William Polidori （吸血鬼，約翰威廉姆坡利多里） The Fall of the House of Usher (1839) by Edgar Allan Poe (Full text at Wikisource) （厄舍府的倒塌，埃德加愛倫坡） The Tell-Tale Heart (1843) by Edgar Allan Poe (Full text at Wikisource) （泄密的心，埃德加愛倫坡）,The Mummys Foot (1863) by Thophile Gautier (Full text at Wikisource) （木乃伊的腳，泰菲爾高提爾） The Horla (1887) by Guy de Maupass